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    PRKACB protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, beta [ Homo sapiens ]

    Gene ID: 5567, updated on 19-May-2012
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    Summary

    Official Symbol
    PRKACBprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, betaprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:9381
    Locus tag
    RP11-82H13.1
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000142875; HPRD:01482; MIM:176892; Vega:OTTHUMG00000009975
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    PKACB; MGC9320; MGC41879; DKFZp781I2452
    Summary
    cAMP is a signaling molecule important for a variety of cellular functions. cAMP exerts its effects by activating the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which transduces the signal through phosphorylation of different target proteins. The inactive kinase holoenzyme is a tetramer composed of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits. cAMP causes the dissociation of the inactive holoenzyme into a dimer of regulatory subunits bound to four cAMP and two free monomeric catalytic subunits. Four different regulatory subunits and three catalytic subunits have been identified in humans. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family and is a catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]
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    Genomic context

    Location :
    1p31.1
    Sequence :
    Chromosome: 1; NC_000001.10 (84543745..84704181)
    See PRKACB in Epigenomics, MapViewer

    Chromosome 1 - NC_000001.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene ADP-ribosylation factor 4 pseudogene 5 Neighboring gene tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family, member 7 Neighboring gene thioredoxin 2 pseudogene Neighboring gene neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 8 pseudogene Neighboring gene sterile alpha motif domain containing 13

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    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Go to nucleotideGraphics FASTA GenBank

    Go to reference sequence details
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    Bibliography

    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Systematic and quantitative assessment of the ubiquitin-modified proteome. Kim W, et al. Mol Cell, 2011 Oct 21. PMID 21906983.
    2. A proteome-wide, quantitative survey of in vivo ubiquitylation sites reveals widespread regulatory roles. Wagner SA, et al. Mol Cell Proteomics, 2011 Oct. PMID 21890473.
    3. Mass spectrometric analysis of lysine ubiquitylation reveals promiscuity at site level. Danielsen JM, et al. Mol Cell Proteomics, 2011 Mar. PMID 21139048.
    4. Uncoupling of bait-protein expression from the prey protein environment adds versatility for cell and tissue interaction proteomics and reveals a complex of CARP-1 and the PKA Cbeta1 subunit. Erlbruch A, et al. Proteomics, 2010 Aug. PMID 20564261.
    5. Biological pathway-based genome-wide association analysis identified the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) pathway important for obesity. Liu YJ, et al. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2010 Dec. PMID 20379146.

    See all (54) citations in PubMed

    See citations in PubMed for homologs of this gene provided by HomoloGene

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions What's a GeneRIF?

    1. The previously unknown small molecule inhibitor-dependent interaction of Cbeta1 with the cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory protein-1 was verified.
      Title: Uncoupling of bait-protein expression from the prey protein environment adds versatility for cell and tissue interaction proteomics and reveals a complex of CARP-1 and the PKA Cbeta1 subunit.
    2. activated by podophyllotoxin
      Title: Podophyllotoxin induces CREB phosphorylation and CRE-driven gene expression via PKA but not MAPKs.
    3. Observational study and genome-wide association study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
      Title: Biological pathway-based genome-wide association analysis identified the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) pathway important for obesity.
    4. PGE(2)-induced CYP1B1 expression is mediated by ligand-independent activation of the ERalpha pathway as a result of the activation of ERK, Akt, and PKA in breast cancer cells.
      Title: Prostaglandin E2 induces CYP1B1 expression via ligand-independent activation of the ERalpha pathway in human breast cancer cells.
    5. Data show that PI3K activation and PIP3 production lead to recruitment of the PKB/beta-arrestin/PDE4 complex to the membrane via the PKB PH domain, resulting in degradation of the TCR-induced cAMP pool and allowing full T-cell activation to proceed.
      Title: Cross talk between phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and cyclic AMP (cAMP)-protein kinase a signaling pathways at the level of a protein kinase B/beta-arrestin/cAMP phosphodiesterase 4 complex.
    6. Data show that Phosphorylation of The(197) in the activation loop on protein kinase A decreased the K(m) by approximately 15- and 7-fold for kemptide and ATP, respectively.
      Title: Global consequences of activation loop phosphorylation on protein kinase A.
    7. Results suggest that PKA can negatively regulate ERalpha, at least in part, through FoxH1.
      Title: PKA-mediated stabilization of FoxH1 negatively regulates ERalpha activity.
    8. Report expression of protein kinase A and C subunits in post-mortem prefrontal cortex from persons with major depression and normal controls.
      Title: Protein kinases A and C in post-mortem prefrontal cortex from persons with major depression and normal controls.
    9. Findings show that PKIB and PKA-C kinase can have critical functions of aggressive phenotype of PCs through Akt phosphorylation and that they should be a promising molecular target for PC treatment.
      Title: Overexpressing PKIB in prostate cancer promotes its aggressiveness by linking between PKA and Akt pathways.
    10. In human primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease tissues, dexamethasone paradoxically stimulates cortisol release through a glucocorticoid receptor-mediated effect on PKA catalytic subunits.
      Title: The paradoxical increase in cortisol secretion induced by dexamethasone in primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease involves a glucocorticoid receptor-mediated effect of dexamethasone on protein kinase A catalytic subunits.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all (19)
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    Phenotypes

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

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    HIV-1 protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env The exposure of CD4+ T cells to HIV gp120 results in a long-lasting hyporesponsiveness to antigen stimulation through protein kinase A-mediated signaling PubMed
    env Treatment of normal human fibroblasts with HIV-1 gp120 protein results in a significant decrease in the levels of 8-azido-[32P]cAMP binding to RI and RII domains of protein kinase A (PKA) and in PKA activity PubMed
    Tat tat HIV-1 Tat induces IL-6 and TNF-alpha expression through the activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathways PubMed
    capsid gag cAMP-dependent protein kinase is incorporated into HIV-1 virions, interacts with and phosphorylates the HIV-1 Capsid protein, and regulates HIV-1 infectivity PubMed
    matrix gag HIV-1 Matrix impairs proliferation of normal lymphocytes in vitro by inducing the activity of the inhibitory protein kinase A (PKA) PubMed
    gag Protein kinase A (PKA) has been shown to phosphorylate HIV-1 Matrix in vitro PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Protein Interaction Database

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    Interactions

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description
    P22694 P08138 NGFR    HPRD  PubMed  
    P22694 P61925 PKIA    HPRD  PubMed  
    P22694 Q9C010 PKIB    HPRD  PubMed  
    BioGRID:111554 BioGRID:110870 NGFR    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; Biochemical Activity; Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:111554 BioGRID:112174 RYR2    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity; Co-fractionation 
    BioGRID:111554 BioGRID:112995 TNP1    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111554 BioGRID:112996 TNP2    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:111554 BioGRID:113164 UBC    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS 
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    General gene information

    Markers

    Genotypes

    Homology

    • Homologs of the PRKACB gene: The PRKACB gene is conserved in chimpanzee, , dog, cow, mouse, rat, chicken, zebrafish, fruit fly, mosquito, S.cerevisiae, K.lactis, , S.pombe, , and N.crassa.
    • Map Viewer (Mouse, Rat)

    Pathways from BioSystems

    • AMPK signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      AMPK signaling, organism-specific biosystemAMPK signaling pathway, a fuel sensor and regulator, promotes ATP-producing and inhibits ATP-consuming pathways in various tissues. AMPK is a heterotrimer composed of alpha-catalytic and beta and gam...
    • Activation of NMDA receptor upon glutamate binding and postsynaptic events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Activation of NMDA receptor upon glutamate binding and postsynaptic events, organism-specific biosystemNMDA receptors are a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors that are specifically activated by a glutamate agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Activation of NMDA receptor involves opening of the ...
    • Adaptive Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Adaptive Immune System, organism-specific biosystemAdaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response efficiently involved in clearing the pathogens. The adaptive immune system is comprised of B and T lymphocytes that express receptors with...
    • Amoebiasis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Amoebiasis, organism-specific biosystemEntamoeba histolytica, an extracellular protozoan parasite is a human pathogen that invades the intestinal epithelium. Infection occurs on ingestion of contaminated water and food. The pathogenesis o...
    • Amoebiasis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Amoebiasis, conserved biosystemEntamoeba histolytica, an extracellular protozoan parasite is a human pathogen that invades the intestinal epithelium. Infection occurs on ingestion of contaminated water and food. The pathogenesis o...
    • Amphetamine addiction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Amphetamine addiction, organism-specific biosystemAmphetamine is a psychostimulant drug that exerts persistent addictive effects. Most addictive drugs increase extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefr...
    • Amphetamine addiction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Amphetamine addiction, conserved biosystemAmphetamine is a psychostimulant drug that exerts persistent addictive effects. Most addictive drugs increase extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefr...
    • Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystemApoptosis is a genetically controlled mechanisms of cell death involved in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. The 2 major pathways of apoptosis are the extrinsic (Fas and other TNFR superfamily me...
    • Apoptosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Apoptosis, conserved biosystemApoptosis is a genetically controlled mechanisms of cell death involved in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. The 2 major pathways of apoptosis are the extrinsic (Fas and other TNFR superfamily me...
    • Aquaporin-mediated transport, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Aquaporin-mediated transport, organism-specific biosystemAquaporins (AQP's) are six-pass transmembrane proteins that form channels in membranes. Each monomer contains a central channel formed in part by two asparagine-proline-alanine motifs (NPA boxes) tha...
    • Bile secretion, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Bile secretion, organism-specific biosystemBile is a vital secretion, essential for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Moreover, bile is an important route of elimination for excess cholesterol a...
    • Bile secretion, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Bile secretion, conserved biosystemBile is a vital secretion, essential for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Moreover, bile is an important route of elimination for excess cholesterol a...
    • CREB phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      CREB phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase, organism-specific biosystemCa2+ signal generated through NMDA receptor in the post-synaptic neuron activates adenylate cyclase signal transduction, leading to the activation of PKA and phosphorylation and activation of CREB-in...
    • Ca-dependent events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Ca-dependent events, organism-specific biosystemCalcium, as the ion Ca2+, is essential in many biological processes. The majority of Ca2+ in many organisms is bound to phosphates which form skeletal structures and also buffer Ca2+ levels in extrac...
    • CaM pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      CaM pathway, organism-specific biosystemCalmodulin (CaM) is a small acidic protein that contains four EF-hand motifs, each of which can bind a calcium ion, therefore it can bind up to four calcium ions. The protein has two approximately sy...
    • Calcium Regulation in the Cardiac Cell, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Calcium Regulation in the Cardiac Cell, organism-specific biosystemCalcium is a common signaling mechanism, as once it enters the cytoplasm it exerts allosteric regulatory affects on many enzymes and proteins. Calcium can act in signal transduction after influx resu...
    • Calcium signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Calcium signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemCa2+ that enters the cell from the outside is a principal source of signal Ca2+. Entry of Ca2+ is driven by the presence of a large electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. Cells use this...
    • Calcium signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Calcium signaling pathway, conserved biosystemCa2+ that enters the cell from the outside is a principal source of signal Ca2+. Entry of Ca2+ is driven by the presence of a large electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. Cells use this...
    • Calmodulin induced events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Calmodulin induced events, organism-specific biosystemOne important physiological role for Calmodulin is the regulation of adenylylcyclases. Four of the nine known adenylylcyclases are calcium sensitive, in particular type 8 (AC8).
    • Chemokine signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Chemokine signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemInflammatory immune response requires the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of inflammation upon foreign insult. Chemokines are small chemoattractant peptides that provide directional cues for th...
    • Chemokine signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Chemokine signaling pathway, conserved biosystemInflammatory immune response requires the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of inflammation upon foreign insult. Chemokines are small chemoattractant peptides that provide directional cues for th...
    • Cholinergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Cholinergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemAcetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as lear...
    • Cocaine addiction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Cocaine addiction, organism-specific biosystemDrug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder in which compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior persists despite serious negative consequences.There is strong evidence that the dopaminergic...
    • Cocaine addiction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Cocaine addiction, conserved biosystemDrug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder in which compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior persists despite serious negative consequences.There is strong evidence that the dopaminergic...
    • Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystemCytokines are small proteins that regulate and mediate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. They are secreted in response to immune stimuli, and usually act briefly, locally, at very low concen...
    • DAG and IP3 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      DAG and IP3 signaling, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway describes the generation of DAG and IP3 by the PLCgamma-mediated hydrolysis of PIP2 and the subsequent downstream signaling events.
    • DARPP-32 events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      DARPP-32 events, organism-specific biosystemDopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, Mr 32 kDa (DARPP-32), was identified as a major target for dopamine and protein kinase A (PKA) in striatum. Recent advances now indicate that regulation D...
    • Dilated cardiomyopathy, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Dilated cardiomyopathy, organism-specific biosystemDilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heart muscle disease characterised by dilation and impaired contraction of the left or both ventricles that results in progressive heart failure and sudden cardiac d...
    • Dilated cardiomyopathy, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Dilated cardiomyopathy, conserved biosystemDilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heart muscle disease characterised by dilation and impaired contraction of the left or both ventricles that results in progressive heart failure and sudden cardiac d...
    • Disease, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Disease, organism-specific biosystemBiological processes are captured in Reactome by identifying the molecules (DNA, RNA, protein, small molecules) involved in them and describing the details of their interactions. From this molecular ...
    • Dopaminergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Dopaminergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemDopamine (DA) is an important and prototypical slow neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, where it controls a variety of functions including locomotor activity, motivation and reward, learning an...
    • Dopaminergic synapse, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Dopaminergic synapse, conserved biosystemDopamine (DA) is an important and prototypical slow neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, where it controls a variety of functions including locomotor activity, motivation and reward, learning an...
    • Downstream signal transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Downstream signal transduction, organism-specific biosystemThe role of autophosphorylation sites on PDGF receptors are to provide docking sites for downstream signal transduction molecules which contain SH2 domains. The SH2 domain is a conserved motif of aro...
    • Downstream signaling of activated FGFR, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Downstream signaling of activated FGFR, organism-specific biosystemSignaling via FGFRs is mediated via direct recruitment of signaling proteins that bind to tyrosine auto-phosphorylation sites on the activated receptor and via closely linked docking proteins that be...
    • EGFR interacts with phospholipase C-gamma, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      EGFR interacts with phospholipase C-gamma, organism-specific biosystemActivated epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) can stimulate phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover. Activated EGFR can activate phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1, i.e. PLCG1) which hydrolyses phosp...
    • Endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption, organism-specific biosystemCalcium (Ca2+) is essential for numerous physiological functions including intracellular signalling processes, neuronal excitability, muscle contraction and bone formation. Therefore, its homeostasis...
    • Endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption, conserved biosystemCalcium (Ca2+) is essential for numerous physiological functions including intracellular signalling processes, neuronal excitability, muscle contraction and bone formation. Therefore, its homeostasis...
    • Epstein-Barr virus infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Epstein-Barr virus infection, organism-specific biosystemEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is associated with oncogenesis. EBV infection to primary human B lymphocytes leads to induction of EBV-specific HLA-restricted cytotoxi...
    • Epstein-Barr virus infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Epstein-Barr virus infection, conserved biosystemEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is associated with oncogenesis. EBV infection to primary human B lymphocytes leads to induction of EBV-specific HLA-restricted cytotoxi...
    • Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production, organism-specific biosystemMegakaryocytes (MKs) give rise to circulating platelets (thrombocytes) through terminal differentiation of MKs which release cytoplasmic fragments as circulating platelets. As MKs mature they underg...
    • G Protein Signaling Pathways, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      G Protein Signaling Pathways, organism-specific biosystemG proteins, short for guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins involved in second messenger cascades. G proteins are so called because they function as "molecular switches". They...
    • G-protein mediated events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      G-protein mediated events, organism-specific biosystemWhen dissociated Galpha-GTP and Gbeta-gamma can activate or inhibit different signalling cascades and effector proteins. The precise pathways depends on the identity of the alpha and beta/gamma subty...
    • GABAergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      GABAergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemGamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). When released in the synaptic cleft, GABA binds to three major classes o...
    • GABAergic synapse, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      GABAergic synapse, conserved biosystemGamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). When released in the synaptic cleft, GABA binds to three major classes o...
    • Gap junction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Gap junction, organism-specific biosystemGap junctions contain intercellular channels that allow direct communication between the cytosolic compartments of adjacent cells. Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of two 'hemichannels'...
    • Gap junction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Gap junction, conserved biosystemGap junctions contain intercellular channels that allow direct communication between the cytosolic compartments of adjacent cells. Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of two 'hemichannels'...
    • Gastric acid secretion, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Gastric acid secretion, organism-specific biosystemGastric acid is a key factor in normal upper gastrointestinal functions, including protein digestion and calcium and iron absorption, as well as providing some protection against bacterial infections...
    • Gastric acid secretion, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Gastric acid secretion, conserved biosystemGastric acid is a key factor in normal upper gastrointestinal functions, including protein digestion and calcium and iron absorption, as well as providing some protection against bacterial infections...
    • Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation, organism-specific biosystemGlucagon and insulin are peptide hormones released from the pancreas into the blood, that normally act in complementary fashion to stabilize blood glucose concentration. When blood glucose levels ris...
    • Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network, organism-specific biosystem
      Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network
    • Gluconeogenesis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Gluconeogenesis, organism-specific biosystemThe reactions of gluconeogenesis convert mitochondrial pyruvate to cytosolic glucose 6-phosphate which in turn can be hydrolyzed to glucose and exported from the cell. Gluconeogenesis is confined to ...
    • Glucose metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Glucose metabolism, organism-specific biosystemGlucose is the major form in which dietary sugars are made available to cells of the human body. Its breakdown is a major source of energy for all cells, and is essential for the brain and red blood ...
    • Glutamatergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Glutamatergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synap...
    • Glutamatergic synapse, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Glutamatergic synapse, conserved biosystemGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synap...
    • GnRH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      GnRH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus acts upon its receptor in the anterior pituitary to regulate the production and release of the gonadotropins, LH and FSH. The GnR...
    • GnRH signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      GnRH signaling pathway, conserved biosystemGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus acts upon its receptor in the anterior pituitary to regulate the production and release of the gonadotropins, LH and FSH. The GnR...
    • HTLV-I infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      HTLV-I infection, organism-specific biosystemHuman T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic retrovirus that is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). It is also strongly implicated in non-neoplastic chronic inflammato...
    • HTLV-I infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      HTLV-I infection, conserved biosystemHuman T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic retrovirus that is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). It is also strongly implicated in non-neoplastic chronic inflammato...
    • Hedgehog signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Hedgehog signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted signaling proteins plays a crucial role in development of diverse animal phyla, from Drosophila to humans, regulating morphogenesis of a variety of tissues and or...
    • Hedgehog signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Hedgehog signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted signaling proteins plays a crucial role in development of diverse animal phyla, from Drosophila to humans, regulating morphogenesis of a variety of tissues and or...
    • Hemostasis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Hemostasis, organism-specific biosystemHemostasis is a physiological response that culminates in the arrest of bleeding from an injured vessel. Under normal conditions the vascular endothelium supports vasodilation, inhibits platelet adhe...
    • Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)-mediated triacylglycerol hydrolysis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)-mediated triacylglycerol hydrolysis, organism-specific biosystemTriacylglycerol is a major energy store in the body and its hydrolysis to yield fatty acids and glycerol is a tightly regulated part of energy metabolism. A central part in this regulation is played ...
    • Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Immune System, organism-specific biosystemHumans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, through contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Our ability to avoid infection depends on the adaptive immune system and during the first crit...
    • Insulin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Insulin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemInsulin binding to its receptor results in the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS) by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (INSR). This allows association of IRSs with the r...
    • Insulin signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Insulin signaling pathway, conserved biosystemInsulin binding to its receptor results in the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS) by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (INSR). This allows association of IRSs with the r...
    • Integration of energy metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Integration of energy metabolism, organism-specific biosystemMany hormones that affect individual physiological processes including the regulation of appetite, absorption, transport, and oxidation of foodstuffs influence energy metabolism pathways. While insul...
    • Interleukin-3, 5 and GM-CSF signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Interleukin-3, 5 and GM-CSF signaling, organism-specific biosystemThe Interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-5 and Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptors form a family of heterodimeric receptors that have specific alpha chains but share a common beta...
    • Lipid digestion, mobilization, and transport, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Lipid digestion, mobilization, and transport, organism-specific biosystemProcesses annotated here include the digestion of dietary lipids, sterol uptake, the formation and turnover of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL), and the mobilization of fatty acids thr...
    • Long-term potentiation, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Long-term potentiation, organism-specific biosystemHippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy, is the molecular basis for learning and memory. Tetanic stimulation of afferents in the CA1 region of the hippo...
    • Long-term potentiation, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Long-term potentiation, conserved biosystemHippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy, is the molecular basis for learning and memory. Tetanic stimulation of afferents in the CA1 region of the hippo...
    • MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
    • MAPK signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      MAPK signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
    • Melanogenesis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Melanogenesis, organism-specific biosystemCutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory cont...
    • Melanogenesis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Melanogenesis, conserved biosystemCutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory cont...
    • Metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Metabolism, organism-specific biosystemMetabolic processes in human cells generate energy through the oxidation of molecules consumed in the diet and mediate the synthesis of diverse essential molecules not taken in the diet as well as th...
    • Metabolism of carbohydrates, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Metabolism of carbohydrates, organism-specific biosystemThese pathways together are responsible for: 1) the extraction of energy and carbon skeletons for biosyntheses from dietary sugars and related molecules; 2) the short-term storage of glucose in the b...
    • Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins, organism-specific biosystemLipids are hydrophobic but otherwise chemically diverse molecules that play a wide variety of roles in human biology. They include ketone bodies, fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids and sphi...
    • Morphine addiction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Morphine addiction, organism-specific biosystemMorphine is an alkaloid from the plant extracts of opium poppy. Although morphine is highly effective for the treatment of pain, it is also known to be intensely addictive. We now know that the most ...
    • Morphine addiction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Morphine addiction, conserved biosystemMorphine is an alkaloid from the plant extracts of opium poppy. Although morphine is highly effective for the treatment of pain, it is also known to be intensely addictive. We now know that the most ...
    • Myometrial Relaxation and Contraction Pathways, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Myometrial Relaxation and Contraction Pathways, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway illustrates signaling networks implicated in uterine muscle contraction at labor and quiescence throughout gestation (pregnancy). The muscle of the uterus, responsible for contractile ac...
    • NGF signalling via TRKA from the plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      NGF signalling via TRKA from the plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystemTrk receptors signal from the plasma membrane and from intracellular membranes, particularly from early endosomes. Signalling from the plasma membrane is fast but transient; signalling from endosomes...
    • Neuronal System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Neuronal System, organism-specific biosystemThe human brain contains at least 100 billion neurons, each with the ability to influence many other cells. Clearly, highly sophisticated and efficient mechanisms are needed to enable communication a...
    • Neurotransmitter Receptor Binding And Downstream Transmission In The Postsynaptic Cell, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Neurotransmitter Receptor Binding And Downstream Transmission In The Postsynaptic Cell, organism-specific biosystemThe neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft released by the pre-synaptic neuron binds specific receptors located on the post-synaptic terminal. These receptors are either ion channels or G protein cou...
    • Olfactory transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Olfactory transduction, organism-specific biosystemWithin the compact cilia of the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) a cascade of enzymatic activity transduces the binding of an odorant molecule to a receptor into an electrical signal that can be tra...
    • Olfactory transduction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Olfactory transduction, conserved biosystemWithin the compact cilia of the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) a cascade of enzymatic activity transduces the binding of an odorant molecule to a receptor into an electrical signal that can be tra...
    • Oocyte meiosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Oocyte meiosis, organism-specific biosystemDuring meiosis, a single round of DNA replication is followed by two rounds of chromosome segregation, called meiosis I and meiosis II. At meiosis I, homologous chromosomes recombine and then segrega...
    • Oocyte meiosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Oocyte meiosis, conserved biosystemDuring meiosis, a single round of DNA replication is followed by two rounds of chromosome segregation, called meiosis I and meiosis II. At meiosis I, homologous chromosomes recombine and then segrega...
    • Opioid Signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Opioid Signalling, organism-specific biosystemOpioids are chemical substances similar to opiates, the active substances found in opium (morphine, codeine etc.). Opioid action is mediated by the receptors for endogenous opioids; peptides such as...
    • PKA activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      PKA activation, organism-specific biosystemA number of inactive tetrameric PKA holoenzymes are produced by the combination of homo- or heterodimers of the different regulatory subunits associated with two catalytic subunits. When cAMP binds t...
    • PKA activation in glucagon signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      PKA activation in glucagon signalling, organism-specific biosystemAdenylate cyclase catalyses the synthesis of cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP. In the absence of cAMP, protein kinase A (PKA) exists as inactive tetramers of two catalytic subunits and two regulatory subun...
    • PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB, organism-specific biosystemCyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) induces gene transcription through activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and subsequent phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP respo...
    • PKA-mediated phosphorylation of key metabolic factors, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      PKA-mediated phosphorylation of key metabolic factors, organism-specific biosystemUpon dissociation of protein kinase A (PKA) tetramers in the presence of cAMP, the released PKA catalytic monomers phosphorylate specific serine and threonine residues of several metabolic enzymes. T...
    • PLC beta mediated events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      PLC beta mediated events, organism-specific biosystemThe phospholipase C (PLC) family of enzymes is both diverse and complex. The isoforms beta, gamma and delta (each have subtypes) make up the members of this family. PLC hydrolyzes phosphatidylinosito...
    • PLC-gamma1 signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      PLC-gamma1 signalling, organism-specific biosystemThe activation of phosphlipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) and subsequent mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores are essential for neurotrophin secretion. PLC-gamma is activated through the phosph...
    • PLCG1 events in ERBB2 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      PLCG1 events in ERBB2 signaling, organism-specific biosystemActivation of PLCG1 signaling is observed only in the presence of ERBB2:EGFR heterodimers, with PLCG1 binding to phosphorylated tyrosine Y992 and Y1173 in the C-tail of EGFR (Chattopadhyay et al. 199...
    • Phospholipase C-mediated cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Phospholipase C-mediated cascade, organism-specific biosystemPhospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) is a substrate of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and other receptors with tyrosine kinase activity. It is known that the src homology region 2 (SH2 dom...
    • Post NMDA receptor activation events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Post NMDA receptor activation events, organism-specific biosystemCa2+ influx through the NMDA receptor initiates subsequent molecular pathways that have a defined role in establishing long-lasting synaptic changes. The molecular signaling initiated by a rise in Ca...
    • Prion diseases, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Prion diseases, organism-specific biosystemPrion diseases, also termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and a number of other animal species. The etiology of ...
    • Prion diseases, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Prion diseases, conserved biosystemPrion diseases, also termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and a number of other animal species. The etiology of ...
    • Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, organism-specific biosystemXenopus oocytes are naturally arrested at G2 of meiosis I. Exposure to either insulin/IGF-1 or the steroid hormone progesterone breaks this arrest and induces resumption of the two meiotic division c...
    • Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, conserved biosystemXenopus oocytes are naturally arrested at G2 of meiosis I. Exposure to either insulin/IGF-1 or the steroid hormone progesterone breaks this arrest and induces resumption of the two meiotic division c...
    • Rap1 signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Rap1 signalling, organism-specific biosystemRap1 (Ras-proximate-1) is a small G protein in the Ras superfamily. Like all G proteins, Rap1 is activated when bound GDP is exchanged for GTP. Rap1 is targeted to lipid membranes by the covalent att...
    • Regulation of Insulin Secretion, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Regulation of Insulin Secretion, organism-specific biosystemPancreatic beta cells integrate signals from several metabolites and hormones to control the secretion of insulin. In general, glucose triggers insulin secretion while other factors can amplify or in...
    • Regulation of Insulin Secretion by Glucagon-like Peptide-1, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Regulation of Insulin Secretion by Glucagon-like Peptide-1, organism-specific biosystemGlucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) is secreted by L-cells in the intestine in response to glucose and fatty acids. GLP-1 circulates to the beta cells of the pancreas where it binds a G-protein coupled r...
    • Regulation of Water Balance by Renal Aquaporins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Regulation of Water Balance by Renal Aquaporins, organism-specific biosystemIn the kidney water and solutes are passed out of the bloodstream and into the proximal tubule via the slit-like structure formed by nephrin in the glomerulus. Water is reabsorbed from the filtrate d...
    • Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, organism-specific biosystemEndogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) serve as retrograde messengers at synapses in various regions of the brain. The family of endocannabinoids includes at least five derivatives of arachidonic...
    • Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, conserved biosystemEndogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) serve as retrograde messengers at synapses in various regions of the brain. The family of endocannabinoids includes at least five derivatives of arachidonic...
    • Salivary secretion, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Salivary secretion, organism-specific biosystemSaliva has manifold functions in maintaining the integrity of the oral tissues, in protecting teeth from caries, in the tasting and ingestion of food, in speech and in the tolerance of tenures, for e...
    • Salivary secretion, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Salivary secretion, conserved biosystemSaliva has manifold functions in maintaining the integrity of the oral tissues, in protecting teeth from caries, in the tasting and ingestion of food, in speech and in the tolerance of tenures, for e...
    • Serotonergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Serotonergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemSerotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays important roles in physiological functions such as learning and memory, emotion, sleep, pain, motor function and endoc...
    • Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystemSignal transduction is a process in which extracellular signals elicit changes in cell state and activity. Transmembrane receptors sense changes in the cellular environment by binding ligands, such a...
    • Signaling by EGFR, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by EGFR, organism-specific biosystemThe epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one member of the ERBB family of transmembrane glycoprotein tyrosine receptor kinases (RTK). Binding of EGFR to its ligands induces conformational chang...
    • Signaling by EGFR in Cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by EGFR in Cancer, organism-specific biosystemThe pathway "Signaling by EGFR in Cancer" shows "Signaling by constitutively active EGFR" in parallel with "Signaling by EGFR". This allows users to compare signaling by constitutively active EGFR ca...
    • Signaling by ERBB2, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by ERBB2, organism-specific biosystemERBB2, also known as HER2 or NEU, is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) belonging to the EGFR family. ERBB2 possesses an extracellular domain that does not bind any known ligand, contrary to other EGFR...
    • Signaling by FGFR, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by FGFR, organism-specific biosystemThe 22 members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of growth factors mediate their cellular responses by binding to and activating the different isoforms encoded by the four receptor tyrosin...
    • Signaling by GPCR, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by GPCR, organism-specific biosystemG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs; 7TM receptors; seven transmembrane domain receptors; heptahelical receptors; G protein-linked receptors [GPLR]) are the largest family of transmembrane receptors i...
    • Signaling by Interleukins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by Interleukins, organism-specific biosystemInterleukins are low molecular weight proteins that bind to cell surface receptors and act in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion. They were first identified as factors produced by leukocytes but a...
    • Signaling by PDGF, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by PDGF, organism-specific biosystemPlatelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF) is a potent stimulator of growth and motility of connective tissue cells such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells as well as other cells such as capillary end...
    • Signalling by NGF, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signalling by NGF, organism-specific biosystemNeurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4/5) play pivotal roles in survival, differentiation, and plasticity of neurons in the peripheral and central nervous system. They are produced, and secreted in mi...
    • Taste transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Taste transduction, organism-specific biosystemAll taste pathways are proposed to converge on common elements that mediate a rise in intracellular Ca2+ followed by neurotransmitter release. Na+ salt depolarizes taste cells by passive influx of Na...
    • Taste transduction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Taste transduction, conserved biosystemAll taste pathways are proposed to converge on common elements that mediate a rise in intracellular Ca2+ followed by neurotransmitter release. Na+ salt depolarizes taste cells by passive influx of Na...
    • Transmembrane transport of small molecules, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Transmembrane transport of small molecules, organism-specific biosystem
      Transmembrane transport of small molecules
    • Transmission across Chemical Synapses, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Transmission across Chemical Synapses, organism-specific biosystemChemical synapses are specialized junctions that are used for communication between neurons, neurons and muscle or gland cells. The synapse involves a pre-synaptic neuron and a post-synaptic neuron,...
    • Vascular smooth muscle contraction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Vascular smooth muscle contraction, organism-specific biosystemThe vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) is a highly specialized cell whose principal function is contraction. On contraction, VSMCs shorten, thereby decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel to regula...
    • Vascular smooth muscle contraction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Vascular smooth muscle contraction, conserved biosystemThe vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) is a highly specialized cell whose principal function is contraction. On contraction, VSMCs shorten, thereby decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel to regula...
    • Vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption, organism-specific biosystemIn the kidney, the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (AVP) is a critical regulator of water homeostasis by controlling the water movement from lumen to the interstitium for water reabsorption and adju...
    • Vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption, conserved biosystemIn the kidney, the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (AVP) is a critical regulator of water homeostasis by controlling the water movement from lumen to the interstitium for water reabsorption and adju...
    • Vibrio cholerae infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Vibrio cholerae infection, organism-specific biosystemCholera toxin (CTX) is one of the main virulence factors of Vibrio cholerae. Once secreted, CTX B-chain (CTXB) binds to ganglioside GM1 on the surface of the host's cells. After binding takes place, ...
    • Vibrio cholerae infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Vibrio cholerae infection, conserved biosystemCholera toxin (CTX) is one of the main virulence factors of Vibrio cholerae. Once secreted, CTX B-chain (CTXB) binds to ganglioside GM1 on the surface of the host's cells. After binding takes place, ...
    • Wnt signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Wnt signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemWnt proteins are secreted morphogens that are required for basic developmental processes, such as cell-fate specification, progenitor-cell proliferation and the control of asymmetric cell division, i...
    • Wnt signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Wnt signaling pathway, conserved biosystemWnt proteins are secreted morphogens that are required for basic developmental processes, such as cell-fate specification, progenitor-cell proliferation and the control of asymmetric cell division, i...

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    ATP binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    magnesium ion binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    nucleotide binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		  
    protein serine/threonine kinase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    ubiquitin protein ligase binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    G-protein signaling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    activation of phospholipase C activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    activation of protein kinase A activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    blood coagulation TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    carbohydrate metabolic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    cellular response to glucagon stimulus TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    energy reserve metabolic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    gluconeogenesis TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    glucose metabolic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    intracellular protein kinase cascade TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    lipid metabolic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    protein phosphorylation IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    regulation of insulin secretion TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    signal transduction TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    small molecule metabolic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    synaptic transmission TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    transmembrane transport TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    triglyceride catabolic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    water transport TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    cAMP-dependent protein kinase complex TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    centrosome IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    cytoplasm IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    cytosol TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    nucleoplasm TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    nucleus IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    plasma membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Help top of page

    General protein information

    Preferred Names
    cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta
    Names
    cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta
    PKA C-beta
    protein kinase A catalytic subunit beta
    cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic beta subunit isoform 4ab
    NP_001229786.1
    NP_001229787.1
    NP_001229788.1
    NP_001229789.1
    NP_001229790.1
    NP_001229791.1
    NP_002722.1
    NP_891993.1
    NP_997461.1
    Help top of page

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_029728.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5001..165437
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001242857.1 → NP_001229786.1  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform 4

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (4) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AK296482, AL450063, BX641026
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS55609.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P22694
      Related
      ENSP00000378314, ENST00000394838
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      PTZ00263
      Location:48 – 358
      Blast Score: 1082
      PTZ00263; protein kinase A catalytic subunit; Provisional
      cd05580
      Location:49 – 338
      Blast Score: 1544
      STKc_PKA; Catalytic domain of the Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase

    2. NM_001242858.1 → NP_001229787.1  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform 5

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (5) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (5) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AK304375, AL450063, BX641026
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P22694
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      PTZ00263
      Location:29 – 339
      Blast Score: 1082
      PTZ00263; protein kinase A catalytic subunit; Provisional
      cd05580
      Location:30 – 319
      Blast Score: 1545
      STKc_PKA; Catalytic domain of the Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase

    3. NM_001242859.1 → NP_001229788.1  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform 6

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (6) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (6) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AL450063, BX641026, CR936631
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS55610.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P22694
      Related
      ENSP00000359716, ENST00000370682
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      PTZ00263
      Location:45 – 355
      Blast Score: 1083
      PTZ00263; protein kinase A catalytic subunit; Provisional
      cd05580
      Location:46 – 335
      Blast Score: 1546
      STKc_PKA; Catalytic domain of the Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase

    4. NM_001242860.1 → NP_001229789.1  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform 7

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (7) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (7) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AB209189, AL450063, BX641026
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P22694
      Related
      ENSP00000359714, OTTHUMP00000011665, ENST00000370680, OTTHUMT00000027643
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      PTZ00263
      Location:47 – 357
      Blast Score: 1081
      PTZ00263; protein kinase A catalytic subunit; Provisional
      cd05580
      Location:48 – 337
      Blast Score: 1544
      STKc_PKA; Catalytic domain of the Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase

    5. NM_001242861.1 → NP_001229790.1  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform 8

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (8) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (8) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AK091420, AL450063, BX641026
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS55611.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B1APG4
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P22694
      Related
      ENSP00000378315, OTTHUMP00000011667, ENST00000394839, OTTHUMT00000027645
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      PTZ00263
      Location:44 – 321
      Blast Score: 958
      PTZ00263; protein kinase A catalytic subunit; Provisional
      cd05580
      Location:45 – 301
      Blast Score: 1350
      STKc_PKA; Catalytic domain of the Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase

    6. NM_001242862.1 → NP_001229791.1  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform 9

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (9) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (9) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AK316115, AL450063, BX641026
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B7ZA00
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P22694
      Related
      ENSP00000359715, ENST00000370681
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      PTZ00263
      Location:28 – 338
      Blast Score: 1091
      PTZ00263; protein kinase A catalytic subunit; Provisional
      cd05580
      Location:29 – 318
      Blast Score: 1552
      STKc_PKA; Catalytic domain of the Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase

    7. NM_002731.2 → NP_002722.1  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform 2

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) uses an alternative exon at the 5' end compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has a distinct and shorter N-terminus, as compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AK074904, BC035058, BX537705, BX641026, M34181
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS691.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B2RB89
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P22694
      Related
      ENSP00000359723, OTTHUMP00000011663, ENST00000370689, OTTHUMT00000027641
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      PTZ00263
      Location:41 – 351
      Blast Score: 1085
      PTZ00263; protein kinase A catalytic subunit; Provisional
      cd05580
      Location:42 – 331
      Blast Score: 1554
      STKc_PKA; Catalytic domain of the Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase

    8. NM_182948.2 → NP_891993.1  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform 1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longest isoform (1).
      Source sequence(s)
      BC035058, BX485407, BX537705, BX641026, M34181
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS693.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P22694
      Related
      ENSP00000359719, OTTHUMP00000011666, ENST00000370685, OTTHUMT00000027644
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      PTZ00263
      Location:88 – 398
      Blast Score: 1086
      PTZ00263; protein kinase A catalytic subunit; Provisional
      cd05580
      Location:89 – 378
      Blast Score: 1559
      STKc_PKA; Catalytic domain of the Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase

    9. NM_207578.1 → NP_997461.1  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform 3

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) uses an alternative exon at the 5' end and differs in the 3' end compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (3) has distinct and shorter N- and C-termini, as compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AA761973, AI445551, AK074904, BC016285, BC035058, BX369882
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS692.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P22694
      Related
      ENSP00000359722, OTTHUMP00000011664, ENST00000370688, OTTHUMT00000027642
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd05580
      Location:42 – 255
      Blast Score: 1183
      STKc_PKA; Catalytic domain of the Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: Build 37.3

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh37.p5 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000001.10 Reference GRCh37.p5 Primary Assembly

      Range
      84543745..84704181
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate HuRef

    Genomic

    1. AC_000133.1 Alternate HuRef

      Range
      82654090..82814484
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
    Help top of page

    Related Sequences

    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    genomic AF538872.1 AAN16454.1
    genomic AL359504.29 CAI14540.1
      CAI14541.1
    genomic AL450063.14 CAI16844.1
      CAI16845.1
      CAI16846.1
      CAI16847.1
      CAI16848.1
      CAI16849.1
      CAI16850.1
      CAI16851.1
      CAI16852.1
      CAI16853.1
      CAI16854.1
      CAI16855.1
    genomic CH471097.2 EAW73247.1
      EAW73248.1
      EAW73249.1
    genomic DQ667174.1 ABG25919.1
    mRNA AA761973.1 None
    mRNA AB209189.1 BAD92426.1
    mRNA AB451239.1 BAG70053.1
    mRNA AB451364.1 BAG70178.1
    mRNA AI445551.1 None
    mRNA AK074904.1 None
    mRNA AK091420.1 BAG52356.1
    mRNA AK296482.1 BAG59122.1
    mRNA AK304322.1 BAG65172.1
    mRNA AK304375.1 BAG65213.1
    mRNA AK314550.1 BAG37136.1
    mRNA AK316115.1 BAH14486.1
    mRNA AY927364.1 AAX19487.1
    mRNA AY927366.1 AAX19489.1
    mRNA AY927367.1 AAX19490.1
    mRNA AY927368.1 AAX19491.1
    mRNA BC016285.1 AAH16285.1
    mRNA BC035058.1 AAH35058.1
    mRNA BX369882.1 None
    mRNA BX485407.1 None
    mRNA BX537705.1 CAD97818.1
    mRNA BX641026.1 CAE46017.1
    mRNA BX647515.1 None
    mRNA CR936631.1 CAI56774.1
    mRNA M34181.1 AAA60170.1
    other-genetic AM392526.1 CAL37404.1
    other-genetic AM393233.1 CAL38111.1
    other-genetic AM393317.1 CAL38195.1
    other-genetic AM393497.1 CAL38374.1
    other-genetic EU832783.1 ACE87794.1
    other-genetic EU832835.1 ACE87846.1
    other-genetic EU832837.1 ACE87848.1
    other-genetic EU832842.1 ACE87853.1
    other-genetic GQ129231.1 ACT64365.1
    other-genetic GQ129233.1 ACT64367.1
    other-genetic GQ129248.1 ACT64382.1
    other-genetic GQ129404.1 ACT64538.1
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    P22694.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P22694
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