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    MAPK3 mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 5595, updated on 14-May-2013
    Official Symbol
    MAPK3provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    mitogen-activated protein kinase 3provided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:6877
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000102882; HPRD:03479; MIM:601795; Vega:OTTHUMG00000132149
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    ERK1; ERT2; ERK-1; PRKM3; P44ERK1; P44MAPK; HS44KDAP; HUMKER1A; p44-ERK1; p44-MAPK
    Summary
    The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act in a signaling cascade that regulates various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell cycle progression in response to a variety of extracellular signals. This kinase is activated by upstream kinases, resulting in its translocation to the nucleus where it phosphorylates nuclear targets. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
    Location :
    16p11.2
    Sequence :
    Chromosome: 16; NC_000016.9 (30125426..30134630, complement)
    See MAPK3 in Epigenomics, MapViewer

    Chromosome 16 - NC_000016.9Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene yippee-like 3 (Drosophila) Neighboring gene glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 3 Neighboring gene coronin, actin binding protein, 1A Neighboring gene bolA homolog 2B (E. coli) Neighboring gene SLX1 structure-specific endonuclease subunit homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

    Go to nucleotideGraphics FASTA GenBank

    Go to reference sequence details

    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Role of ERK1/2 kinase in the expression of iNOS by NDMA in human neutrophils. Ratajczak-Wrona W, et al. Indian J Exp Biol, 2013 Jan. PMID 23441482.
    2. VCP phosphorylation-dependent interaction partners prevent apoptosis in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. Yu CC, et al. PLoS One, 2013. PMID 23383273.
    3. The MLK-related kinase (MRK) is a novel RhoC effector that mediates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-stimulated tumor cell invasion. Korkina O, et al. J Biol Chem, 2013 Feb 22. PMID 23319595.
    4. Differential roles of JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases on endothelial cell tissue repair functions in response to tumor necrosis factor-α. Kanaji N, et al. J Vasc Res, 2013. PMID 23258237.
    5. TWIST1 is an ERK1/2 effector that promotes invasion and regulates MMP-1 expression in human melanoma cells. Weiss MB, et al. Cancer Res, 2012 Dec 15. PMID 23222305.

    See all (968) citations in PubMed

    See citations in PubMed for homologs of this gene provided by HomoloGene

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions What's a GeneRIF?

    1. After transfection of HUVECs with miR-155, expression of apoptosis-promoting factors and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were reduced significantly and HUVEC migration and capillary tubule formation were restored to some extent.
      Title: Attenuation of exogenous angiotensin II stress-induced damage and apoptosis in human vascular endothelial cells via microRNA-155 expression.
    2. ERK1/2 signaling plays an important role in topoisomerase II poison-induced G2/M checkpoint activation.
      Title: ERK1/2 signaling plays an important role in topoisomerase II poison-induced G2/M checkpoint activation.
    3. The level of ERK1/2 phosphorylation was higher in alcoholic liver cirrhosis peritoneal macrophages at baseline than in hepatitis C patients.
      Title: The peritoneal macrophage inflammatory profile in cirrhosis depends on the alcoholic or hepatitis C viral etiology and is related to ERK phosphorylation.
    4. MRK is a novel RhoC effector that controls LPA-stimulated cell invasion at least in part by regulating myosin dynamics, ERK and p38
      Title: The MLK-related kinase (MRK) is a novel RhoC effector that mediates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-stimulated tumor cell invasion.
    5. TNF-alpha stimulates tissue repair functions of HPAECs. This may be mediated, at least in part, positively via JNK & ERK1/2. This may play a role in endothelial cell-mediated tissue repair, especially in an inflammatory milieu where TNF-alpha is present.
      Title: Differential roles of JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases on endothelial cell tissue repair functions in response to tumor necrosis factor-α.
    6. osteosarcoma patients whose tumors expressed pERK1 had a poorer clinical outcome than those whose tumors did not.
      Title: Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in osteosarcoma.
    7. Results showed significantly higher levels of ERK1 protein in smokers vs. non-smokers. Analysis revealed a significant relation among the number of cigarettes smoked daily, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence score and the mRNA expression of ERK1.
      Title: ERK1/2 protein and mRNA levels in human blood are linked to smoking behavior.
    8. constitutive activation of the ERK1 pathway in HER2/ERBB2-transformed cells prevents EGF deprivation-induced FLIPL upregulation and TRAIL resistance.
      Title: Control of FLIP(L) expression and TRAIL resistance by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 pathway in breast epithelial cells.
    9. Data show that IL-17RA, IL-17RC, IL-22R1, ERK1/2 MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways are involved in Th17 cytokine-induced proliferation.
      Title: Th17-associated cytokines promote human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation.
    10. TEY domain GnRH-induced phosphorylation of ERK is necessary, but not sufficient for the full nuclear localization response.
      Title: Mechanisms of GnRH-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase nuclear localization.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all (665)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Env, gp160, envelope glycoprotein env The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs, including ERK, JNK, and p38MAPK) is induced by incubation of HIV-1 gp160 with CD4+complement receptor type 2 (CR2)+ cells PubMed
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env NHERF1 increases ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels following HIV-1 gp120 stimulation in cells PubMed
    env HIV-1 X4-tropic gp120 upregulates alpha-SMA (ACTA2) and collagen I alpha 1 expression via the ERK1/2 pathway in a CXCR4-dependent manner in activated human hepatic stellate cells PubMed
    env HIV-1 gp120-induced phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D (PLD) activity is dependent on the activation of ERK1/2 PubMed
    env Stimulation of human monocyte-derived macrophages with HIV-1 gp120 results in the CCR5-mediated activation of Lyn and the concomitant Lyn-dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase ERK-1/2, which leads to production of TNF-alpha PubMed
    env HIV-1 gp120 induces IL-10 expression in monocyte-derived dendritic cells via a mannose C-type lectin receptor and an ERK signaling pathway PubMed
    env Increased neurotoxicity mediated by cocaine and gp120 involves signaling pathways including c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB PubMed
    env HIV-1 gp120 activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p42 extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) in macrophages and primary human central nervous system (CNS) cells PubMed
    env Treatment of cells with HIV-1 gp120 induces increased levels of endogenous c-fos and c-jun mRNA and proteins, an activation of both c-fos and c-jun promoters, and a very rapid stimulation of the MAPK/ERK pathway PubMed
    env Pre-treatment of endothelial cells with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) protects cells from HIV-1 gp120 angiotoxicity; this protection is regulated by crosstalk among the ERK, PI3K-AKT and PKC signaling pathways PubMed
    Envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 env HIV-1 gp41 is able to activate the ERK/MAPK pathway by binding to CD74 PubMed
    Nef, p27 nef HIV-1 Nef induces phosphorylation of MAPK3 (ERK1) in M2-type macrophages PubMed
    nef HIV-1 Nef-induced relocalization of LCK increases phosphorylated ERK1/2 induction in infected and trasduced primary T cells PubMed
    nef Formation of the Nef-associated kinase complex (NAKC) is sufficient to activate LCK and ERK1/2 and causes a strong Tat-dependent increase of HIV-1 transcription in T cells PubMed
    nef HIV-1 Nef and ALK are capable of cumulatively influencing the MAP-K phosphorylation in astrocytic glioma cells PubMed
    nef HIV-1 Nef upregulates ICAM-1 expression on endothelial cells via Erk /Mapk signaling pathway PubMed
    nef HIV-1 Nef myristoylation is required for the rapid and transient phosphorylation of the alpha- and beta- subunits of the Ikappa-B kinase complex and activation of JNK, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK family members PubMed
    Rev, p19 rev MAPK has been shown to phosphorylate Rev in vitro PubMed
    Tat, p14 tat HIV-1 Tat-induced upregulation of B7-H1 protein expression requires activation of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway in human endothelial cells PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat and morphine-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells involves ERK1/2 and JNK activation PubMed
    tat Adhesion of endothelial cells to HIV-1 Tat triggers a signal transduction pathway, which leads to phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and pp60src and activation of ERK1/2 PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat- and oxovanadate-treated microglial cells synergistically induce release of TNF-a and IL-1 proteins, which involves CD45 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat-linked intracellular third loop of the endothelin-1 type B receptor markedly enhances the endothelin-1 activation of ERK in the bone morphogenetic protein-2 receptor human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells PubMed
    tat The NADPH oxidase inhibitors DPI and apocynin abrogate HIV-1 Tat-stimulated ERK1/2 activation in human microglia-like cells PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat inhibits the LPS-activation of ERK1/2 but not the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in primary blood monocytes/macrophages PubMed
    tat Treatment with HIV-1 Tat induces phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK in brain micro vascular endothelial cells (BMEC) and astrocytes, which mediates Tat-induced multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) expression PubMed
    tat Cell-permeable SOD inhibits the activation of MAP kinases including ERK, JNK and p38 and the upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 by HIV-1 Tat PubMed
    tat Tat-triggered PKCdelta and PKCtheta activation results in the downstream signaling through the apoptosis pathways mediated by both ERK1/2 and caspase-3 PubMed
    tat Formation of the Nef-associated kinase complex (NAKC) is sufficient to activate LCK and ERK1/2 and causes a strong Tat-dependent increase of HIV-1 transcription in T cells PubMed
    tat HIV-1-Tat-mediated upregulation of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B chain in astrocytes is regulated by activation of ERK1/2 and JNK MAPK signaling pathways and the downstream transcription factor early growth response 1 (Egr1) PubMed
    tat Tat activates at least three signaling pathways concurrently, including NF-kappaB, PKC, ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinases and IKKalpha pathways, to promote production of IL-10 PubMed
    tat Sulfated polymannuroguluronate (SPMG) blocks the Tat-induced extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2- and c-jun amino-terminal kinase-mediated signalling pathways PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat in combination with KSHV kaposin A activates the MEK/ERK, STAT3, and PI3K/Akt signals in NIH3T3 cells PubMed
    tat Phospholipase C/protein kinase C signaling pathway-dependent phosphorylation of p44/42 and JNK MAP kinases participates partially in IL-1beta induction by TAT PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat alters the properties of human neural precursor cells via attenuation of the cell cycle regulatory unit cyclin D1 and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, particularly extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat-induced glutamate release is mediated through p38 and p42/44 MAPK and through NADPH oxidase and the x(c)(-) cystine-glutamate antiporter (xCT) PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat induces ERK phosphorylation by the activation of the small GTPase Ras, but not the small GTPase Rac, in human endothelial cells PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat is phosphorylated by MAPK in vitro PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat activates ERK1 and ERK2 through the activation of MEK1 and MEK2, leading to induction of IL-8, IL-10, IP-10, iNOS, superoxide and TNF-alpha, as well as suppression of p35 activator of cdk5, activation of CREB and increased albumin permeability PubMed
    tat Expression of HIV-1 Tat in human SK-N-MC cells inhibits the NGF-signaling pathway leading to suppression of MAPK and reduction of Puralpha binding to the Egr-1 promoter PubMed
    tat The interaction of HIV-1 Tat with KDR/VEGFR2 is implicated in the activation of ERK1 and ERK2 signaling pathways PubMed
    Vif, p23 vif MAPK phosphorylates HIV-1 Vif on Thr96 and Ser165 and is important in the regulation of HIV-1 infectivity by Vif PubMed
    Vpr, p15 vpr HIV-1 Vpr-induced caspase-8 activation causes cleavage of BID to tBID through ERK activation PubMed
    matrix gag HIV-1 p17 variant S75X shows a similar activity to p17delta36 in modulating ERK1/2 signalling pathway in Raji and human primary B cells PubMed
    gag HIV-1 p17 induces phosphorylation of ERK1/ERK2 in human endothelial cells PubMed
    gag HIV-1 p17 induces capillary-like structures in human endothelial cells by binding to CXCR1 and CXCR2, which requires activation of the Akt-dependent ERK signaling pathway PubMed
    gag Expression of Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a plant-derived N-glycosidase, activates the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway to a limited extent, resulting in increased phosphorylation of HIV-1 MA PubMed
    gag HIV-1 MA increases phosphorylation and the DNA-binding activity of CREB and c-Myc through activation of the cAMP/PKA and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Both signaling pathways are synergistically activated upon co-stimulation through the CD19 receptor PubMed
    gag Phosphorylation of HIV-1 Matrix on tyrosine and serine prior to and during virus infection facilitates dissociation of Matrix from the cellular membrane, thus allowing it to translocate to the nucleus and participate in HIV-1 nuclear import PubMed
    gag Recombinant MAPK phosphorylates HIV-1 Matrix on serine and threonine residues, whereas immunoprecipitated MAPK predominantly phosphorylates HIV-1 Matrix on serine residues PubMed
    p6 gag HIV-1 p6-Gag is phosphorylated by cellular kinases with ERK1 and ERK2 being the most likely kinases involved in p6 phosphorylation PubMed
    pol gag-pol MEK1 in HIV-1 producer cells is able to activate virion-associated MAPK in trans, and the activated MAPK facilitates efficient disengagement of the HIV-1 reverse transcription complex from the cell membrane and subsequent nuclear translocation PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Protein Interaction Database

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description
    AAH13992.1 NP_002746.1 MAP2K1    BIND  PubMed MEK1 interacts with ERK1 via a conserved docking site in MEK 
    AAH13992.1 NP_109587.1 MAP2K2    BIND  PubMed MEK2 binds and activates ERK1. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_001871.2 ATF2    BIND  PubMed ERK1 interacts with and phosphorylates ATF2. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_005169.1 BCL3    BIND  PubMed Erk1 interacts with and phosphorylates BCL-3. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_004929.1 DAPK1    BIND  PubMed DAPK interacts with Erk1. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_005220.1 ELK1    BIND  PubMed Mapk3 (p44Mapk) phosphorylates Elk1 at Ser383. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_005220.1 ELK1    BIND  PubMed Elk-1 is phosphorylated by ERK-1. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between human Elk-1 and ERK-1 from an unspecified species. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_005220.1 ELK1    BIND  PubMed Elk-1 is phosphorylated by ERK-1. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between human Elk-1 and ERK-1 from an unspecified species. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_005220.1 ELK1    BIND  PubMed ERK1 interacts with and phosphorylates Elk-1. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_005220.1 ELK1    BIND  PubMed Erk1 phosphorylates Elk-1. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between Erk1 and Elk-1 from an unspecified species. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_005220.1 ELK1    BIND  PubMed ERK1 interacts with and phosphorylates Elk1. This interaction was modelled on a demonstrated interaction between rat ERK1 and human Elk1. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_001964.2 ELK4    BIND  PubMed Sap-1a is phosphorylated by ERK-1. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between human Sap-1a and ERK-1 from an unspecified species. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_001964.2 ELK4    BIND  PubMed Sap-1a is phosphorylated by ERK-1. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between human Sap-1a and ERK-1 from an unspecified species. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_005517.1 HSF1    BIND  PubMed ERK1 interacts with and phosphorylates HSF-1. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_150366.1 IRX2    BIND  PubMed IRX2 interacts with MAPK3 (Erk1). This interaction was modelled on a demonstrated interaction between chicken IRX2 and human MAPK3. 
    NP_002737.1 AAC97073.1 MAP3K1    BIND  PubMed MEKK1 interacts with ERK1. 
    NP_002737.1 BAA19885.1 MKNK1    BIND  PubMed ERK1 interacts with and phosphorylates MNK1. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_002458.1 MYC    BIND  PubMed ERK1 interacts with and phosphorylates c-Myc. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_003759.1 PEA15    BIND  PubMed PEA-15 interacts with ERK 1. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_006257.1 RALGDS    BIND  PubMed ERK1 interacts with and phosphorylates RalGDS. 
    NP_002737.1 RPS6KA2    BIND  PubMed ERK1 interacts with and phosphorylates an unspecified isoform of p90-RSK2. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_001059.2 TOP2B    BIND  PubMed ERK1 interacts with and phosphorylates Topoisomerase II-beta. 
    NP_002737.1 NP_003407.1 ZNF7    BIND  PubMed ERK1 interacts with and phosphorylates ZNF7. 
    P27361 P25098 ADRBK1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P49407 ARRB1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P05023 ATP1A1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P10415 BCL2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P20749 BCL3    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q07021 C1QBP    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q14790 CASP8    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P55211 CASP9    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q03135 CAV1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q16204 CCDC6    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P17676 CEBPB    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P53355 DAPK1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P43146 DCC    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P28562 DUSP1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q9Y6W6 DUSP10    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P51452 DUSP3    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q13115 DUSP4    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q16690 DUSP5    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q16828 DUSP6    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q99956 DUSP9    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P19419 ELK1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P19235 EPOR    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P03372 ESR1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P14921 ETS1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P31994 FCGR2B    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q13480 GAB1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q9UQC2 GAB2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P15976 GATA1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P43694 GATA4    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P17302 GJA1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P60983 GMFB    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P78347 GTF2I    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P56524 HDAC4    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q16665 HIF1A    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 O75330 HMMR    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q00613 HSF1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q9ULV5 HSF4    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q9UJY1 HSPB8    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P46695 IER3    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P06213 INSR    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P05412 JUN    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P17535 JUND    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P05787 KRT8    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q6VAB6 KSR2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q9UHA4 LAMTOR3    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P06239 LCK    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q05469 LIPE    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P30533 LRPAP1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P07948 LYN    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q02750 MAP2K1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P36507 MAP2K2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P46734 MAP2K3    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q99558 MAP3K14    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q16539 MAPK14    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P27361 MAPK3    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P27361 MAPK3    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P45983 MAPK8    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P02686 MBP    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P50579 METAP2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q9BUB5 MKNK1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P01106 MYC    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q15746 MYLK    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q9NZQ3 NCKIPSD    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P08138 NGFR    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P04629 NTRK1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q16288 NTRK3    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q13177 PAK2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P18545 PDE6G    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q15121 PEA15    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P00750 PLAT    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q9NQ66 PLCB1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q07869 PPARA    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P62136 PPP1CA    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Protein phosphatase 2A, catalytic subunit, alpha isoform PPP2CA    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q05655 PRKCD    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q02156 PRKCE    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q05513 PRKCZ    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q06124 PTPN11    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P54829 PTPN5    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P35236 PTPN7    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P23469 PTPRE    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q15256 PTPRR    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P49023 PXN    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P20338 RAB4A    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P04049 RAF1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q12967 RALGDS    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P53805 RCAN1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P07949 RET    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q15418 RPS6KA1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q15349 RPS6KA2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P51812 RPS6KA3    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 O75676 RPS6KA4    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P23443 RPS6KB1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q15796 SMAD2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 O76070 SNCG    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 O60504 SORBS3    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P08047 SP1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q01892 SPIB    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P36956 SREBF1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q12772 SREBF2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P40763 STAT3    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P42229 STAT5A    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P16949 STMN1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q93045 STMN2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P43405 SYK    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P17600 SYN1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P17542 TAL1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q16559 TAL2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P15923 TCF3    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q15583 TGIF1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P07101 TH    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 O14788 TNFSF11    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 Q02880 TOP2B    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P04637 TP53    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P49815 TSC2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P17480 UBTF    HPRD  PubMed  
    P27361 P17097 ZNF7    HPRD  PubMed  
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:114287 ADAM15    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:108012 AKR1C1    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:106901 ARRB1    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:106902 ARRB2    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:106966 ATP1A1    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:106994 ATP5B    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:107035 AVPR2    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:114497 BAZ1B    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:107141 BRAF    BioGRID  PubMed Phenotypic Enhancement 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:107140 BRCA1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:124007 BTBD10    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:107169 C1QBP    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:107305 CAV1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:107430 CDC25C    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:110416 CIITA    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:121127 CPXM1    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:107780 CREM    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:107791 CRP    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:107982 DAPK1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; Reconstituted Complex; Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:107998 DCC    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:35455 DSK2    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:108176 DUSP1    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity; Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:108178 DUSP3    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:108179 DUSP4    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:108180 DUSP5    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:108181 DUSP6    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:217600 Dusp9    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:108317 ELK1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:108320 ELK4    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:108416 ETV1    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:108488 FASN    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:108576 FKBP2    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:115181 GAB2    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:109026 GMFB    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:109224 GTF2I    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:109283 HADH    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:115106 HDAC4    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:113931 HIST1H2AB    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS; Co-localization 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:113955 HIST1H4A    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS; Co-localization 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:109414 HNF4A    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:118165 HTRA2    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:109624 ID2    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:114390 IER3    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:109854 INSR    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:114353 IQGAP1    BioGRID  PubMed Co-purification 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:675022 IRX2    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:109928 JUN    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:115114 KIAA0101    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:114201 LAMTOR3    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:110245 LYN    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:110284 MAGEA11    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:111590 MAP2K1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; Biochemical Activity; Co-localization; Reconstituted Complex; Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:111591 MAP2K2    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity; Reconstituted Complex; Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:111592 MAP2K3    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:107819 MAPK14    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; PCA 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:111581 MAPK3    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:114683 MAPKAPK2    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity; PCA; Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:110325 MBP    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:114138 MKNK1    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:110694 MYC    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:118810 NTMT1    BioGRID  PubMed Co-fractionation 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:115297 NUP153    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:115157 NUPL1    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:114230 PEA15    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:111228 PFKFB1    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:111234 PFKM    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:111384 PML    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:111507 PPP2CA    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:116136 PRDX3    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:124312 PTPN5    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:111743 PTPN7    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; Biochemical Activity; Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:111755 PTPRE    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:111765 PTPRR    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:111831 RAF1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:120991 RNF114    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:112109 RPS6KA1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:112110 RPS6KA2    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:112111 RPS6KA3    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:114468 RPS6KA4    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:118144 RPS6KA6    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:121582 RPTOR    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity; Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:112168 RXRA    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:112171 RYK    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:202586 Rara    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:225783 Rps6ka3    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:215408 Rps6kb1    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:119434 SCAND1    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:117060 SCRIB    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; Biochemical Activity; Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:112506 SNCA    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:112507 SNCG    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:112550 SP1    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:112567 SPIB    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity; Co-purification 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:112598 SREBF1    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:112599 SREBF2    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:120727 STAB2    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:116830 SYNE2    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:112912 TH    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:113010 TP53    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:113011 TP53BP1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:123277 TTYH3    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:113164 UBC    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS; Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:119501 UBR5    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:113190 UBTF    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:114173 USO1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:113258 VCP    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:113259 VDAC1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS; Co-localization 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:113264 VDR    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:124019 WDR83    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:111581 BioGRID:119387 ZNF219    BioGRID  PubMed Two-hybrid 
    • AGE/RAGE pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      AGE/RAGE pathway, organism-specific biosystemAdvanced glycation end products (AGEs) are heterogeneous group of non-enzymatic malliard reaction products of aldose sugar with proteins and lipids. Formation of AGEs is an indicator of one of the ma...
    • ALK1 signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      ALK1 signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
      ALK1 signaling events
    • ARMS-mediated activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      ARMS-mediated activation, organism-specific biosystemARMS (Ankyrin-Rich Membrane Spanning/Kidins 220) is a 220kD tetraspanning adaptor protein which becomes rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated by active Trk receptors. ARMS is another adaptor protein which ...
    • ATF-2 transcription factor network, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      ATF-2 transcription factor network, organism-specific biosystem
      ATF-2 transcription factor network
    • Activated TLR4 signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Activated TLR4 signalling, organism-specific biosystemTLR4 is unique among the TLR family in its ability to recruit four adapters to activate two distinct signaling pathways. One pathway is activated by the pair of the adapters Mal or TIRAP (Toll/inter...
    • Activation of the AP-1 family of transcription factors, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Activation of the AP-1 family of transcription factors, organism-specific biosystemActivator protein-1 (AP-1) is a collective term referring to a group of transcription factors that bind to promoters of target genes in a sequence-specific manner. AP-1 family consists of hetero- and...
    • Acute myeloid leukemia, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Acute myeloid leukemia, organism-specific biosystemAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a disease that is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of clonal neoplastic cells and accumulation in the bone marrow of blasts with an impaired differentiation...
    • Acute myeloid leukemia, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Acute myeloid leukemia, conserved biosystemAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a disease that is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of clonal neoplastic cells and accumulation in the bone marrow of blasts with an impaired differentiation...
    • Adherens junction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Adherens junction, organism-specific biosystemCell-cell adherens junctions (AJs), the most common type of intercellular adhesions, are important for maintaining tissue architecture and cell polarity and can limit cell movement and proliferation....
    • Adherens junction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Adherens junction, conserved biosystemCell-cell adherens junctions (AJs), the most common type of intercellular adhesions, are important for maintaining tissue architecture and cell polarity and can limit cell movement and proliferation....
    • Advanced glycosylation endproduct receptor signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Advanced glycosylation endproduct receptor signaling, organism-specific biosystemAdvanced Glycosylation End- product-specific Receptor (AGER) also known as Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) is a multi-ligand membrane receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin supe...
    • Alcoholism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Alcoholism, organism-specific biosystemAlcoholism, also called dependence on alcohol (ethanol), is a chronic relapsing disorder that is progressive and has serious detrimental health outcomes. As one of the primary mediators of the reward...
    • Alcoholism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Alcoholism, conserved biosystemAlcoholism, also called dependence on alcohol (ethanol), is a chronic relapsing disorder that is progressive and has serious detrimental health outcomes. As one of the primary mediators of the reward...
    • Aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption, organism-specific biosystemSodium transport across the tight epithelia of Na+ reabsorbing tissues such as the distal part of the kidney nephron and colon is the major factor determining total-body Na+ levels, and thus, long-te...
    • Aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption, conserved biosystemSodium transport across the tight epithelia of Na+ reabsorbing tissues such as the distal part of the kidney nephron and colon is the major factor determining total-body Na+ levels, and thus, long-te...
    • Alpha-synuclein signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Alpha-synuclein signaling, organism-specific biosystem
      Alpha-synuclein signaling
    • Alzheimer's disease, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Alzheimer's disease, organism-specific biosystemAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic disorder that slowly destroys neurons and causes serious cognitive disability. AD is associated with senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Amyloid-b...
    • Alzheimer's disease, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Alzheimer's disease, conserved biosystemAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic disorder that slowly destroys neurons and causes serious cognitive disability. AD is associated with senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Amyloid-b...
    • Alzheimers Disease, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Alzheimers Disease, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway displays current genes, proteolytic events and other processes associated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease. This pathway was adapted from KEGG on 10/7/2011. Note: mitochondria...
    • Angiopoietin receptor Tie2-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Angiopoietin receptor Tie2-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem
      Angiopoietin receptor Tie2-mediated signaling
    • Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes, organism-specific biosystemThe ISG proteins generated by IFN pathways plays key roles in the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses.
    • Apoptosis Modulation and Signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Apoptosis Modulation and Signaling, organism-specific biosystemApoptosis, or cell death program, can be activated by various mechanisms within the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathway. While activation of cell death receptors leads to the engagement of the extrin...
    • Arf6 downstream pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Arf6 downstream pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      Arf6 downstream pathway
    • Axon guidance, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Axon guidance, organism-specific biosystemAxon guidance represents a key stage in the formation of neuronal network. Axons are guided by a variety of guidance factors, such as netrins, ephrins, Slits, and semaphorins. These guidance cues are...
    • Axon guidance, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Axon guidance, conserved biosystemAxon guidance represents a key stage in the formation of neuronal network. Axons are guided by a variety of guidance factors, such as netrins, ephrins, Slits, and semaphorins. These guidance cues are...
    • Axon guidance, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Axon guidance, organism-specific biosystemAxon guidance / axon pathfinding is the process by which neurons send out axons to reach the correct targets. Growing axons have a highly motile structure at the growing tip called the growth cone, w...
    • B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe B cell receptor includes membrane ?? heavy chain molecules bound to a light chain and an Ig alpha (CD79A)/Ig beta (CD79B) heterodimer. Activation of the B cell receptor involves phosphorylation o...
    • B cell receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      B cell receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemB cells are an important component of adaptive immunity. They produce and secrete millions of different antibody molecules, each of which recognizes a different (foreign) antigen. The B cell receptor...
    • B cell receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      B cell receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystemB cells are an important component of adaptive immunity. They produce and secrete millions of different antibody molecules, each of which recognizes a different (foreign) antigen. The B cell receptor...
    • BCR signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      BCR signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      BCR signaling pathway
    • BDNF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      BDNF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemBrain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin essential for growth, differentiation, plasticity, and survival of neurons. BDNF is also required for processes such as energy metabolism, b...
    • Bladder cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Bladder cancer, organism-specific biosystemThe urothelium covers the luminal surface of almost the entire urinary tract, extending from the renal pelvis, through the ureter and bladder, to the proximal urethra. The majority of urothelial carc...
    • Bladder cancer, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Bladder cancer, conserved biosystemThe urothelium covers the luminal surface of almost the entire urinary tract, extending from the renal pelvis, through the ureter and bladder, to the proximal urethra. The majority of urothelial carc...
    • CDC42 signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      CDC42 signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
      CDC42 signaling events
    • CXCR3-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      CXCR3-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
      CXCR3-mediated signaling events
    • Cell Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Cell Cycle, organism-specific biosystem
      Cell Cycle
    • Cell Cycle, Mitotic, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Cell Cycle, Mitotic, organism-specific biosystemThe replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells are controlled by a series of events collectively known as the cell cycle. DNA replication is carried o...
    • Cellular roles of Anthrax toxin, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Cellular roles of Anthrax toxin, organism-specific biosystem
      Cellular roles of Anthrax toxin
    • Ceramide signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Ceramide signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      Ceramide signaling pathway
    • Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), organism-specific biosystemTrypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease. The parasite life cycle involves hematophagous reduviid bugs as vectors. Once parasites enter the host body, they ...
    • Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), conserved biosystemTrypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease. The parasite life cycle involves hematophagous reduviid bugs as vectors. Once parasites enter the host body, they ...
    • Chemokine signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Chemokine signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemInflammatory immune response requires the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of inflammation upon foreign insult. Chemokines are small chemoattractant peptides that provide directional cues for th...
    • Chemokine signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Chemokine signaling pathway, conserved biosystemInflammatory immune response requires the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of inflammation upon foreign insult. Chemokines are small chemoattractant peptides that provide directional cues for th...
    • Cholinergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Cholinergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemAcetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as lear...
    • Chronic myeloid leukemia, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Chronic myeloid leukemia, organism-specific biosystemChronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) originates in a pluripotent hematopoetic stem cell of the bone marrow and is characterized by greatly increased numbers of granulocytes in the blood. Myeloid and ot...
    • Chronic myeloid leukemia, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Chronic myeloid leukemia, conserved biosystemChronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) originates in a pluripotent hematopoetic stem cell of the bone marrow and is characterized by greatly increased numbers of granulocytes in the blood. Myeloid and ot...
    • Circadian entrainment, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Circadian entrainment, organism-specific biosystemCircadian entrainment is a fundamental property by which the period of the internal biological clock is entrained by recurring exogenous signals, such that the organism's endocrine and behavioral rhy...
    • Circadian entrainment, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Circadian entrainment, conserved biosystemCircadian entrainment is a fundamental property by which the period of the internal biological clock is entrained by recurring exogenous signals, such that the organism's endocrine and behavioral rhy...
    • Colorectal cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Colorectal cancer, organism-specific biosystemColorectal cancer (CRC) is the second largest cause of cancer-related deaths in Western countries. CRC arises from the colorectal epithelium as a result of the accumulation of genetic alterations in ...
    • Colorectal cancer, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Colorectal cancer, conserved biosystemColorectal cancer (CRC) is the second largest cause of cancer-related deaths in Western countries. CRC arises from the colorectal epithelium as a result of the accumulation of genetic alterations in ...
    • Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystemCytokines are small proteins that regulate and mediate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. They are secreted in response to immune stimuli, and usually act briefly, locally, at very low concen...
    • DAP12 interactions, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      DAP12 interactions, organism-specific biosystemDNAX activation protein of 12kDa (DAP12) is an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-bearing adapter molecule that transduces activating signals in natural killer (NK) and myeloid cel...
    • DAP12 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      DAP12 signaling, organism-specific biosystemIn response to receptor ligation, the tyrosine residues in DAP12's immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) are phosphorylated by Src family kinases. These phosphotyrosines form the dock...
    • Delta-Notch Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Delta-Notch Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThere are 4 Notch receptors in humans (Notch 1-4) that bind to a family of 5 ligands (Jagged 1 and 2 and Delta-like 1-3). The Notch receptors are expressed on the cell surface as heterodimeric protei...
    • Developmental Biology, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Developmental Biology, organism-specific biosystemAs a first step towards capturing the array of processes by which a fertilized egg gives rise to the diverse tissues of the body, examples of three kinds of processes have been annotated. These are a...
    • Disease, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Disease, organism-specific biosystemBiological processes are captured in Reactome by identifying the molecules (DNA, RNA, protein, small molecules) involved in them and describing the details of their interactions. From this molecular ...
    • Dorso-ventral axis formation, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Dorso-ventral axis formation, organism-specific biosystem
      Dorso-ventral axis formation
    • Dorso-ventral axis formation, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Dorso-ventral axis formation, conserved biosystem
      Dorso-ventral axis formation
    • Downstream signal transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Downstream signal transduction, organism-specific biosystemThe role of autophosphorylation sites on PDGF receptors are to provide docking sites for downstream signal transduction molecules which contain SH2 domains. The SH2 domain is a conserved motif of aro...
    • Downstream signaling in naive CD8+ T cells, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Downstream signaling in naive CD8+ T cells, organism-specific biosystem
      Downstream signaling in naive CD8+ T cells
    • Downstream signaling of activated FGFR, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Downstream signaling of activated FGFR, organism-specific biosystemSignaling via FGFRs is mediated via direct recruitment of signaling proteins that bind to tyrosine auto-phosphorylation sites on the activated receptor and via closely linked docking proteins that be...
    • EGF receptor (ErbB1) signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      EGF receptor (ErbB1) signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      EGF receptor (ErbB1) signaling pathway
    • EGFR1 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      EGFR1 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe androgen receptor is a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand activated transcription factors. These receptors bind to steroid hormones, thyroid hormone, retinoids and vitamin D among ot...
    • EPHB forward signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      EPHB forward signaling, organism-specific biosystem
      EPHB forward signaling
    • EPO Receptor Signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      EPO Receptor Signaling, organism-specific biosystemThe erythropoietin receptor is a 66 kDa peptide and is a member of the cytokine receptor family. The receptor is tyrosine phosphorylated upon binding by erythropoietin and associates with and activat...
    • ERK activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      ERK activation, organism-specific biosystemActivated MEK phosphorylates and activates ERK.
    • ERK/MAPK targets, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      ERK/MAPK targets, organism-specific biosystemERK/MAPK kinases have a number of targets within the nucleus, usually transcription factors or other kinases. The best known targets, ELK1, ETS1, ATF2, MITF, MAPKAPK2, MSK1, RSK1/2/3 and MEF2 are ann...
    • ERK1 activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      ERK1 activation, organism-specific biosystemActivated MEK1 phosphorylates and activates ERK1.
    • ERKs are inactivated, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      ERKs are inactivated, organism-specific biosystemMAP Kinases are inactivated by a family of protein named MAP Kinase Phosphatases (MKPs). They act through dephosphorylation of threonine and/or tyrosine residues within the signature sequence -pTXpY-...
    • Endometrial cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Endometrial cancer, organism-specific biosystemEndometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynaecological malignancy and the fourth most common malignancy in women in the developed world after breast, colorectal and lung cancer. Two types of endom...
    • Endometrial cancer, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Endometrial cancer, conserved biosystemEndometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynaecological malignancy and the fourth most common malignancy in women in the developed world after breast, colorectal and lung cancer. Two types of endom...
    • Endothelins, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Endothelins, organism-specific biosystem
      Endothelins
    • ErbB signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      ErbB signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) couples binding of extracellular growth factor ligands to intracellular signaling pathways regulating diverse biologic responses, including prolife...
    • ErbB signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      ErbB signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) couples binding of extracellular growth factor ligands to intracellular signaling pathways regulating diverse biologic responses, including prolife...
    • ErbB1 downstream signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      ErbB1 downstream signaling, organism-specific biosystem
      ErbB1 downstream signaling
    • ErbB2/ErbB3 signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      ErbB2/ErbB3 signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
      ErbB2/ErbB3 signaling events
    • ErbB4 signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      ErbB4 signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
      ErbB4 signaling events
    • Estrogen signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Estrogen signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemEstrogens are steroid hormones that regulate a plethora of physiological processes in mammals, including reproduction, cardiovascular protection, bone integrity, cellular homeostasis, and behavior. E...
    • Estrogen signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Estrogen signaling pathway, conserved biosystemEstrogens are steroid hormones that regulate a plethora of physiological processes in mammals, including reproduction, cardiovascular protection, bone integrity, cellular homeostasis, and behavior. E...
    • FGF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      FGF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      FGF signaling pathway
    • FRS2-mediated cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      FRS2-mediated cascade, organism-specific biosystemThe FRS family of scaffolding adaptor proteins has two members, FRS2alpha and FRS2beta (also known as FRS3 or SNT-2). Activation of FGFR tyrosine kinase allows FRS2 proteins to become phosphorylated...
    • FSH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      FSH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is an anterior pituitary gonadotropin belonging to the family of glycoprotein hormones that includes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Leutinizing Hormone (LH)...
    • Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemFc epsilon RI-mediated signaling pathways in mast cells are initiated by the interaction of antigen (Ag) with IgE bound to the extracellular domain of the alpha chain of Fc epsilon RI. The activation...
    • Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, conserved biosystemFc epsilon RI-mediated signaling pathways in mast cells are initiated by the interaction of antigen (Ag) with IgE bound to the extracellular domain of the alpha chain of Fc epsilon RI. The activation...
    • Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, organism-specific biosystemPhagocytosis plays an essential role in host-defense mechanisms through the uptake and destruction of infectious pathogens. Specialized cell types including macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes ta...
    • Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, conserved biosystemPhagocytosis plays an essential role in host-defense mechanisms through the uptake and destruction of infectious pathogens. Specialized cell types including macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes ta...
    • Fc-epsilon receptor I signaling in mast cells, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Fc-epsilon receptor I signaling in mast cells, organism-specific biosystem
      Fc-epsilon receptor I signaling in mast cells
    • Fcgamma receptor (FCGR) dependent phagocytosis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Fcgamma receptor (FCGR) dependent phagocytosis, organism-specific biosystemPhagocytosis is one of the important innate immune responses that function to eliminate invading infectious agents. Monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils are the professional phagocytic cells. Phag...
    • Focal adhesion, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Focal adhesion, organism-specific biosystemCell-matrix adhesions play essential roles in important biological processes including cell motility, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, regulation of gene expression and cell survival. At the...
    • Focal adhesion, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Focal adhesion, conserved biosystemCell-matrix adhesions play essential roles in important biological processes including cell motility, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, regulation of gene expression and cell survival. At the...
    • Frs2-mediated activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Frs2-mediated activation, organism-specific biosystemThe adaptor protein Frs2 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2) can mediate the prolonged activation of the MAPK (ERK) cascade.
    • GRB2 events in EGFR signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      GRB2 events in EGFR signaling, organism-specific biosystemAutophosphorylated EGFR tyrosine residues are docking sites for many downstream effectors in EGFR signaling. The adaptor protein GRB2 binds to phosphotyrosine residues in the C-tail of EGFR through i...
    • GRB2 events in ERBB2 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      GRB2 events in ERBB2 signaling, organism-specific biosystemERBB2:EGFR and ERBB2:ERBB4 can directly recruit GRB2:SOS1 complex through phosphorylated C-tail tyrosines of EGFR (Y1068 and Y1086) and ERBB2 (Y1139) that serve as docking sites for GRB2 (Xie et al. ...
    • Gap junction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Gap junction, organism-specific biosystemGap junctions contain intercellular channels that allow direct communication between the cytosolic compartments of adjacent cells. Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of two 'hemichannels'...
    • Gap junction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Gap junction, conserved biosystemGap junctions contain intercellular channels that allow direct communication between the cytosolic compartments of adjacent cells. Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of two 'hemichannels'...
    • Gastrin-CREB signalling pathway via PKC and MAPK, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Gastrin-CREB signalling pathway via PKC and MAPK, organism-specific biosystemGastrin is a hormone whose main function is to stimulate secretion of hydrochloric acid by the gastric mucosa, which results in gastrin formation inhibition. This hormone also acts as a mitogenic fac...
    • Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystemGene Expression covers the pathways by which genomic DNA is transcribed to yield RNA, the regulation of these transcription processes, and the pathways by which newly-made RNA Transcripts are process...
    • Glioma, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Glioma, organism-specific biosystemGliomas are the most common of the primary brain tumors and account for more than 40% of all central nervous system neoplasms. Gliomas include tumours that are composed predominantly of astrocytes (a...
    • Glioma, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Glioma, conserved biosystemGliomas are the most common of the primary brain tumors and account for more than 40% of all central nervous system neoplasms. Gliomas include tumours that are composed predominantly of astrocytes (a...
    • Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network, organism-specific biosystem
      Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network
    • Glutamatergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Glutamatergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synap...
    • Glutamatergic synapse, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Glutamatergic synapse, conserved biosystemGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synap...
    • GnRH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      GnRH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus acts upon its receptor in the anterior pituitary to regulate the production and release of the gonadotropins, LH and FSH. The GnR...
    • GnRH signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      GnRH signaling pathway, conserved biosystemGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus acts upon its receptor in the anterior pituitary to regulate the production and release of the gonadotropins, LH and FSH. The GnR...
    • Golgi Cisternae Pericentriolar Stack Reorganization, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Golgi Cisternae Pericentriolar Stack Reorganization, organism-specific biosystemThe pericentriolar stacks of Golgi cisternae undergo extensive fragmentation and reorganization in mitosis. In mammalian cells, Golgi apparatus consists of stacked cisternae that are connected by tu...
    • Growth hormone receptor signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Growth hormone receptor signaling, organism-specific biosystemGrowth hormone (Somatotropin or GH) is a key factor in determining lean body mass, stimulating the growth and metabolism of muscle, bone and cartilage cells, while reducing body fat. It has many othe...
    • HIF-1 signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      HIF-1 signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemHypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that functions as a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. It consists of two subunits: an inducibly-expressed HIF-1alpha subunit and a c...
    • Hemostasis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Hemostasis, organism-specific biosystemHemostasis is a physiological response that culminates in the arrest of bleeding from an injured vessel. Under normal conditions the vascular endothelium supports vasodilation, inhibits platelet adhe...
    • Hepatitis B, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Hepatitis B, organism-specific biosystemHepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped virus and contains a partially double-stranded relaxed circular DNA (RC-DNA) genome. After entry into hepatocytes, HBV RC-DNA is transported to the nucleus and...
    • Hepatitis C, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Hepatitis C, organism-specific biosystemHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease. The HCV employ several strategies to perturb host cell immunity. After invasion, HCV RNA genome functions directly as an mRNA in the...
    • Hepatitis C, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Hepatitis C, conserved biosystemHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease. The HCV employ several strategies to perturb host cell immunity. After invasion, HCV RNA genome functions directly as an mRNA in the...
    • Hypothetical Network for Drug Addiction, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Hypothetical Network for Drug Addiction, organism-specific biosystemAdapted from figure 2 in [http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0040002 Li et al.].
    • IFN-gamma pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      IFN-gamma pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      IFN-gamma pathway
    • IGF1R signaling cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      IGF1R signaling cascade, organism-specific biosystemAfter autophosphorylation the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) binds and phosphorylates scaffold proteins, IRS1/2/4 and SHC1, which in turn bind effectors possessing enzymatic activ...
    • IL-2 Signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      IL-2 Signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemIL-2 is a multifunctional cytokine with pleiotropic effects on several cells of the immune system. IL-2 was originally discovered as a T cell growth factor, but it was also found to have actions rela...
    • IL-3 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      IL-3 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-3 belongs to a family of cytokines, which includes IL-5 and GM-CSF. It signals through a receptor complex comprising of an IL-3 specific IL-3 receptor alpha subunit (IL3RA) and a common b...
    • IL-4 signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      IL-4 signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-4 belongs to the IL-2 family of cytokines, which includes IL-2, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. It signals through 2 different receptor complexes; Receptor complex 1 comprises of IL-4 recept...
    • IL-5 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      IL-5 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-5 belongs to the family of cytokines, which includes IL-3 and GM-CSF. It signals through a receptor complex comprising of an IL-5 receptor alpha subunit (IL5RA), and a common beta chain w...
    • IL-6 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      IL-6 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-6 belongs to a family of cytokines which includes IL-11, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotropin-1, cardiotrophin-like cytokine, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Oncostatin M...
    • IL-7 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      IL-7 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-7 belongs to a family of cytokines, which includes IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. It signals through a receptor complex consisting of IL-7 receptor alpha chain (IL7RA) and a common ga...
    • IL-9 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      IL-9 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-9 belongs to a family of cytokines, which includes IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21. It signals through a receptor complex consisting of an IL-9 receptor (IL9R) and a common gamma chain ...
    • IL2-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      IL2-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
      IL2-mediated signaling events
    • IRS-mediated signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      IRS-mediated signalling, organism-specific biosystemRelease of phospho-IRS from the insulin receptor triggers a cascade of signalling events via PI3K, SOS, RAF and the MAP kinases.
    • IRS-related events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      IRS-related events, organism-specific biosystemIRS is one of the mediators of insulin signalling events. It is activated by phosphorylation and triggers a cascade of events involving PI3K, SOS, RAF and the MAP kinases. The proteins mentioned unde...
    • IRS-related events triggered by IGF1R, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      IRS-related events triggered by IGF1R, organism-specific biosystemThe phosphorylated type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor phosphorylates IR1, IRS2, IRS4 and possibly other IRS/DOK family members (reviewed in Pavelic et al. 2007, Chitnis et al. 2008, Maki et a...
    • ISG15 antiviral mechanism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      ISG15 antiviral mechanism, organism-specific biosystemInterferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a member of the ubiquitin-like (Ubl) family. It is strongly induced upon exposure to type I Interferons (IFNs), viruses, bacterial LPS, and other stresses. On...
    • Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Immune System, organism-specific biosystemHumans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, through contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Our ability to avoid infection depends on the adaptive immune system and during the first crit...
    • Influenza A, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Influenza A, organism-specific biosystemInfluenza is a contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza virus infection. Influenza A virus is responsible for both annual seasonal epidemics and periodic worldwide pandemics. Novel strains ...
    • Influenza A, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Influenza A, conserved biosystemInfluenza is a contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza virus infection. Influenza A virus is responsible for both annual seasonal epidemics and periodic worldwide pandemics. Novel strains ...
    • Innate Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Innate Immune System, organism-specific biosystemInnate immunity encompases the nonspecific part of immunity tha are part of an individual's natural biologic makeup
    • Insulin Signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Insulin Signaling, organism-specific biosystemInsulin signaling influences energy metabolism as well as growth. The presence of insulin signals the fed state, and this signal is passed via the AKT branch, which leads to the uptake of glucose fro...
    • Insulin receptor signalling cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Insulin receptor signalling cascade, organism-specific biosystemAutophosphorylation of the insulin receptor triggers a series of signalling events, mediated by SHC or IRS, and resulting in activation of the Ras/RAF and MAP kinase cascades. A second effect of the ...
    • Insulin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Insulin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemInsulin binding to its receptor results in the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS) by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (INSR). This allows association of IRSs with the r...
    • Insulin signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Insulin signaling pathway, conserved biosystemInsulin binding to its receptor results in the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS) by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (INSR). This allows association of IRSs with the r...
    • Integrated Pancreatic Cancer Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Integrated Pancreatic Cancer Pathway, organism-specific biosystemAn integrated pathway model which displays the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) among the relevant proteins for pancreatic cancer. This pathway is a collection of different mechanistic protein pat...
    • Integrins in angiogenesis, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Integrins in angiogenesis, organism-specific biosystem
      Integrins in angiogenesis
    • Interferon Signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Interferon Signaling, organism-specific biosystemInterferons (IFNs) are cytokines that play a central role in initiating immune responses, especially antiviral and antitumor effects. There are three types of IFNs:Type I (IFN-alpha, -beta and others...
    • Interleukin-11 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Interleukin-11 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemIL-11 is a multifunctional cytokine that belongs to the gp130 family. It was first isolated from a primate bone marrow derived cell line, PU-34 for its ability to stimulate the proliferation of a pla...
    • Interleukin-2 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Interleukin-2 signaling, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine that is produced by T cells in response to antigen stimulation. Originally, IL-2 was discovered because of its potent growth factor activity on activated T cells in...
    • L1CAM interactions, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      L1CAM interactions, organism-specific biosystemThe L1 family of cell adhesion molecules (L1CAMs) are a subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily of transmembrane receptors, comprised of four structurally related proteins: L1, Close Homolog of L...
    • Leishmaniasis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Leishmaniasis, organism-specific biosystemLeishmania is an intracellular protozoan parasite of macrophages that causes visceral, mucosal, and cutaneous diseases. The parasite is transmitted to humans by sandflies, where they survive and prol...
    • Leishmaniasis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Leishmaniasis, conserved biosystemLeishmania is an intracellular protozoan parasite of macrophages that causes visceral, mucosal, and cutaneous diseases. The parasite is transmitted to humans by sandflies, where they survive and prol...
    • Leptin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Leptin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemLeptin is a peptide hormone mainly synthesised and secreted from adipocytes. It is also expressed in other tissues including placenta, stomach and skeletal muscle. Leptin mediates its effects by bind...
    • Long-term depression, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Long-term depression, organism-specific biosystemCerebellar long-term depression (LTD), thought to be a molecular and cellular basis for cerebellar learning, is a process involving a decrease in the synaptic strength between parallel fiber (PF) and...
    • Long-term depression, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Long-term depression, conserved biosystemCerebellar long-term depression (LTD), thought to be a molecular and cellular basis for cerebellar learning, is a process involving a decrease in the synaptic strength between parallel fiber (PF) and...
    • Long-term potentiation, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Long-term potentiation, organism-specific biosystemHippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy, is the molecular basis for learning and memory. Tetanic stimulation of afferents in the CA1 region of the hippo...
    • Long-term potentiation, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Long-term potentiation, conserved biosystemHippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy, is the molecular basis for learning and memory. Tetanic stimulation of afferents in the CA1 region of the hippo...
    • M Phase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      M Phase, organism-specific biosystemMitosis, or the M phase, involves nuclear division and cytokinesis, where two identical daughter cells are produced. Mitosis involves prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Fin...
    • MAP kinase activation in TLR cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      MAP kinase activation in TLR cascade, organism-specific biosystemThe mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, one of the most ancient and evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways, is involved in many processes of immune responses. The MAP kinases cascad...
    • MAPK Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      MAPK Cascade, organism-specific biosystem
      MAPK Cascade
    • MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
    • MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
    • MAPK signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      MAPK signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
    • MAPK targets/ Nuclear events mediated by MAP kinases, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      MAPK targets/ Nuclear events mediated by MAP kinases, organism-specific biosystemMAPKs are protein kinases that, once activated, phosphorylate their specific cytosolic or nuclear substrates at serine and/or threonine residues. Such phosphorylation events can either positively or ...
    • Melanogenesis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Melanogenesis, organism-specific biosystemCutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory cont...
    • Melanogenesis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Melanogenesis, conserved biosystemCutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory cont...
    • Melanoma, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Melanoma, organism-specific biosystemMelanoma is a form of skin cancer that has a poor prognosis and which is on the rise in Western populations. Melanoma arises from the malignant transformation of pigment-producing cells, melanocytes...
    • Melanoma, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Melanoma, conserved biosystemMelanoma is a form of skin cancer that has a poor prognosis and which is on the rise in Western populations. Melanoma arises from the malignant transformation of pigment-producing cells, melanocytes...
    • MicroRNAs in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      MicroRNAs in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway shows the role of microRNAs in the process of cardiac hypertrophy. MicroRNA targets were predicted by the TargetScan algorithm, and the predicted interactions are shown in red dashed lin...
    • Mitotic Prophase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Mitotic Prophase, organism-specific biosystemDuring prophase, the chromatin in the nucleus condenses, and the nucleolus disappears. Centrioles begin moving to the opposite poles or sides of the cell. Some of the fibers that extend from the cen...
    • MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystemMammalian myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is Toll/interleukin (IL)-1 (TIR)-domain containing adapter protein which plays crucial role in TLR signaling. All TLRs, with only one exception of...
    • MyD88 dependent cascade initiated on endosome, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      MyD88 dependent cascade initiated on endosome, organism-specific biosystemUpon binding of their ligands, TLR7/8 and TLR9 recruit a cytoplasmic adaptor MyD88 and IRAKs, downstream of which the signaling pathways are divided to induce either inflammatory cytokines or type I ...
    • MyD88-independent cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      MyD88-independent cascade, organism-specific biosystemMyD88-independent signaling route utilizes TRAM and TRIF adapters, that are essential for production of both type 1 interferons(IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. TRAM is thought to bridge between...
    • MyD88:Mal cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      MyD88:Mal cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystemThe first known downstream component of TLR4 and TLR2 signaling is the adaptor MyD88. Another adapter MyD88-adaptor-like (Mal; also known as TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein or TIRAP) has also b...
    • NCAM signaling for neurite out-growth, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      NCAM signaling for neurite out-growth, organism-specific biosystemThe neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and is involved in a variety of cellular processes of importance for the formation and maintenance of the n...
    • NGF signalling via TRKA from the plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      NGF signalling via TRKA from the plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystemTrk receptors signal from the plasma membrane and from intracellular membranes, particularly from early endosomes. Signalling from the plasma membrane is fast but transient; signalling from endosomes...
    • NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting various pathogens and generating innate immune responses. The intracellular NOD-like receptor (NLR) family contains mo...
    • NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting various pathogens and generating innate immune responses. The intracellular NOD-like receptor (NLR) family contains mo...
    • Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, organism-specific biosystemNatural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are involved in early defenses against both allogeneic (nonself) cells and autologous cells undergoing various forms of stre...
    • Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, conserved biosystemNatural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are involved in early defenses against both allogeneic (nonself) cells and autologous cells undergoing various forms of stre...
    • Negative regulation of FGFR signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Negative regulation of FGFR signaling, organism-specific biosystemOnce activated, the FGFR signaling pathway is regulated by numerous negative feedback mechanisms. These include downregulation of receptors through CBL-mediated ubiquitination and endocytosis, ERK-m...
    • Neurotrophic factor-mediated Trk receptor signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Neurotrophic factor-mediated Trk receptor signaling, organism-specific biosystem
      Neurotrophic factor-mediated Trk receptor signaling
    • Neurotrophin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Neurotrophin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemNeurotrophins are a family of trophic factors involved in differentiation and survival of neural cells. The neurotrophin family consists of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic facto...
    • Neurotrophin signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Neurotrophin signaling pathway, conserved biosystemNeurotrophins are a family of trophic factors involved in differentiation and survival of neural cells. The neurotrophin family consists of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic facto...
    • Non-small cell lung cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Non-small cell lung cancer, organism-specific biosystemLung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among men and women in industrialized countries. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancer and represents a heter...
    • Non-small cell lung cancer, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Non-small cell lung cancer, conserved biosystemLung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among men and women in industrialized countries. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancer and represents a heter...
    • Nongenotropic Androgen signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Nongenotropic Androgen signaling, organism-specific biosystem
      Nongenotropic Androgen signaling
    • Nuclear Events (kinase and transcription factor activation), organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Nuclear Events (kinase and transcription factor activation), organism-specific biosystemAn important function of the kinase cascade triggered by neurotrophins is to induce the phosphorylation and activation of transcription factors in the nucleus to initiate new programs of gene express...
    • Oncostatin M Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Oncostatin M Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemOncostatin M (OSM) is a member of the multifunctional cytokine interleukin 6 (IL6) - type cytokine family. It is mainly produced in cell types such as activated T lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes,...
    • Oocyte meiosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Oocyte meiosis, organism-specific biosystemDuring meiosis, a single round of DNA replication is followed by two rounds of chromosome segregation, called meiosis I and meiosis II. At meiosis I, homologous chromosomes recombine and then segrega...
    • Oocyte meiosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Oocyte meiosis, conserved biosystemDuring meiosis, a single round of DNA replication is followed by two rounds of chromosome segregation, called meiosis I and meiosis II. At meiosis I, homologous chromosomes recombine and then segrega...
    • Osteoclast differentiation, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Osteoclast differentiation, organism-specific biosystemThe osteoclasts, multinucleared cells originating from the hematopoietic monocyte-macrophage lineage, are responsible for bone resorption. Osteoclastogenesis is mainly regulated by signaling pathways...
    • Osteoclast differentiation, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Osteoclast differentiation, conserved biosystemThe osteoclasts, multinucleared cells originating from the hematopoietic monocyte-macrophage lineage, are responsible for bone resorption. Osteoclastogenesis is mainly regulated by signaling pathways...
    • Osteopontin Signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Osteopontin Signaling, organism-specific biosystemStudy of regulation of promatrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) by osteopontin (OPN) through IKK signaling pathway.
    • Osteopontin-mediated events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Osteopontin-mediated events, organism-specific biosystem
      Osteopontin-mediated events
    • PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe phosphatidylinositol 3' -kinase(PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway is activated by many types of cellular stimuli or toxic insults and regulates fundamental cellular functions such as transcription, tra...
    • PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe phosphatidylinositol 3' -kinase(PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway is activated by many types of cellular stimuli or toxic insults and regulates fundamental cellular functions such as transcription, tra...
    • Pancreatic cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Pancreatic cancer, organism-specific biosystemInfiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma is the most common malignancy of the pancreas. When most investigators use the term 'pancreatic cancer' they are referring to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA)...
    • Pancreatic cancer, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Pancreatic cancer, conserved biosystemInfiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma is the most common malignancy of the pancreas. When most investigators use the term 'pancreatic cancer' they are referring to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA)...
    • Pathways in cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Pathways in cancer, organism-specific biosystem
      Pathways in cancer
    • Pertussis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Pertussis, organism-specific biosystemPertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by a bacteria called Bordetella Pertussis. The characteristic symptoms are paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whe...
    • Pertussis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Pertussis, conserved biosystemPertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by a bacteria called Bordetella Pertussis. The characteristic symptoms are paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whe...
    • Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation, organism-specific biosystemPlatelet activation begins with the initial binding of adhesive ligands and of the excitatory platelet agonists (released or generated at the sites of vascular trauma) to cognate receptors on the pla...
    • Presenilin action in Notch and Wnt signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Presenilin action in Notch and Wnt signaling, organism-specific biosystem
      Presenilin action in Notch and Wnt signaling
    • Prion diseases, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Prion diseases, organism-specific biosystemPrion diseases, also termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and a number of other animal species. The etiology of ...
    • Prion diseases, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Prion diseases, conserved biosystemPrion diseases, also termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and a number of other animal species. The etiology of ...
    • Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, organism-specific biosystemXenopus oocytes are naturally arrested at G2 of meiosis I. Exposure to either insulin/IGF-1 or the steroid hormone progesterone breaks this arrest and induces resumption of the two meiotic division c...
    • Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, conserved biosystemXenopus oocytes are naturally arrested at G2 of meiosis I. Exposure to either insulin/IGF-1 or the steroid hormone progesterone breaks this arrest and induces resumption of the two meiotic division c...
    • Prolactin Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Prolactin Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemProlactin (PRL), a pleiotropic polypeptide hormone, mostly secreted by the lactotrophic cells of anterior pituitary gland and to a lesser extent expressed in numerous extra pituitary tissues such as ...
    • Prolonged ERK activation events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Prolonged ERK activation events, organism-specific biosystemAfter NGF binding, activated Trk receptors provide multiple docking sites for adaptor proteins and enzymes. Two docking proteins, the Ankyrin-Rich Membrane Spanning protein (ARMS/Kidins220) and Fibro...
    • Prostate Cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Prostate Cancer, organism-specific biosystem
      Prostate Cancer
    • Prostate cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Prostate cancer, organism-specific biosystemProstate cancer constitutes a major health problem in Western countries. It is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among men and the second leading cause of male cancer deaths. The identification of...
    • Prostate cancer, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Prostate cancer, conserved biosystemProstate cancer constitutes a major health problem in Western countries. It is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among men and the second leading cause of male cancer deaths. The identification of...
    • Proteoglycans in cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Proteoglycans in cancer, organism-specific biosystemMany proteoglycans (PGs) in the tumor microenvironment have been shown to be key macromolecules that contribute to biology of various types of cancer including proliferation, adhesion, angiogenesis a...
    • Proteoglycans in cancer, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Proteoglycans in cancer, conserved biosystemMany proteoglycans (PGs) in the tumor microenvironment have been shown to be key macromolecules that contribute to biology of various types of cancer including proliferation, adhesion, angiogenesis a...
    • RAF/MAP kinase cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      RAF/MAP kinase cascade, organism-specific biosystemThe MAP kinase cascade describes a sequence of phosphorylation events involving serine/threonine-specific protein kinases. Used by various signal transduction pathways, this cascade constitutes a com...
    • RANKL/RANK Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      RANKL/RANK Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemRANKL (Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand), RANK (Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B) and the natural decoy receptor of RANKL, OPG (Osteoprotegerin) are three important mol...
    • RNA Polymerase I Promoter Clearance, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      RNA Polymerase I Promoter Clearance, organism-specific biosystemPromoter clearance is one of the rate-limiting steps in Polymerase I transcription. This step is composed of three phases, promoter opening, transcription initiation and promoter escape.
    • RNA Polymerase I Promoter Opening, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      RNA Polymerase I Promoter Opening, organism-specific biosystemThe activity of the upstream binding factor (UBF-1) plays an important role in the regulation of rRNA synthesis. Studies reveal that phosphorylation of UBF-1 is required for its interaction with the ...
    • RNA Polymerase I Transcription, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      RNA Polymerase I Transcription, organism-specific biosystemThe rRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase I, one of three eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases. The polymerase is a multisubunit complex, composed of two large subunits (the most conserved porti...
    • RNA Polymerase I, RNA Polymerase III, and Mitochondrial Transcription, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      RNA Polymerase I, RNA Polymerase III, and Mitochondrial Transcription, organism-specific biosystemTranscription by RNA Polymerase I, RNA Polymerase III and transcription from mitochondrial promoters.
    • Ras signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Ras signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      Ras signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway
    • Regulation of Actin Cytoskeleton, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Regulation of Actin Cytoskeleton, organism-specific biosystemhttp://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway/hsa/hsa04810.html
    • Regulation of Telomerase, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Regulation of Telomerase, organism-specific biosystem
      Regulation of Telomerase
    • Regulation of actin cytoskeleton, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Regulation of actin cytoskeleton, organism-specific biosystem
      Regulation of actin cytoskeleton
    • Regulation of actin cytoskeleton, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Regulation of actin cytoskeleton, conserved biosystem
      Regulation of actin cytoskeleton
    • Regulation of actin dynamics for phagocytic cup formation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Regulation of actin dynamics for phagocytic cup formation, organism-specific biosystemThe actin cytoskeleton is fundamental for phagocytosis and members of the Rho family GTPases RAC and CDC42 are involved in actin cytoskeletal regulation leading to pseudopod extension. Active RAC and...
    • Regulation of cytoplasmic and nuclear SMAD2/3 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Regulation of cytoplasmic and nuclear SMAD2/3 signaling, organism-specific biosystem
      Regulation of cytoplasmic and nuclear SMAD2/3 signaling
    • Renal cell carcinoma, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Renal cell carcinoma, organism-specific biosystemRenal cell cancer (RCC) accounts for ~3% of human malignancies and its incidence appears to be rising. Although most cases of RCC seem to occur sporadically, an inherited predisposition to renal canc...
    • Renal cell carcinoma, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Renal cell carcinoma, conserved biosystemRenal cell cancer (RCC) accounts for ~3% of human malignancies and its incidence appears to be rising. Although most cases of RCC seem to occur sporadically, an inherited predisposition to renal canc...
    • Retinoic acid receptors-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Retinoic acid receptors-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem
      Retinoic acid receptors-mediated signaling
    • Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, organism-specific biosystemEndogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) serve as retrograde messengers at synapses in various regions of the brain. The family of endocannabinoids includes at least five derivatives of arachidonic...
    • Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, conserved biosystemEndogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) serve as retrograde messengers at synapses in various regions of the brain. The family of endocannabinoids includes at least five derivatives of arachidonic...
    • Role of Calcineurin-dependent NFAT signaling in lymphocytes, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Role of Calcineurin-dependent NFAT signaling in lymphocytes, organism-specific biosystem
      Role of Calcineurin-dependent NFAT signaling in lymphocytes
    • S1P1 pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      S1P1 pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      S1P1 pathway
    • S1P2 pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      S1P2 pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      S1P2 pathway
    • S1P3 pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      S1P3 pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      S1P3 pathway
    • S1P4 pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      S1P4 pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      S1P4 pathway
    • SHC-mediated signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      SHC-mediated signalling, organism-specific biosystemRelease of phospho-SHC from the insulin receptor triggers a cascade of signalling events via SOS, RAF and the MAP kinases.
    • SHC-related events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      SHC-related events, organism-specific biosystemSHC is one of the mediators of insulin signalling events. It is activated by phosphorylation and triggers a cascade of events involving SOS, RAF and the MAP kinases.
    • SHC-related events triggered by IGF1R, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      SHC-related events triggered by IGF1R, organism-specific biosystemPhosphorylated IGF1R binds and phosphorylates SHC1 (reviewed in Pavelic et al. 2007, Chitnis et al. 2008, Maki et al. 2010, Parrella et al. 2010, Siddle et al. 2012). Phosphorylated SHC then binds GR...
    • SHC1 events in EGFR signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      SHC1 events in EGFR signaling, organism-specific biosystemGRB2 can bind EGFR directly or through another SH2-containing protein, SHC1. This association leads to RAS activation.
    • SHC1 events in ERBB2 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      SHC1 events in ERBB2 signaling, organism-specific biosystemAll ERBB2 heterodimers, ERBB2:EGFR, ERBB2:ERBB3 and ERBB2:ERBB4, are able to activate RAF/MAP kinase cascade by recruiting SHC1 (Pinkas-Kramarski et al. 1996, Sepp-Lorenzino et al. 1996) to phosphory...
    • SHC1 events in ERBB4 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      SHC1 events in ERBB4 signaling, organism-specific biosystemAll splicing isoforms of ERBB4 possess two tyrosine residues in the C-tail that serve as docking sites for SHC1 (Kaushansky et al. 2008, Pinkas-Kramarski et al. 1996, Cohen et al. 1996). Once bound t...
    • SOS-mediated signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      SOS-mediated signalling, organism-specific biosystemSOS is recruited to the plasma membrane and mediates activation of Ras.
    • Salmonella infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Salmonella infection, organism-specific biosystemSalmonella infection usually presents as a self-limiting gastroenteritis or the more severe typhoid fever and bacteremia. The common disease-causing Salmonella species in human is a single species, S...
    • Salmonella infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Salmonella infection, conserved biosystemSalmonella infection usually presents as a self-limiting gastroenteritis or the more severe typhoid fever and bacteremia. The common disease-causing Salmonella species in human is a single species, S...
    • Serotonergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Serotonergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemSerotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays important roles in physiological functions such as learning and memory, emotion, sleep, pain, motor function and endoc...
    • Serotonin Receptor 2 and ELK-SRF/GATA4 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Serotonin Receptor 2 and ELK-SRF/GATA4 signaling, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway is courtesy of Ariadne Genomics Pathway Studio.
    • Serotonin Receptor 4/6/7 and NR3C Signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Serotonin Receptor 4/6/7 and NR3C Signaling, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway is courtesy of Ariadne Genomics Pathway Studio.
    • Shigellosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Shigellosis, organism-specific biosystemShigellosis, or bacillary dysentery, is an intestinal infection caused by Shigella, a genus of enterobacteria. Shigella are potential food-borne pathogens that are capable of colonizing the intestina...
    • Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystemSignal transduction is a process in which extracellular signals elicit changes in cell state and activity. Transmembrane receptors sense changes in the cellular environment by binding ligands, such a...
    • Signal Transduction of S1P Receptor, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Signal Transduction of S1P Receptor, organism-specific biosystemMetabolism of sphingomyelin by the sphingomyelinase, ceramidase (Cer'ase) and the sphingosine kinase (SK) enzymes results in formation of S1P and receptor activation. Autocrine and paracrine modes of...
    • Signal attenuation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signal attenuation, organism-specific biosystemNow with the complete receptor-ligand dissociation and subsequent degradation of insulin in the endosomal lumen, the endosomally associated protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) complete the receptor ...
    • Signal transduction by L1, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signal transduction by L1, organism-specific biosystemBesides adhesive roles in cell cell interaction, L1 functions as a signal transducing receptor providing neurons with cues from their environment for axonal growth and guidance. L1 associates with be...
    • Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma, organism-specific biosystemThe most frequently altered genes in glioblastoma. This pathway originally accompanied the 2008 Nature publication on the comprehensive genomic characterization of human glioblastoma genes and core p...
    • Signaling by EGFR, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by EGFR, organism-specific biosystemThe epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one member of the ERBB family of transmembrane glycoprotein tyrosine receptor kinases (RTK). Binding of EGFR to its ligands induces conformational chang...
    • Signaling by EGFR in Cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by EGFR in Cancer, organism-specific biosystemThe pathway "Signaling by EGFR in Cancer" shows "Signaling by constitutively active EGFR" in parallel with "Signaling by EGFR". This allows users to compare signaling by constitutively active EGFR ca...
    • Signaling by ERBB2, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by ERBB2, organism-specific biosystemERBB2, also known as HER2 or NEU, is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) belonging to the EGFR family. ERBB2 possesses an extracellular domain that does not bind any known ligand, contrary to other EGFR...
    • Signaling by ERBB4, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by ERBB4, organism-specific biosystemERBB4, also known as HER4, belongs to the ERBB family of receptors, which also includes ERBB1 (EGFR i.e. HER1), ERBB2 (HER2 i.e. NEU) and ERBB3 (HER3). Similar to EGFR, ERBB4 has an extracellular lig...
    • Signaling by FGFR, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by FGFR, organism-specific biosystemThe 22 members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of growth factors mediate their cellular responses by binding to and activating the different isoforms encoded by the four receptor tyrosin...
    • Signaling by FGFR in disease, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by FGFR in disease, organism-specific biosystemThe pathway 'Signaling by FGFR in disease' shows 'Signaling by FGFR mutants' in parallel with the wild-type pathway 'Signaling by FGFR', allowing users to compare disease and normal events. FGFR mut...
    • Signaling by GPCR, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by GPCR, organism-specific biosystemG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs; 7TM receptors; seven transmembrane domain receptors; heptahelical receptors; G protein-linked receptors [GPLR]) are the largest family of transmembrane receptors i...
    • Signaling by Insulin receptor, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by Insulin receptor, organism-specific biosystemInsulin binding to its receptor results in receptor autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues and the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (e.g. IRS and Shc) by the insulin receptor...
    • Signaling by Interleukins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by Interleukins, organism-specific biosystemInterleukins are low molecular weight proteins that bind to cell surface receptors and act in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion. They were first identified as factors produced by leukocytes but a...
    • Signaling by PDGF, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by PDGF, organism-specific biosystemPlatelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF) is a potent stimulator of growth and motility of connective tissue cells such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells as well as other cells such as capillary end...
    • Signaling by SCF-KIT, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by SCF-KIT, organism-specific biosystemStem cell factor (SCF) is a growth factor with membrane bound and soluble forms. It is expressed by fibroblasts and endothelial cells throughout the body, promoting proliferation, migration, survival...
    • Signaling by Type 1 Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF1R), organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by Type 1 Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF1R), organism-specific biosystemBinding of IGF1 (IGF-I) or IGF2 (IGF-II) to the extracellular alpha peptides of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) triggers the activation of two major signaling pathways: the SOS...
    • Signaling events mediated by Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor (c-Met), organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Signaling events mediated by Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor (c-Met), organism-specific biosystem
      Signaling events mediated by Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor (c-Met)
    • Signaling events mediated by PRL, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Signaling events mediated by PRL, organism-specific biosystem
      Signaling events mediated by PRL
    • Signaling events mediated by Stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit), organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Signaling events mediated by Stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit), organism-specific biosystem
      Signaling events mediated by Stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit)
    • Signaling events mediated by VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Signaling events mediated by VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, organism-specific biosystem
      Signaling events mediated by VEGFR1 and VEGFR2
    • Signaling events regulated by Ret tyrosine kinase, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Signaling events regulated by Ret tyrosine kinase, organism-specific biosystem
      Signaling events regulated by Ret tyrosine kinase
    • Signaling of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Signaling of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor, organism-specific biosystem
      Signaling of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor
    • Signalling by NGF, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signalling by NGF, organism-specific biosystemNeurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4/5) play pivotal roles in survival, differentiation, and plasticity of neurons in the peripheral and central nervous system. They are produced, and secreted in mi...
    • Signalling to ERKs, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signalling to ERKs, organism-specific biosystemNeurotrophins utilize multiple pathways to activate ERKs (ERK1 and ERK2), a subgroup of the large MAP kinase (MAPK) family, from the plasma membrane. The major signalling pathways to ERKs are via RAS...
    • Signalling to RAS, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signalling to RAS, organism-specific biosystemSignalling through Shc adaptor proteins appears to be identical for both NGF and EGF. It leads to a fast, but transient, MAPK/ERK activation, which is insufficient to explain the prolonged activation...
    • Signalling to p38 via RIT and RIN, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signalling to p38 via RIT and RIN, organism-specific biosystemRIT and RIN are two small guanine nucleotide binding proteins that share more than 50% sequence identity with RAS, including highly conserved core effector domains. Unlike RAS, the C termini of RIT a...
    • Spinal Cord Injury, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Spinal Cord Injury, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway provides an overview of cell types, therapeutic targets, drugs, new proposed targets and pathways implicated in spinal cord injury. Spinal cord injury is a complex multistep process that...
    • Spry regulation of FGF signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Spry regulation of FGF signaling, organism-specific biosystemSprouty was initially characterized as a negative regulator of FGFR signaling in Drosophila. Human cells contain four genes encoding Sprouty proteins, of which Spry2 is the best studied and most wid...
    • Syndecan-1-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Syndecan-1-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
      Syndecan-1-mediated signaling events
    • Syndecan-2-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Syndecan-2-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
      Syndecan-2-mediated signaling events
    • T cell receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      T cell receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemActivation of T lymphocytes is a key event for an efficient response of the immune system. It requires the involvement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) as well as costimulatory molecules such as CD28. En...
    • T cell receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      T cell receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystemActivation of T lymphocytes is a key event for an efficient response of the immune system. It requires the involvement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) as well as costimulatory molecules such as CD28. En...
    • TCR Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      TCR Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex is composed of a ligand-binding subunit, the ? and ? chains, and a signaling subunit, namely the CD3?, ? and ? chains and the TCR? chain. This complex partic...
    • TGF Beta Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      TGF Beta Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiat...
    • TGF-beta signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      TGF-beta signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family members, which include TGF-betas, activins and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), are structurally related secreted cytokines found in species r...
    • TGF-beta signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      TGF-beta signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family members, which include TGF-betas, activins and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), are structurally related secreted cytokines found in species r...
    • TRAF6 mediated induction of NFkB and MAP kinases upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      TRAF6 mediated induction of NFkB and MAP kinases upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation, organism-specific biosystemTRAF6 mediates NFkB activation via canonical phosphorylation of IKK complex by TAK1. TRAF6 and TAK1 also regulate MAPK cascades leading to the activation of AP-1.
    • TRAIL signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      TRAIL signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      TRAIL signaling pathway
    • TRIF-mediated TLR3/TLR4 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      TRIF-mediated TLR3/TLR4 signaling, organism-specific biosystemTRIF was shown to induce IRF3/7 and NF-?B activation and apoptosis through distinct intracellular signaling pathways [Han KJ et al 2004; Kaiser WJ and Offermann MK et al 2005]. TRIF consists of an N...
    • TSH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      TSH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemHuman thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is a glycoprotein secreted by the anterior part of the pituitary gland (1). TSH plays an important physiological role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pit...
    • TSLP Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      TSLP Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a type I cytokine member of interleukin-2 cytokine family. TSLP signals through interleukin-7 receptor a chain (IL-7Ra) and the TSLP receptor subunit (TSLPR), h...
    • TWEAK Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      TWEAK Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemTNF related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a small pleiotropic cytokine of the TNF super family and its gene is located at chromosome 17p13.1. TWEAK has been reported to be expressed in tissues...
    • Thrombin signalling through proteinase activated receptors (PARs), organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Thrombin signalling through proteinase activated receptors (PARs), organism-specific biosystemThrombin activates proteinase activated receptors (PARs) that signal through heterotrimeric G proteins of the G12/13 and Gq families, thereby connecting to a host of intracellular signaling pathways....
    • Thyroid cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Thyroid cancer, organism-specific biosystemThyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and accounts for the majority of endocrine cancer- related deaths each year. More than 95% of thyroid carcinomas are derived from follicular cel...
    • Thyroid cancer, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Thyroid cancer, conserved biosystemThyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and accounts for the majority of endocrine cancer- related deaths each year. More than 95% of thyroid carcinomas are derived from follicular cel...
    • Toll Like Receptor 10 (TLR10) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Toll Like Receptor 10 (TLR10) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemLittle is known about TLR10 ligands. It has been established that the receptor homodimerizes upon binding and signals in an MyD88-dependent manner (Hasan U et al 2005; Nyman T et al 2008). It may als...
    • Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR2 is involved in recognition of peptidoglycan from gram-positive bacteria, bacterial lipoproteins, mycoplasma lipoprotein and mycobacterial products. It is quite possible that recognition of at le...
    • Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemToll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) as was shown for mammals is expressed on myeloid dendritic cells, respiratory epithelium, macrophages, and appears to play a central role in mediating the antiviral and in...
    • Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemToll-like Receptor 4 is a Microbe Associated Molecular Pattern receptor well known for it's sensitivity to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS is assembled within diverse Gram-negative bacteria,...
    • Toll Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Toll Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR5 is the receptor for flagellin, the protein that forms bacterial flagella. Unlike most other Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), flagellin does not undergo any posttranslational modif...
    • Toll Like Receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Toll Like Receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemRNA can serve as a danger signal, both in its double-stranded form (that is associated with viral infection), as well as single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). Specifically, guanosine (G)- and uridine (U)-rich...
    • Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemCpG DNA is an unusual Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP). Cytosine methylation exists in mammalian but not bacterial cells, and most (but not all) CpG in the mammalian genome is methylated....
    • Toll Like Receptor TLR1:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Toll Like Receptor TLR1:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR1 is expressed by monocytes. TLR1 and TLR2 cotranslationally form heterodimeric complexes on the cell surface and in the cytosol. The TLR2:TLR1 complex recognizes Neisserial PorB and Mycobacterial...
    • Toll Like Receptor TLR6:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Toll Like Receptor TLR6:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR2 and TLR4 recognize different bacterial cell wall components. While TLR4 is trained onto Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide components, TLR2 - in combination with TLR6 - plays a major role in recog...
    • Toll-Like Receptors Cascades, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Toll-Like Receptors Cascades, organism-specific biosystemIn human, ten members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family (TLR1-TLR10) have been identified (TLR11 has been found in mouse, but not in human). All TLRs have a similar Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) doma...
    • Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting microbial pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound receptors id...
    • Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting microbial pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound receptors id...
    • Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting microbial pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound receptors id...
    • Toxoplasmosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Toxoplasmosis, organism-specific biosystemToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is prevalent worldwide. The tachyzoite form acquired by oral ingestion downmodulates proinflammatory signaling pathways via various mechan...
    • Toxoplasmosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Toxoplasmosis, conserved biosystemToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is prevalent worldwide. The tachyzoite form acquired by oral ingestion downmodulates proinflammatory signaling pathways via various mechan...
    • Trk receptor signaling mediated by the MAPK pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Trk receptor signaling mediated by the MAPK pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      Trk receptor signaling mediated by the MAPK pathway
    • Tuberculosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Tuberculosis, organism-specific biosystemTuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. About 90% of those infected result in latent...
    • Tuberculosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Tuberculosis, conserved biosystemTuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. About 90% of those infected result in latent...
    • Type II diabetes mellitus, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Type II diabetes mellitus, organism-specific biosystemInsulin resistance is strongly associated with type II diabetes. "Diabetogenic" factors including FFA, TNFalpha and cellular stress induce insulin resistance through inhibition of IRS1 functions. Ser...
    • Type II diabetes mellitus, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Type II diabetes mellitus, conserved biosystemInsulin resistance is strongly associated with type II diabetes. "Diabetogenic" factors including FFA, TNFalpha and cellular stress induce insulin resistance through inhibition of IRS1 functions. Ser...
    • VEGF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      VEGF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThere is now much evidence that VEGFR-2 is the major mediator of VEGF-driven responses in endothelial cells and it is considered to be a crucial signal transducer in both physiologic and pathologic a...
    • VEGF signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      VEGF signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThere is now much evidence that VEGFR-2 is the major mediator of VEGF-driven responses in endothelial cells and it is considered to be a crucial signal transducer in both physiologic and pathologic a...
    • VEGFR1 specific signals, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      VEGFR1 specific signals, organism-specific biosystem
      VEGFR1 specific signals
    • VEGFR3 signaling in lymphatic endothelium, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      VEGFR3 signaling in lymphatic endothelium, organism-specific biosystem
      VEGFR3 signaling in lymphatic endothelium
    • Vascular smooth muscle contraction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Vascular smooth muscle contraction, organism-specific biosystemThe vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) is a highly specialized cell whose principal function is contraction. On contraction, VSMCs shorten, thereby decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel to regula...
    • Vascular smooth muscle contraction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Vascular smooth muscle contraction, conserved biosystemThe vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) is a highly specialized cell whose principal function is contraction. On contraction, VSMCs shorten, thereby decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel to regula...
    • Viral carcinogenesis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Viral carcinogenesis, organism-specific biosystemThere is a strong association between viruses and the development of human malignancies. We now know that at least six human viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C vi...
    • Viral carcinogenesis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Viral carcinogenesis, conserved biosystemThere is a strong association between viruses and the development of human malignancies. We now know that at least six human viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C vi...
    • Wnt Signaling Pathway NetPath, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Wnt Signaling Pathway NetPath, organism-specific biosystemWnt family of proteins are a large family of cysteine-rich secreted glycoproteins that regulate cell-cell interactions. They bind to members of the Frizzled family of 7 transmembrane receptors. Bindi...
    • mTOR signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      mTOR signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      mTOR signaling pathway
    • mTOR signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      mTOR signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      mTOR signaling pathway
    • mTOR signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      mTOR signaling pathway, conserved biosystem
      mTOR signaling pathway

    Markers

    Genotypes

    Homology

    Clone Names

    • MGC20180

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    ATP binding NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    MAP kinase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    MAP kinase activity NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    MAP kinase activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    phosphatase binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    phosphotyrosine binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    BMP signaling pathway IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    JAK-STAT cascade involved in growth hormone signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    MAPK cascade NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    MAPK cascade TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    Ras protein signal transduction TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    activation of MAPK activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    activation of MAPKK activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    apoptotic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    axon guidance TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    blood coagulation TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    cartilage development IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    caveolin-mediated endocytosis TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    cell cycle IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    cellular response to mechanical stimulus IEP
    Inferred from Expression Pattern
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    cytokine-mediated signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    gene expression TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    innate immune response TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    insulin receptor signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		  
    lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    negative regulation of apolipoprotein binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    organ morphogenesis IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    phosphorylation IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    platelet activation TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    positive regulation of histone acetylation IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of histone phosphorylation IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of protein phosphorylation IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		  
    protein phosphorylation IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    regulation of Golgi inheritance TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    regulation of cytoskeleton organization TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    regulation of early endosome to late endosome transport TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    response to DNA damage stimulus IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    response to epidermal growth factor stimulus IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    response to exogenous dsRNA IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    sensory perception of pain IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    small GTPase mediated signal transduction TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    stress-activated MAPK cascade TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    toll-like receptor TLR1:TLR2 signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    toll-like receptor TLR6:TLR2 signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    toll-like receptor signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    transcription initiation from RNA polymerase I promoter TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    virus-host interaction IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    Golgi apparatus TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    caveola TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    cytoskeleton TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    cytosol TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    early endosome TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    focal adhesion TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    late endosome TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    microtubule cytoskeleton IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    mitochondrion TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    NOT nucleolus IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    nucleoplasm TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    nucleus IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    nucleus TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    pseudopodium IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Preferred Names
    mitogen-activated protein kinase 3
    Names
    mitogen-activated protein kinase 3
    MAPK 1
    MAP kinase 1
    MAP kinase 3
    MAP kinase isoform p44
    insulin-stimulated MAP2 kinase
    mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
    extracellular signal-related kinase 1
    extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1
    microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase
    NP_001035145.1
    NP_001103361.1
    NP_002737.2

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_029936.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5001..14205
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001040056.1 → NP_001035145.1  mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform 2

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2), also known as ERK1c, retains an intron containing an early stop codon, compared to variant 1. This results in a shorter protein that has a distinct C-terminus compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC012645, AY033607, BC013992, DA351318
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS42149.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P27361
      Related
      ENSP00000384895, ENST00000403394
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd07849
      Location:36 – 344
      Blast Score: 1711
      STKc_ERK1_2_like; Catalytic domain of Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase 1 and 2-like Serine/Threonine Kinases
      smart00220
      Location:42 – 330
      Blast Score: 703
      S_TKc; Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain

    2. NM_001109891.1 → NP_001103361.1  mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform 3

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks an in-frame exon in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 1. This results in a shorter protein (isoform 3), compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      BC000205, BC013992, DA351318, DQ399291
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS42148.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P27361
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q9BWJ1
      Related
      ENSP00000327293, ENST00000322266
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd07849
      Location:36 – 326
      Blast Score: 1553
      STKc_ERK1_2_like; Catalytic domain of Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase 1 and 2-like Serine/Threonine Kinases
      smart00220
      Location:42 – 286
      Blast Score: 698
      S_TKc; Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain

    3. NM_002746.2 → NP_002737.2  mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform 1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the most common transcript and encodes isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC012645, BC013992, DA351318
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS10672.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      L7RXH5
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P27361
      Related
      ENSP00000263025, OTTHUMP00000163018, ENST00000263025, OTTHUMT00000255196
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd07849
      Location:36 – 370
      Blast Score: 1813
      STKc_ERK1_2_like; Catalytic domain of Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase 1 and 2-like Serine/Threonine Kinases
      smart00220
      Location:42 – 330
      Blast Score: 697
      S_TKc; Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: Homo sapiens Annotation Release 104

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh37.p10 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000016.9 Reference GRCh37.p10 Primary Assembly

      Range
      30125426..30134630, complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate HuRef

    Genomic

    1. AC_000148.1 Alternate HuRef

      Range
      27786557..27795763, complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate CHM1_1.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_018927.1 Alternate CHM1_1.0

      Range
      31024803..31034007, complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    genomic ABBA01013103.1 (2373..11579) None
    genomic AC012645.7 (51471..60583) None
    genomic AJ222708.1 None
    genomic AMYH01007497.1 (153983..163187) None
    genomic CH471238.1 EAW79912.1
      EAW79913.1
      EAW79914.1
      EAW79915.1
      EAW79916.1
      EAW79917.1
    genomic EU332853.1 ABY87542.1
    genomic HC462820.1 CBK51145.1
    mRNA AK091009.1 BAG52261.1
    mRNA AK307995.1 None
    mRNA AY033607.1 AAK52329.1
    mRNA AY033608.1 AAK52330.1
    mRNA BC000205.1 AAH00205.1
    mRNA BC013992.1 AAH13992.1
    mRNA BX537897.1 CAD97888.1
    mRNA DA351318.1 None
    mRNA DQ399291.1 ABD60302.1
    mRNA M84490.1 AAA36142.1
    mRNA X60188.1 CAA42744.1
    mRNA Z11696.1 CAA77754.1
    other-genetic DQ893440.2 ABM84366.1
    other-genetic DQ896778.2 ABM87777.1
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    P27361.4 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P27361

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

    Chemical Information
    Medical
    Molecular Biology Databases
    Research Materials
    Tools
    Miscellaneous

      Supplemental Content

      Table of contents

      Related information

      • Order cDNA clone
        Order cDNA clone
      • 3D structures
        3D structure of a gene
      • BioAssay
        Related PubChem BioAssays
      • BioAssay, by Protein Target
        BioAssay, by Protein Target
      • BioProjects
        BioProjects related to a gene
      • BioSystems
        BioSystems
      • CCDS
        Links from Gene to CCDS are established if a gene encodes a protein sequence that is a member of a Consensus CDS (CCDS).
      • Conserved Domains
        Conserved Domain Database Links between Entrez Gene and Conserved Domain Database (CDD) are calculated from the domains annotated by the CDD group on Reference Sequence proteins.
      • dbVar
        Link from Gene to dbVar
      • EST
        Link to related EST entry
      • Full text in PMC
        PMC links
      • Full text in PMC_nucleotide
        Full text in PubMedCentral identified from shared sequence links
      • Genome
        Genome records having the gene annotated on corresponding genomic reference sequence.
      • GEO Profiles
        Related GEO
      • HomoloGene
        Links between HomoloGene and Gene are provided by the HomoloGene group when a gene is included in a HomoloGene record.
      • Map Viewer
        These links are maintained by the Map Viewer group and are provided when a GeneID is annotated on a map for the same species.
      • Nucleotide
        Link to related Nucleotide entry
      • OMIM
        Links between OMIM and Gene are calculated by Gene based on MIM numbers included in the summary and phenotype sections of the Gene record.
      • Probe
        Related Probe entry
      • Protein
        Link to related protein entry
      • PubChem Compound
        PubChem Compounds
      • PubChem Substance
        PubChem Substances
      • PubMed
        Links between Gene and PubMed are the result of the following: 1. Manual curation within NCBI. Part of the process of generating a REVIEWED RefSeq is an analysis of the current literature. Papers that are seminal in defining the gene, its sequence, and its function are added to the record at that time. Alert users point out gaps or errors in papers associated with a Gene record. These messages are reviewed and implemented as required. 2. Integration of information from other public databases. Gene integrates gene-citation from resources external to NCBI such as model organism-specific databases, Gene Ontology (GO), groups curating interactions, and sequence databases. The assumption in using these source is that they report citations specific to a gene in a known species. Gene does not process citations from OMIM automatically, because many of citations in OMIM refer to studies of genes in species other than human.
      • PubMed (GeneRIF)
        GeneRIF -- Gene Reference Into Function Staff of the Index Section in the National Library of Medicine review the current literature. When they find articles focused on the structure and function of a gene, they write a brief summary of the impact of the paper and make the connection between the citation (PubMed) and Gene. An interface exists for interested users to submit such data as well. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/GeneRIF/GeneRIFhelp.html
      • PubMed (OMIM)
        Links are provided when Gene has a link to a record in OMIM, and OMIM explicitly cites these publications in PubMed.
      • PubMed(nucleotide/PMC)
        Citations in PubMed identified from shared sequence and PMC links.
      • RefSeq Proteins
        Link to Protein RefSeqs
      • RefSeq RNAs
        Link to Nucleotide RefSeq RNAs
      • RefSeqGene
        Link to Nucleotide RefSeqGenes
      • SNP
        Related SNP records
      • SNP: GeneView
        SNPs linked from GeneView
      • SNP: Genotype
        Gene Genotype Report
      • Taxonomy
        Link to related taxonomy entry
      • UniGene
        Links are provided between Gene and UniGene when both databases calculate links to the same mRNA record (gi).
      • UniSTS
        Related UniSTS records

      Links to other resources

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