- Activated TLR4 signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Activated TLR4 signalling, organism-specific biosystemTLR4 is unique among the TLR family in its ability to recruit four adapters to activate two distinct signaling pathways. One pathway is activated by the pair of the adapters Mal or TIRAP (Toll/inter...
- Adaptive Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Adaptive Immune System, organism-specific biosystemAdaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response efficiently involved in clearing the pathogens. The adaptive immune system is comprised of B and T lymphocytes that express receptors with...
- BCR signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
BCR signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
BCR signaling pathway
- CD40/CD40L signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
CD40/CD40L signaling, organism-specific biosystem
CD40/CD40L signaling
- Canonical NF-kappaB pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Canonical NF-kappaB pathway, organism-specific biosystem
Canonical NF-kappaB pathway
- Cell death signalling via NRAGE, NRIF and NADE, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cell death signalling via NRAGE, NRIF and NADE, organism-specific biosystemp75NTR is a key regulator of neuronal apoptosis, both during development and after injury. Apoptosis is triggered by binding of either mature neurotrophin or proneurotrophin (proNGF, proBDNF). ProNG...
- Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), organism-specific biosystemTrypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease. The parasite life cycle involves hematophagous reduviid bugs as vectors. Once parasites enter the host body, they ...
- Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), conserved biosystemTrypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease. The parasite life cycle involves hematophagous reduviid bugs as vectors. Once parasites enter the host body, they ...
- Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystemCytokines are small proteins that regulate and mediate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. They are secreted in response to immune stimuli, and usually act briefly, locally, at very low concen...
- Downstream TCR signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Downstream TCR signaling, organism-specific biosystemChanges in gene expression are required for the T cell to gain full proliferative competence and to produce effector cytokines. Three transcription factors in particular have been found to play a key...
- Endocytosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Endocytosis, organism-specific biosystemEndocytosis is a mechanism for cells to remove ligands, nutrients, and plasma membrane (PM) proteins, and lipids from the cell surface, bringing them into the cell interior. Transmembrane proteins en...
- Endocytosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Endocytosis, conserved biosystemEndocytosis is a mechanism for cells to remove ligands, nutrients, and plasma membrane (PM) proteins, and lipids from the cell surface, bringing them into the cell interior. Transmembrane proteins en...
- Epstein-Barr virus infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Epstein-Barr virus infection, organism-specific biosystemEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is associated with oncogenesis. EBV infection to primary human B lymphocytes leads to induction of EBV-specific HLA-restricted cytotoxi...
- Epstein-Barr virus infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Epstein-Barr virus infection, conserved biosystemEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is associated with oncogenesis. EBV infection to primary human B lymphocytes leads to induction of EBV-specific HLA-restricted cytotoxi...
- Hepatitis C, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Hepatitis C, organism-specific biosystemHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease. The HCV employ several strategies to perturb host cell immunity. After invasion, HCV RNA genome functions directly as an mRNA in the...
- Hepatitis C, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Hepatitis C, conserved biosystemHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease. The HCV employ several strategies to perturb host cell immunity. After invasion, HCV RNA genome functions directly as an mRNA in the...
- Herpes simplex infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Herpes simplex infection, organism-specific biosystemHerpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are very common worldwide, with the prevalence of HSV-1 reaching up to 80%-90%. Primary infection with HSV takes place in the mucosa, followed by the establishme...
- Herpes simplex infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Herpes simplex infection, conserved biosystemHerpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are very common worldwide, with the prevalence of HSV-1 reaching up to 80%-90%. Primary infection with HSV takes place in the mucosa, followed by the establishme...
- IL-1 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
IL-1 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe interleukin 1 family of cytokines includes interleukin-1 alpha (IL1A), beta (IL1B) and the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN). These bind to the IL-1 receptor (IL1R1) as well as its decoy receptor,...
- IL1-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
IL1-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
IL1-mediated signaling events
- IRAK1 recruits IKK complex, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
IRAK1 recruits IKK complex, organism-specific biosystemThe role of IRAK-1 kinase activity in the activation of NFkB by IL-1/TLR is still uncertain. It has been shown that a kinase-dead IRAK-1 mutants can still activate NFkB. Furthermore, stimulation of ...
- IRAK1 recruits IKK complex upon TLR7/8 or 9 stimulation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
IRAK1 recruits IKK complex upon TLR7/8 or 9 stimulation, organism-specific biosystemThe role of IRAK-1 kinase activity in the activation of NFkB by IL-1/TLR is still uncertain. It has been shown that a kinase-dead IRAK-1 mutants can still activate NFkB. Furthermore, stimulation of ...
- IRAK2 mediated activation of TAK1 complex, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
IRAK2 mediated activation of TAK1 complex, organism-specific biosystemAlthough IRAK-1 was originally thought to be a key mediator of TRAF6 activation in the IL1R/TLR signaling (Dong W et al. 2006), recent studies showed that IRAK-2, but not IRAK-1, led to TRAF6 polyubi...
- IRAK2 mediated activation of TAK1 complex upon TLR7/8 or 9 stimulation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
IRAK2 mediated activation of TAK1 complex upon TLR7/8 or 9 stimulation, organism-specific biosystemAlthough IRAK-1 was originally thought to be a key mediator of TRAF6 activation in the IL1R/TLR signaling (Dong W et al. 2006), recent studies showed that IRAK-2, but not IRAK-1, led to TRAF6 polyubi...
- Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Immune System, organism-specific biosystemHumans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, through contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Our ability to avoid infection depends on the adaptive immune system and during the first crit...
- Innate Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Innate Immune System, organism-specific biosystemInnate immunity encompases the nonspecific part of immunity tha are part of an individual's natural biologic makeup
- Interleukin-1 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Interleukin-1 signaling, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin 1 (IL1) signals via Interleukin 1 receptor 1 (IL1R1), the only signaling-capable IL1 receptor. This is a single chain type 1 transmembrane protein comprising an extracellular ligand bindi...
- JNK (c-Jun kinases) phosphorylation and activation mediated by activated human TAK1, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
JNK (c-Jun kinases) phosphorylation and activation mediated by activated human TAK1, organism-specific biosystemC-Jun NH2 terminal kinases (JNKs) are an evolutionarily conserved family of serine/threonine protein kinases, that belong to mitogen activated protein kinase family (MAPKs - also known as stress-acti...
- Leishmaniasis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Leishmaniasis, organism-specific biosystemLeishmania is an intracellular protozoan parasite of macrophages that causes visceral, mucosal, and cutaneous diseases. The parasite is transmitted to humans by sandflies, where they survive and prol...
- Leishmaniasis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Leishmaniasis, conserved biosystemLeishmania is an intracellular protozoan parasite of macrophages that causes visceral, mucosal, and cutaneous diseases. The parasite is transmitted to humans by sandflies, where they survive and prol...
- MAP kinase activation in TLR cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MAP kinase activation in TLR cascade, organism-specific biosystemMitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, one of the most ancient and evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways, is involved in many processes of immune responses. The MAP kinases cascade tr...
- MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
- MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
- MAPK signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
MAPK signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
- Measles, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Measles, organism-specific biosystemMeasles virus (MV) is highly contagious virus that leads infant death worldwide. Humans are the unique natural reservoir for this virus. It causes severe immunosuppression favouring secondary bacteri...
- Measles, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Measles, conserved biosystemMeasles virus (MV) is highly contagious virus that leads infant death worldwide. Humans are the unique natural reservoir for this virus. It causes severe immunosuppression favouring secondary bacteri...
- MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystemMammalian myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is Toll/interleukin (IL)-1 (TIR)-domain containing adapter protein which plays crucial role in TLR signaling. All TLRs, with only one exception of...
- MyD88 dependent cascade initiated on endosome, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MyD88 dependent cascade initiated on endosome, organism-specific biosystemUpon binding of their ligands, TLR7/8 and TLR9 recruit a cytoplasmic adaptor MyD88 and IRAKs, downstream of which the signaling pathways are divided to induce either inflammatory cytokines or type I ...
- MyD88-independent cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MyD88-independent cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystemThe MyD88-independent signaling route utilizes TRAM and TRIF adapters, that are essential for production of both type 1 interferons(IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. TRAM is thought to bridge bet...
- MyD88:Mal cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MyD88:Mal cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystemThe first known downstream component of TLR4 and TLR2 signaling is the adaptor MyD88. Another adapter MyD88-adaptor-like (Mal; also known as TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein or TIRAP) has also b...
- NF-kB is activated and signals survival, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
NF-kB is activated and signals survival, organism-specific biosystemUpon activation in response to NGF, NF-kB moves to the nucleus, where it turns on genes that promote survival, and triggers the expression of HES1/5 to modulate dendritic growth.
- NFkB and MAP kinases activation mediated by TLR4 signaling repertoire, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
NFkB and MAP kinases activation mediated by TLR4 signaling repertoire, organism-specific biosystemMitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, one of the most ancient and evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways, is involved in many processes of immune responses. The MAP kinases cascade tr...
- NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting various pathogens and generating innate immune responses. The intracellular NOD-like receptor (NLR) family contains mo...
- NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting various pathogens and generating innate immune responses. The intracellular NOD-like receptor (NLR) family contains mo...
- NOD1/2 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
NOD1/2 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemNOD1 is ubiquitously expressed, while NOD2 expression is restricted to monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and intestinal Paneth cells (Inohara et al. 2005). NOD1 and NOD2 activation induces tra...
- NRIF signals cell death from the nucleus, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
NRIF signals cell death from the nucleus, organism-specific biosystemNRIF (nuclear receptor-interacting factor) is a DNA binding protein that is essential for p75-mediated apoptosis in retina and sympathetic neurons. Neurotrophin or proneurotrophin binding to p75TR in...
- Neurotrophin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Neurotrophin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemNeurotrophins are a family of trophic factors involved in differentiation and survival of neural cells. The neurotrophin family consists of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic facto...
- Neurotrophin signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Neurotrophin signaling pathway, conserved biosystemNeurotrophins are a family of trophic factors involved in differentiation and survival of neural cells. The neurotrophin family consists of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic facto...
- Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) signaling pathways, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) signaling pathways, organism-specific biosystemThe innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading microorganisms, a broad specificity response characterized by the recruitment and activation of phagocytes and the release of an...
- Osteoclast differentiation, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Osteoclast differentiation, organism-specific biosystemThe osteoclasts, multinucleared cells originating from the hematopoietic monocyte-macrophage lineage, are responsible for bone resorption. Osteoclastogenesis is mainly regulated by signaling pathways...
- Osteoclast differentiation, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Osteoclast differentiation, conserved biosystemThe osteoclasts, multinucleared cells originating from the hematopoietic monocyte-macrophage lineage, are responsible for bone resorption. Osteoclastogenesis is mainly regulated by signaling pathways...
- Pathways in cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Pathways in cancer, organism-specific biosystem
Pathways in cancer
- Pertussis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Pertussis, organism-specific biosystemPertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by a bacteria called Bordetella Pertussis. The characteristic symptoms are paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whe...
- Pertussis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Pertussis, conserved biosystemPertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by a bacteria called Bordetella Pertussis. The characteristic symptoms are paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whe...
- RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting viral pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Non-self RNA appearing in a cell as a result of intracellular ...
- RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting viral pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Non-self RNA appearing in a cell as a result of intracellular ...
- RIG-I/MDA5 mediated induction of IFN-alpha/beta pathways, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RIG-I/MDA5 mediated induction of IFN-alpha/beta pathways, organism-specific biosystemRIG-I-like helicases (RLHs) the retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA5) are RNA helicases that recognize viral RNA present within the cytoplasm. F...
- Regulated proteolysis of p75NTR, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulated proteolysis of p75NTR, organism-specific biosystemp75NTR undergoes a process of regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) similar to other transmembrane proteins such as NOTCH, beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), and ERBB4. Each of these proteins ...
- Regulation of p38-alpha and p38-beta, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Regulation of p38-alpha and p38-beta, organism-specific biosystem
Regulation of p38-alpha and p38-beta
- Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystemSignal transduction is a process in which extracellular signals elicit changes in cell state and activity. Transmembrane receptors sense changes in the cellular environment by binding ligands, such a...
- Signaling by Interleukins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signaling by Interleukins, organism-specific biosystemInterleukins are low molecular weight proteins that bind to cell surface receptors and act in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion. They were first identified as factors produced by leukocytes but a...
- Signalling by NGF, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signalling by NGF, organism-specific biosystemNeurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4/5) play pivotal roles in survival, differentiation, and plasticity of neurons in the peripheral and central nervous system. They are produced, and secreted in mi...
- Small cell lung cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Small cell lung cancer, organism-specific biosystemLung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among men and women in industrialized countries. Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a highly aggressive neoplasm, which accounts for approximately 25% ...
- Small cell lung cancer, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Small cell lung cancer, conserved biosystemLung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among men and women in industrialized countries. Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a highly aggressive neoplasm, which accounts for approximately 25% ...
- TAK1 activates NFkB by phosphorylation and activation of IKKs complex, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
TAK1 activates NFkB by phosphorylation and activation of IKKs complex, organism-specific biosystemNF-kappaB is sequestered in the cytoplasm in a complex with inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkB). Almost all NF-kappaB activation pathways are mediated by IkB kinase (IKK), which phosphorylates IkB resulting...
- TCR signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
TCR signaling, organism-specific biosystemThe TCR is a multisubunit complex that consists of clonotypic alpha/beta chains noncovalently associated with the invariant CD3 delta/epsilon/gamma and TCR zeta chains. T cell activation by antigen p...
- TCR signaling in naive CD4+ T cells, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
TCR signaling in naive CD4+ T cells, organism-specific biosystem
TCR signaling in naive CD4+ T cells
- TCR signaling in naive CD8+ T cells, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
TCR signaling in naive CD8+ T cells, organism-specific biosystem
TCR signaling in naive CD8+ T cells
- TNF-alpha/NF-kB Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
TNF-alpha/NF-kB Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem"The Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha is a proinflammatory cytokine belonging to the TNF superfamily. It signals through 2 separate receptors - TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B, both members of the TNF receptor supe...
- TRAF6 Mediated Induction of proinflammatory cytokines, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
TRAF6 Mediated Induction of proinflammatory cytokines, organism-specific biosystemIn human, together with ubiquitin-conjugating E2-type enzymes UBC13 and UEV1A (also known as UBE2V1), TRAF6 catalyses Lys63-linked ubiquitination. It is believed that auto polyubiquitination and oli...
- TRAF6 mediated IRF7 activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
TRAF6 mediated IRF7 activation, organism-specific biosystemTRAF6 is crucial for both RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated antiviral responses. The absence of TRAF6 resulted in enhanced viral replication and a significant reduction in the production of type I IFNs and IL...
- TRAF6 mediated IRF7 activation in TLR7/8 or 9 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
TRAF6 mediated IRF7 activation in TLR7/8 or 9 signaling, organism-specific biosystemIn plasmacytoid dendritic cell induction of type I IFNs critically depends on IFN regulatory factor 7 in TLR7 and 9 signaling (Honda et al 2005). IRF-7, but not IRF3, interacts with MyD88, TRAF6, and...
- TRAF6 mediated NF-kB activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
TRAF6 mediated NF-kB activation, organism-specific biosystemThe TRAF6/TAK1 signal activates a canonical IKK complex, resulting in the activation of NF-kB as well as MAPK cascades leading to the activation of AP-1. Although TRAF6/TAK1 has been implicated in To...
- TRAF6 mediated induction of NFkB and MAP kinases upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
TRAF6 mediated induction of NFkB and MAP kinases upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation, organism-specific biosystemTRAF6 mediates NFkB activation via canonical phosphorylation of IKK complex by TAK1. TRAF6 and TAK1 also regulate MAPK cascades leading to the activation of AP-1.
- TRAF6 mediated induction of TAK1 complex, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
TRAF6 mediated induction of TAK1 complex, organism-specific biosystemIn human, together with ubiquitin-conjugating E2-type enzymes UBC13 and UEV1A (also known as UBE2V1), TRAF6 catalyses Lys63-linked ubiquitination. It is believed that auto polyubiquitination and oli...
- TRIF mediated TLR3 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
TRIF mediated TLR3 signaling, organism-specific biosystemTIR-domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-beta (TRIF or TIKAM1) is known to be an essential and exclusive adaptor used by TLR3; all the poly(I:C)-induced pathways leading to NFkB and IRF3 act...
- Toll Like Receptor 10 (TLR10) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 10 (TLR10) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemLittle is known about TLR10 ligands. It has been established that the receptor homodimerizes upon binding and signals in an MyD88-dependent manner (Hasan U et al 2005; Nyman T et al 2008). It may als...
- Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR2 is involved in recognition of peptidoglycan from gram-positive bacteria, bacterial lipoproteins, mycoplasma lipoprotein and mycobacterial products. It is quite possible that recognition of at le...
- Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemToll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) as was shown for mammals is expressed on myeloid dendritic cells, respiratory epithelium, macrophages, and appears to play a central role in mediating the antiviral and in...
- Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemToll-like Receptor 4 is a Microbe Associated Molecular Pattern receptor well known for it's sensitivity to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS is assembled within diverse Gram-negative bacteria,...
- Toll Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR5 is the receptor for flagellin, the protein that forms bacterial flagella. Unlike most other Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), flagellin does not undergo any posttranslational modif...
- Toll Like Receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemRNA can serve as a danger signal, both in its double-stranded form (that is associated with viral infection), as well as single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). Specifically, guanosine (G)- and uridine (U)-rich...
- Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemCpG DNA is an unusual Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP). Cytosine methylation exists in mammalian but not bacterial cells, and most (but not all) CpG in the mammalian genome is methylated....
- Toll Like Receptor TLR1:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor TLR1:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR1 is expressed by monocytes. TLR1 and TLR2 cotranslationally form heterodimeric complexes on the cell surface and in the cytosol. The TLR2:TLR1 complex recognizes Neisserial PorB and Mycobacterial...
- Toll Like Receptor TLR6:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor TLR6:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR2 and TLR4 recognize different bacterial cell wall components. While TLR4 is trained onto Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide components, TLR2 - in combination with TLR6 - plays a major role in recog...
- Toll Receptor Cascades, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Receptor Cascades, organism-specific biosystemIn human, ten members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family (TLR1-TLR10) have been identified (TLR11 has been found in mouse, but not in human). All TLRs have a similar Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) doma...
- Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting microbial pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound receptors id...
- Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting microbial pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound receptors id...
- Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting microbial pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound receptors id...
- Toxoplasmosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Toxoplasmosis, organism-specific biosystemToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is prevalent worldwide. The tachyzoite form acquired by oral ingestion downmodulates proinflammatory signaling pathways via various mechan...
- Toxoplasmosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Toxoplasmosis, conserved biosystemToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is prevalent worldwide. The tachyzoite form acquired by oral ingestion downmodulates proinflammatory signaling pathways via various mechan...
- Tuberculosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Tuberculosis, organism-specific biosystemTuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. About 90% of those infected result in latent...
- Tuberculosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Tuberculosis, conserved biosystemTuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. About 90% of those infected result in latent...
- Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, organism-specific biosystemProtein ubiquitination plays an important role in eukaryotic cellular processes. It mainly functions as a signal for 26S proteasome dependent protein degradation. The addition of ubiquitin to protein...
- Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, conserved biosystemProtein ubiquitination plays an important role in eukaryotic cellular processes. It mainly functions as a signal for 26S proteasome dependent protein degradation. The addition of ubiquitin to protein...
- activated TAK1 mediates p38 MAPK activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
activated TAK1 mediates p38 MAPK activation, organism-specific biosystemp38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) belongs to a highly conserved family of serine/threonine protein kinases. The p38 MAPK-dependent signaling cascade is activated by pro-inflammatory or stre...
- p38 MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
p38 MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
p38 MAPK signaling pathway
- p75 NTR receptor-mediated signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
p75 NTR receptor-mediated signalling, organism-specific biosystemBesides signalling through the tyrosine kinase receptors TRK A, B, and C, the mature neurotrophins NGF, BDNF, and NT3/4 signal through their common receptor p75NTR. NGF binding to p75NTR activates a ...
- p75(NTR)-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
p75(NTR)-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem
p75(NTR)-mediated signaling
- p75NTR recruits signalling complexes, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
p75NTR recruits signalling complexes, organism-specific biosystemNF-kB activation involves recruitment at the cell membrane of several proteins such as RIP2, MYD88, IRAK1, TRAF6, p62 and atypical PKC by the NGF:p75NTR complex.
- p75NTR signals via NF-kB, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
p75NTR signals via NF-kB, organism-specific biosystemThe NF-kB pathway is an important pro-survival signalling pathway activated by mature NGF, but not BDNF or NT-3, through p75NTR. It is unclear whether TRKA activity also affects NF-kB activation.