1: TYR tyrosinase (oculocutaneous albinism IA) [ Homo sapiens ]

GeneID: 7299 updated 20-Oct-2009

[Top][Help]Summary

Official Symbol
TYRprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
tyrosinase (oculocutaneous albinism IA)provided by HGNC
Primary Source
HGNC:12442
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000077498; HPRD:06086; MIM:606933
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
OCA1A; OCAIA; SHEP3; TYR
Summary
The enzyme encoded by this gene catalyzes the first 2 steps, and at least 1 subsequent step, in the conversion of tyrosine to melanin. The enzyme has both tyrosine hydroxylase and dopa oxidase catalytic activities, and requires copper for function. Mutations in this gene result in oculocutaneous albinism, and nonpathologic polymorphisms result in skin pigmentation variation. The human genome contains a pseudogene similar to the 3' half of this gene. [provided by RefSeq]

[Top][Help]Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

(plus) Go to reference sequence detailsTry our new Sequence Viewer


[Top][Help]Bibliography

Related Articles in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Function What's a GeneRIF?

PubMed 1. Observational study and genome-wide association study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
PubMed 2. TYR haplotype carrying only the Arg402Gln variant allele was significantly associated with squamous cell carcinoma.
PubMed 3. This study examined an alternative molecular approach using TYR-small interfering RNA (siRNA) to control melanogenesis in the human melanocytes.
PubMed 4. activation of p38 MAPK plays an important role in LPS-induced melanogenesis by up-regulating MITF and tyrosinase expression
PubMed 5. glycosylation alters the selectivity of tyrosinase processing by the proteasome, enhancing the production or survival of Tyr(369)(D)
PubMed 6. Observational study and genome-wide association study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
PubMed 7. The R402Q tyrosinase variant does not cause autosomal recessive ocular albinism.
PubMed 8. TYR is the major OCA (oculocutaneous albinism) gene in Denmark, but several patients do not have mutations in the investigated genes.
PubMed 9. Four novel mutations of tyrosinase (TYR) gene have been reported in Chinese oculocutaneous albinism patients.
PubMed 10. Endothelin-1 increased tyrosinase levels in melanocytes but suppressed enzyme activity.
PubMed 11. Elevated serum tyrosinase is associated with malignant melanoma.
PubMed 12. Results describe a series of new mutations in the OCA genes, and their role in the molecular diagnosis of oculocutaneous albinism
PubMed 13. tyrosinase overexpression promotes an ataxia telangiectasia mutated-dependent p53 phosphorylation by quercetin treatment and sensitizes melanoma cells to dacarbazine.
PubMed 14. plays a critical role in regulation of melanogenesis.
PubMed 15. Tyrosinase-, gp100-, or TRP-2-specific CD8(+) T cells could not be identified in the peripheral blood of individuals with vitiligo.
PubMed 16. alpha-synuclein reacts with tyrosinase and may have a role in Parkinson disease
PubMed 17. ASIP and TYR pigmentation variants associate with cutaneous melanoma and basal cell carcinoma.
PubMed 18. The absence of evidence for projection abnormalities in human OCA1a carriers contrasts with the previously reported evidence for abnormalities in cat-carriers of tyrosinase-related albinism.
PubMed 19. Results describe the molecular detection of circulating melanoma cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in human blood samples and in a xenograft mouse model.
PubMed 20. Most patients with AROA (autosomal recessive ocular albinism) represent phenotypically mild variants of oculocutaneous albinism , well over half of which is OCA1.
PubMed 21. Measurement of Melan-A, gp100, MAGE-3, MIA and tyrosinase represents a prognostic factor and a method for early detection of metastasis and treatment response of melanoma patients.
PubMed 22. Observational study of genotype prevalence. (HuGE Navigator)
PubMed 23. Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
PubMed 24. Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
PubMed 25. Anemonin, an active compound of C. crassifolia, inhibits melanin synthesis by inhibiting the transcription of the genes encoding TYR, TRP1, and TRP2.
PubMed 26. data show that chloride ion inhibited tyrosinase in a competitive manner
PubMed 27. analysis of the mammalian tyrosinase active site with loss of function mutations
PubMed 28. induction of retention in the early secretory pathway by abnormal acidification of melanoma cells
PubMed 29. results shows that organellar pH, proteasome activity, and down-regulation of tyrosinase-related protein 1(TYRP1) expression all contribute to the lack of pigmentation in tyrosinase-positive amelanotic melanoma cells
PubMed 30. Missense mutations in the tyrosinase gene is asociated with oculocutaneous albinism type 1
PubMed 31. Sequensce databases contribute to demonstrating novel mutations in tyrosinase of albinism in Indians and Japanese.
PubMed 32. Data reveal DCoH/HNF-1 alpha expression and transcriptional activity in human epidermal melanocytes in vitro and in situ and identified tyrosinase, the key enzyme for pigmentation, as a new transcriptional target.
PubMed 33. DNA variations - mutations and polymorphisms - in about 150 patients with Oculocutaneous albinism
PubMed 34. This melanoma-associated marker was detected in melanoma cell lines.
PubMed 35. fibroblasts in vitro, particularly when deliberately stressed, have the ability to increase dopa oxidase(tyrosinase) activity in melanocytes of the hair, the skin and the eye
PubMed 36. The expression levels of tyrosinase mRNA and protein were also reduced by paeonol.
PubMed 37. the tyrosinase autoantigen was immunorecognized with the same molecular pattern by sera from vitiligo and melanoma patients
PubMed 38. no mutations in oculocutaneou albinism
PubMed 39. We report a novel missense substitution, R239W(CGG --> TGG) of the tyrosinase gene in a patient with tyrosinase-negative OCA.
PubMed 40. demonstrated that these cells possess tyrosinase as well as L-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and synthesize melanosomes
PubMed 41. These results suggest that phosphorylation of tyrosinase by PKC-beta induces a complex formation between tyrosinase and TRP-1.
PubMed 42. Antigen-specific T lymphocyte reactivity to MelanA/MART-1 and tyrosinase peptides was not observed ex vivo in our patients, and only one patient demonstrated responses to MelanA/MART-1 and tyrosinase peptides following in vitro re-stimulation.
PubMed 43. OCA1 in the Tili population is due to the occurrence of a founder mutation in the TYR as indicated by haplotype analysis. Higher prevalence of the mutation in the population group is due to marriage within the same community.
PubMed 44. Human Placental protein/peptide fraction mediated increase in tyrosinase expression occurred through transcriptional upregulation to stimulate melanogenesis in primary melanocyte.
PubMed 45. the transmembrane anchor of a protein may crucially, albeit indirectly, control the folding pathway of the ectodomain, as shown with tyrosinase
PubMed 46. IVS2-10deltt-7t-a was present in 3 out of 18 alleles in three families (16%), P310insC was present in three alleles in three families (16%) and R278X was found in three alleles (16%), and G97V (290 G-T) was found in 1 out of 18 alleles
PubMed 47. Our study reports the distribution of two novel frameshift and a previously reported nonsense mutations in four OCA1 families from the Indian population.
PubMed 48. We show that TYR has measurable effects on skin pigmentation differences between the west African and west European parental populations
PubMed 49. A candidate gene for pigmentation.
PubMed 50. tyrosinase and membrane associated transporter protein polymorphisms may have roles in oculocutaneous albinism type 1 and type 4 in the German population
PubMed 51. Data suggest that maintenance of a chronically hyperpigmented phenotype in chronically photoexposed human skin is the result of a stable increase in the number of tyrosinase positive melanocytes at these sites.
PubMed 52. role of P protein and tyrosinase in oculocutaneous albinism
PubMed 53. Data show that oculocutaneous albinism soluble tyrosinase is an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation substrate that, unlike other albino tyrosinases, associates with calreticulin and BiP/GRP78, but not calnexin.
PubMed 54. a tyrosinase mutation may have a role in type 1A oculocutaneous albinism (case report)
PubMed 55. TYR is not a modifier of the CYP1B1-associated PCG (primary congenital glaucoma) phenotype in the Saudi Arabian population.
PubMed 56. No genetic susceptibility or increased risk attributed to the tyrosinase gene family in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease in Japanese.
PubMed 57. tyrosinase has a role in progression of melanoma
PubMed 58. tyrosinase has a role in progression of metastatic melanoma
PubMed 59. glycan-specific oxidoreductase ERp57 was cross-linked to type I membrane glycoprotein tyrosinase when calnexin and calreticulin were associated

[Top][Help]Interactions

Description ..........
  Product Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs          
Rb interacts with the TYR promoter.
  NC_000011.8   NP_000312.1        BIND    PubMed

[Top][Help]General gene information

Markers

TYR(e-PCR), detects polymorphism
Links: UniSTS:264961
TYR(e-PCR), detects polymorphism
Links: UniSTS:49677
TYR_3880(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:462606
GDB:635861(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:158514
D11S2042(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:44084
D11S2042(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:15157
GDB:177754(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:154957
D11S870-D11S1326(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:260429
TYR(e-PCR), detects polymorphism
Links: UniSTS:480080
RH69108(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:16210
GDB:197911(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:156002
GDB:181433(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:155242
RH40016(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:91509
GDB:186844(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:155513
PMC125271P1(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:270487
MARC_31609-31610:1062097014:1(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:269208
RH40020(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:85151
GDB:320031(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:156585
GDB:176315(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:154795
G15819(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:58570
D11S3987(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:26848
GDB:177333(e-PCR)
Links: UniSTS:154859

Phenotypes

[Skin/hair/eye pigmentation 3, freckling]
MIM: 601800
Albinism, oculocutaneous, type IA
MIM: 203100
Albinism, oculocutaneous, type IB
MIM: 606952
Skin/hair/eye pigmentation 3, freckling
MIM: 601800
Waardenburg syndrome/albinism, digenic
MIM: 103470
Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans
NHGRI GWA Catalog
A genomewide association study of skin pigmentation in a South Asian population
NHGRI GWA Catalog

Genotypes

See TYR SNP Genotype Report
See TYR SNP Geneview Report
See TYR SNP Variation Viewer Report Variation View Link

Related pseudogene(s)

1 foundReview record(s) in Gene

Homology

Homologs of the TYR gene The TYR gene is conserved in chimpanzee, dog, cow, mouse, rat, chicken, and zebrafish.


Map Viewer (Mouse, Rat)

Pathways

KEGG pathway: Betalain biosynthesis
00965
KEGG pathway: Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from shikimate pathway
01063
KEGG pathway: Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis
00950
KEGG pathway: Melanogenesis
04916
KEGG pathway: Metabolic pathways
01100
KEGG pathway: Riboflavin metabolism
00740
KEGG pathway: Tyrosine metabolism
00350

[Top][Help]General protein information

Preferred Names
tyrosinase
Names
tyrosinase
NP_000363.1
EC 1.14.18.1

[Top][Help]NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

Genomic

  1. NG_008748.1 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5000..122887
    Download
    GenBank FASTA Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_000372.4NP_000363.1  tyrosinase precursor

    Source sequence(s)
    BU736025,M27160
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS8284.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P14679
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam00264
    Location:171403
    Blast Score: 431
    Tyrosinase; Common central domain of tyrosinase

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: Build 37.1

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Genome Reference Consortium Human Build 37 (GRCh37), Primary_Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000011.9

    Range
    88911039..89028926
    Download
    GenBank FASTA Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
  2. NT_167190.1 

    Range
    34216834..34334721
    Download
    GenBank FASTA Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate assembly (Celera)

Genomic

  1. AC_000054.1

    Range
    85603012..85720909, complement
    Download
    GenBank FASTA Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
  2. NW_925129.1 

    Range
    489664..607561, complement
    Download
    GenBank FASTA Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate assembly (HuRef)

Genomic

  1. AC_000143.1

    Range
    85151456..85265865, complement
    Download
    GenBank FASTA Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
  2. NW_001838029.2 

    Range
    488413..602822, complement
    Download
    GenBank FASTA Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

[Top][Help]Related Sequences

  Nucleotide   Protein
  genomic   AF237811.1   AAK00805.1
  genomic   AP000720.4  (2011..119797)   None
  genomic   AY012019.1   AAG38762.1
  genomic   CH471185.1   EAW59356.1
       EAW59357.1
  genomic   M63239.1   AAA61242.1
  genomic   S66648.1   AAD13985.1
  genomic   X16073.1   CAA34205.1
  mRNA   BC027179.1   AAH27179.1
  mRNA   BU736025.1   None
  mRNA   J03581.1   AAA61241.1
  mRNA   M27160.1   AAB37227.1
  mRNA   M74314.1   AAA61244.1
  mRNA   S66645.1   AAD13984.1
  mRNA   U01873.1   AAB60319.1
  mRNA   Y00819.1   CAA68756.1
Protein Accession   Links
P14679.3   GenPept   UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P14679
Q9UMA2   GenPept   UniProtKB/TrEMBL:Q9UMA2

[Top][Help]Additional Links