- APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins, organism-specific biosystemThe Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C) functions during mitosis to promote sister chromatid separation and mitotic exit through the degradation of mitotic cyclins and securin. This compl...
- APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of Securin, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of Securin, organism-specific biosystemThe separation of sister chromatids in anaphase requires the destruction of the anaphase inhibitor, securin. Securin associates with and inactivates the protease, separase. Separase cleaves the cohe...
- APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of mitotic proteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of mitotic proteins, organism-specific biosystemFollowing phosphorylation of the APC/C core subunits by mitotic kinases, the activating protein, Cdc20 is recruited to the APC and promotes the multiubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the ...
- APC/C:Cdh1 mediated degradation of Cdc20 and other APC/C:Cdh1 targeted proteins in late mitosis/early G1, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
APC/C:Cdh1 mediated degradation of Cdc20 and other APC/C:Cdh1 targeted proteins in late mitosis/early G1, organism-specific biosystemFrom late mitosis through G1 phase APC/C:Cdh1 insures the continued degradation of the mitotic proteins and during mitotic exit and G1 its substrates include Cdc20, Plk1, Aurora A, Cdc6 and Gemin...
- Activation of APC/C and APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of mitotic proteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Activation of APC/C and APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of mitotic proteins, organism-specific biosystemAPC/C:Cdc20 is first activated at the prometaphase/metaphase transition through phosphorylation of core subunits of the APC/C by mitotic kinases as well as recruitment of the APC/C activator protein ...
- Activation of NF-kappaB in B Cells, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Activation of NF-kappaB in B Cells, organism-specific biosystemDAG and calcium activate protein kinase C beta (PKC-beta, Kochs et al. 1991) which phosphorylates CARMA1 and other proteins (Sommer et al. 2005). Phosphorylated CARMA1 recruits BCL10 and MALT1 to for...
- Adaptive Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Adaptive Immune System, organism-specific biosystemAdaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response efficiently involved in clearing the pathogens. The adaptive immune system is comprised of B and T lymphocytes that express receptors with...
- Antigen processing-Cross presentation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Antigen processing-Cross presentation, organism-specific biosystemMHC class I molecules generally present peptide antigens derived from proteins synthesized by the cell itself to CD8+ T cells. However, in some circumstances, antigens from extracellular environment ...
- Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation, organism-specific biosystemIntracellular foreign or aberrant host proteins are cleaved into peptide fragments of a precise size, such that they can be loaded on to class I MHC molecules and presented externally to cytotoxic T ...
- Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystemApoptosis is a distinct form of cell death that is functionally and morphologically different from necrosis. Nuclear chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic shrinking, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and ...
- Assembly of the pre-replicative complex, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Assembly of the pre-replicative complex, organism-specific biosystemDNA replication pre-initiation in eukaryotic cells begins with the formation of the pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) during the late M phase and continues in the G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle, a...
- Autodegradation of Cdh1 by Cdh1:APC/C, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Autodegradation of Cdh1 by Cdh1:APC/C, organism-specific biosystemCdh1 is degraded by the APC/C during in G1 and G0. This auto-regulation may contribute to reducing the levels of Cdh1 levels during G1 and G0 (Listovsky et al., 2004).
- Autodegradation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Autodegradation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1, organism-specific biosystemCOP1 is one of several E3 ubiquitin ligases responsible for the tight regulation of p53 abundance. Following DNA damage, COP1 dissociates from p53 and is inactivated by autodegradation via a path...
- CDK-mediated phosphorylation and removal of Cdc6, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
CDK-mediated phosphorylation and removal of Cdc6, organism-specific biosystemAs cells enter S phase, HsCdc6p is phosphorylated by CDK promoting its export from the nucleus (see Bell and Dutta 2002).
- CDT1 association with the CDC6:ORC:origin complex, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
CDT1 association with the CDC6:ORC:origin complex, organism-specific biosystemInitiation protein Cdt1 was first identified in X. laevis, where it has been shown to be the second component of licensing factor (RLF-B) and in S. pombe. Cdt1 homologs have been identified in D. mel...
- Cell Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cell Cycle, organism-specific biosystem
Cell Cycle
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cell Cycle Checkpoints, organism-specific biosystemA hallmark of the human cell cycle in normal somatic cells is its precision. This remarkable fidelity is achieved by a number of signal transduction pathways, known as checkpoints, which monitor cell...
- Cell Cycle, Mitotic, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cell Cycle, Mitotic, organism-specific biosystemThe replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells are controlled by a series of events collectively known as the cell cycle. DNA replication is carried o...
- Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation, organism-specific biosystemMajor histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules play an important role in cell mediated immunity by reporting on intracellular events such as viral infection, the presence of intracellular b...
- Cross-presentation of soluble exogenous antigens (endosomes), organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cross-presentation of soluble exogenous antigens (endosomes), organism-specific biosystemExogenous soluble antigens are cross-presented by dendritic cells, albeit with lower efficiency than for particulate substrates. Soluble antigens destined for cross-presentation are taken up by disti...
- Cyclin A:Cdk2-associated events at S phase entry, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cyclin A:Cdk2-associated events at S phase entry, organism-specific biosystemCyclin A:Cdk2 plays a key role in S phase entry by phosphorylation of proteins including Cdh1, Rb, p21 and p27. During G1 phase of the cell cycle, cyclin A is synthesized and associates with Cdk2. Af...
- Cyclin E associated events during G1/S transition, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cyclin E associated events during G1/S transition, organism-specific biosystemThe transition from the G1 to S phase is controlled by the Cyclin E:Cdk2 complexes. As the Cyclin E:Cdk2 complexes are formed, the Cdk2 is phosphorylated by the Wee1 and Myt1 kinases. This phosphoryl...
- DNA Replication, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
DNA Replication, organism-specific biosystemStudies in the past decade have suggested that the basic mechanism of DNA replication initiation is conserved in all kingdoms of life. Initiation in unicellular eukaryotes, in particular Saccharomyce...
- DNA Replication Pre-Initiation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
DNA Replication Pre-Initiation, organism-specific biosystemAlthough, DNA replication occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle, the formation of the DNA replication pre-initiation complex begins during G1 phase.
- Degradation of beta-catenin by the destruction complex, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Degradation of beta-catenin by the destruction complex, organism-specific biosystemThe beta-catenin destruction complex plays a key role in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. In the absence of Wnt signaling, this complex controls the levels of cytoplamic beta-catenin. Beta-cateni...
- Destabilization of mRNA by AUF1 (hnRNP D0), organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Destabilization of mRNA by AUF1 (hnRNP D0), organism-specific biosystemAUF1 (hnRNP D0) dimers bind U-rich regions of AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3' untranslated regions of mRNAs. The binding causes AUF1 dimers to assemble into higher order tetrameric complexes. Dipho...
- Disease, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Disease, organism-specific biosystemBiological processes are captured in Reactome by identifying the molecules (DNA, RNA, protein, small molecules) involved in them and describing the details of their interactions. From this molecular ...
- Downstream Signaling Events Of B Cell Receptor (BCR), organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Downstream Signaling Events Of B Cell Receptor (BCR), organism-specific biosystemSecond messengers (calcium, diacylglycerol, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and phosphatidyinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate) trigger signaling pathways: NF-kappaB is activated via protein kinase C beta, RA...
- ER-Phagosome pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
ER-Phagosome pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe other TAP-dependent cross-presentation mechanism in phagocytes is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-phagosome model. Desjardins proposed that ER is recruited to the cell surface, where it fuses wit...
- G1/S DNA Damage Checkpoints, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
G1/S DNA Damage Checkpoints, organism-specific biosystemIn the G1 phase there are two types of DNA damage responses, the p53-dependent and the p53-independent pathways. The p53-dependent responses inhibit CDKs through the up-regulation of genes encoding ...
- G1/S Transition, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
G1/S Transition, organism-specific biosystemCyclin E - Cdk2 complexes control the transition from G1 into S-phase. In this case, the binding of p21Cip1/Waf1 or p27kip1 is inhibitory. Important substrates for Cyclin E - Cdk2 complexes include p...
- Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystemGene Expression covers the pathways by which genomic DNA is transcribed to yield RNA, the regulation of these transcription processes, and the pathways by which newly-made RNA Transcripts are process...
- HIV Infection, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
HIV Infection, organism-specific biosystemThe global pandemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection has resulted in tens of millions of people infected by the virus and millions more affected. UNAIDS estimates around 40 million ...
- Host Interactions of HIV factors, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Host Interactions of HIV factors, organism-specific biosystemLike all viruses, HIV-1 must co-opt the host cell macromolecular transport and processing machinery. HIV-1 Vpr and Rev proteins play key roles in this co-optation. Efficient HIV-1 replication likewis...
- Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Immune System, organism-specific biosystemHumans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, through contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Our ability to avoid infection depends on the adaptive immune system and during the first crit...
- Immunoproteasome, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Immunoproteasome, organism-specific biosystemStructural complex; Genetic information processing; Proteasome
- M Phase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
M Phase, organism-specific biosystemMitosis, or the M phase, involves nuclear division and cytokinesis, where two identical daughter cells are produced. Mitosis involves prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Fin...
- M/G1 Transition, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
M/G1 Transition, organism-specific biosystemFinally, progression out of mitosis and division of the cell into two daughters (cytokinesis) requires the inactivation of Cyclin B - Cdc2 by ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of Cyclin A and B, which ...
- Metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism, organism-specific biosystemMetabolic processes in human cells generate energy through the oxidation of molecules consumed in the diet and mediate the synthesis of diverse essential molecules not taken in the diet as well as th...
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives, organism-specific biosystemThis group of reactions is responsible for: 1) the breakdown of amino acids; 2) the synthesis of urea from ammonia and amino groups generated by amino acid breakdown; 3) the synthesis of the ten amin...
- Mitotic Anaphase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Mitotic Anaphase, organism-specific biosystemIn anaphase, the paired chromosomes separate at the centromeres, and move to the opposite sides of the cell. The movement of the chromosomes is facilitated by a combination of kinetochore movement al...
- Mitotic G1-G1/S phases, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Mitotic G1-G1/S phases, organism-specific biosystem
Mitotic G1-G1/S phases
- Mitotic Metaphase and Anaphase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Mitotic Metaphase and Anaphase, organism-specific biosystemMetaphase is marked by the formation of the metaphase plate. The metaphase plate is formed when the spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell. Such an organization helps to ...
- Orc1 removal from chromatin, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Orc1 removal from chromatin, organism-specific biosystem
Orc1 removal from chromatin
- Proteasome, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Proteasome, organism-specific biosystemThe proteasome is a protein-destroying apparatus involved in many essential cellular functions, such as regulation of cell cycle, cell differentiation, signal transduction pathways, antigen processin...
- Proteasome, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Proteasome, conserved biosystemThe proteasome is a protein-destroying apparatus involved in many essential cellular functions, such as regulation of cell cycle, cell differentiation, signal transduction pathways, antigen processin...
- Proteasome Degradation, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Proteasome Degradation, organism-specific biosystem
Proteasome Degradation
- Proteasome, 20S core particle, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Proteasome, 20S core particle, organism-specific biosystemStructural complex; Genetic information processing; Proteasome
- Regulation of APC/C activators between G1/S and early anaphase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulation of APC/C activators between G1/S and early anaphase, organism-specific biosystemThe APC/C is activated by either Cdc20 or Cdh1. While both activators associate with the APC/C, they do so at different points in the cell cycle and their binding is regulated differently (see Zacha...
- Regulation of Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulation of Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystemA regulated balance between cell survival and apoptosis is essential for normal development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms (see Matsuzawa, 2001). Defects in control of this balance may...
- Regulation of DNA replication, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulation of DNA replication, organism-specific biosystemDNA replication is regulated at various levels via ORC proteins. This pathway includes annotation of individual events that lead to the regulation of replication.
- Regulation of activated PAK-2p34 by proteasome mediated degradation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulation of activated PAK-2p34 by proteasome mediated degradation, organism-specific biosystemStimulation of cell death by PAK-2 requires the generation and stabilization of the caspase-activated form, PAK-2p34 (Walter et al., 1998;Jakobi et al., 2003). Levels of proteolytically activated P...
- Regulation of mRNA Stability by Proteins that Bind AU-rich Elements, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulation of mRNA Stability by Proteins that Bind AU-rich Elements, organism-specific biosystemRNA elements rich in adenine and uracil residues (AU-rich elements) bind specific proteins which either target the RNA for degradation or, more rarely, stabilize the RNA. The activity of the AU-eleme...
- Regulation of mitotic cell cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulation of mitotic cell cycle, organism-specific biosystem
Regulation of mitotic cell cycle
- Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), organism-specific biosystemPolyamines increase the production of antizyme (AZ). The carboxy-terminal half of antizyme interacts with ODC, generating an inactive AZ:ODC heterodimer complex. A carboxy-terminal domain of ODC is ...
- Removal of licensing factors from origins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Removal of licensing factors from origins, organism-specific biosystemLicensing factors are removed from the origin by various means like biochemical modification (phosphorylation) or by physical association with other proteins. This pathway includes the annotations of...
- S Phase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
S Phase, organism-specific biosystemDNA synthesis occurs in the S phase, or the synthesis phase, of the cell cycle. The cell duplicates its hereditary material, and two copies of the chromosome are formed. As DNA replication continues,...
- SCF(Skp2)-mediated degradation of p27/p21, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
SCF(Skp2)-mediated degradation of p27/p21, organism-specific biosystemDuring G1, the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) is kept in check by the CDK inhibitors (CKIs) p27 and p21, thereby preventing premature entry into S phase (see Guardavaccaro and Pagano, 20...
- SCF-beta-TrCP mediated degradation of Emi1, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
SCF-beta-TrCP mediated degradation of Emi1, organism-specific biosystemEmi1 destruction in early mitosis requires the SCF�²TrCP ubiquitin ligase complex. Binding of �²TrCP to Emi1 occurs in late prophase and requires phosphorylation at the DSGxxS consensus motif as...
- Separation of Sister Chromatids, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Separation of Sister Chromatids, organism-specific biosystemWhile sister chromatids resolve in prometaphase, separating along chromosomal arms, the cohesion of sister centromeres persists until anaphase. At the anaphase onset, the anaphase promoting complex/c...
- Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystemSignal transduction is a process in which extracellular signals elicit changes in cell state and activity. Transmembrane receptors sense changes in the cellular environment by binding ligands, such a...
- Signaling by Wnt, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signaling by Wnt, organism-specific biosystemThe beta-catenin destruction complex plays a key role in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. In the absence of Wnt signaling, this complex controls the levels of cytoplamic beta-catenin. Beta-cateni...
- Signaling by the B Cell Receptor (BCR), organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signaling by the B Cell Receptor (BCR), organism-specific biosystemMature B cells express IgM and IgD immunoglobulins which are complexed at the plasma membrane with Ig-alpha (CD79A, MB-1) and Ig-beta (CD79B, B29) to form the B cell receptor (BCR) (Fu et al. 1974, F...
- Stabilization of p53, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Stabilization of p53, organism-specific biosystemLater studies pin-pointed that a single serine (Ser-15) was phosphorylated by ATM and phosphorylation of Ser-15 was rapidly-induced in IR-treated cells and this response was ATM-dependent (Canman et ...
- Switching of origins to a post-replicative state, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Switching of origins to a post-replicative state, organism-specific biosystem
Switching of origins to a post-replicative state
- Synthesis of DNA, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Synthesis of DNA, organism-specific biosystemThe actual synthesis of DNA occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle. This includes the initiation of DNA replication, when the first nucleotide of the new strand is laid down during the synthesis of ...
- Ubiquitin Mediated Degradation of Phosphorylated Cdc25A, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Ubiquitin Mediated Degradation of Phosphorylated Cdc25A, organism-specific biosystemcdc25A protein is degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery in both terminally differentiating and cycling cells (Bernardi et al. 2000).
- Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cyclin D, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cyclin D, organism-specific biosystemCyclin D turnover is regulated by ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation which are positively regulated by cyclin D phosphorylation on threonine-286 (Diehl et al., 1997).
- Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cyclin D1, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cyclin D1, organism-specific biosystemAfter the Cyclin D serves the role of mediating reactions by Cdk4 and Cdk6, it is shuttled to the cytoplasm and degraded in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. Whether Cdk4 and Cdk6 are truly redundant is...
- Vif-mediated degradation of APOBEC3G, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Vif-mediated degradation of APOBEC3G, organism-specific biosystemThe HIV-1 accessory protein Vif (Viral infectivity factor) is required for the efficient infection of primary cell populations (e.g., lymphocytes and macrophages) and ââ?¬Å?non-permissiveââ?¬Â? cel...
- Vpu mediated degradation of CD4, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Vpu mediated degradation of CD4, organism-specific biosystemThe HIV-1 Vpu protein promotes the degradation of the CD4 receptor by recruiting an SCF like ubiquitination complex that promotes CD4 degradation. Vpu links beta-TrCP to CD4 at the ER membrane thro...
- p53-Dependent G1 DNA Damage Response, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
p53-Dependent G1 DNA Damage Response, organism-specific biosystemMost of the damage-induced modifications of p53 are dependent on the ATM kinase. The first link between ATM and p53 was predicted based on the earlier studies that showed that AT cells exhibit a redu...
- p53-Dependent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
p53-Dependent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint, organism-specific biosystemThe arrest at G1/S checkpoint is mediated by the action of a widely known tumor suppressor protein, p53. Loss of p53 functions, as a result of mutations in cancer prevent the G1/S checkpoint (Kuerbi...
- p53-Independent DNA Damage Response, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
p53-Independent DNA Damage Response, organism-specific biosystemIn response to DNA damage due to exposure to ultraviolet light or to ionizing radiation, Cdc25A is phosphorylated by Chk1 or Chk2. The phosphorylation of Cdc25A at ser-123, in response to DNA damage...
- p53-Independent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
p53-Independent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint, organism-specific biosystemThe G1 arrest induced by DNA damage has been ascribed to the transcription factor and tumor suppressor protein p53. To be effective within minutes after DNA damage, induction of the G1 block should ...