- Adaptive Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Adaptive Immune System, organism-specific biosystemAdaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response efficiently involved in clearing the pathogens. The adaptive immune system is comprised of B and T lymphocytes that express receptors with...
- Alcoholism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Alcoholism, organism-specific biosystemAlcoholism, also called dependence on alcohol (ethanol), is a chronic relapsing disorder that is progressive and has serious detrimental health outcomes. As one of the primary mediators of the reward...
- Alcoholism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Alcoholism, conserved biosystemAlcoholism, also called dependence on alcohol (ethanol), is a chronic relapsing disorder that is progressive and has serious detrimental health outcomes. As one of the primary mediators of the reward...
- Amoebiasis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Amoebiasis, organism-specific biosystemEntamoeba histolytica, an extracellular protozoan parasite is a human pathogen that invades the intestinal epithelium. Infection occurs on ingestion of contaminated water and food. The pathogenesis o...
- Amoebiasis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Amoebiasis, conserved biosystemEntamoeba histolytica, an extracellular protozoan parasite is a human pathogen that invades the intestinal epithelium. Infection occurs on ingestion of contaminated water and food. The pathogenesis o...
- Amphetamine addiction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Amphetamine addiction, organism-specific biosystemAmphetamine is a psychostimulant drug that exerts persistent addictive effects. Most addictive drugs increase extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefr...
- Amphetamine addiction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Amphetamine addiction, conserved biosystemAmphetamine is a psychostimulant drug that exerts persistent addictive effects. Most addictive drugs increase extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefr...
- Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystemApoptosis is a genetically controlled mechanisms of cell death involved in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. The 2 major pathways of apoptosis are the extrinsic (Fas and other TNFR superfamily me...
- Apoptosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Apoptosis, conserved biosystemApoptosis is a genetically controlled mechanisms of cell death involved in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. The 2 major pathways of apoptosis are the extrinsic (Fas and other TNFR superfamily me...
- Aquaporin-mediated transport, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Aquaporin-mediated transport, organism-specific biosystemAquaporins (AQP's) are six-pass transmembrane proteins that form channels in membranes. Each monomer contains a central channel formed in part by two asparagine-proline-alanine motifs (NPA boxes) tha...
- Aurora A signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Aurora A signaling, organism-specific biosystem
Aurora A signaling
- Bile secretion, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Bile secretion, organism-specific biosystemBile is a vital secretion, essential for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Moreover, bile is an important route of elimination for excess cholesterol a...
- Bile secretion, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Bile secretion, conserved biosystemBile is a vital secretion, essential for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Moreover, bile is an important route of elimination for excess cholesterol a...
- Ca-dependent events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Ca-dependent events, organism-specific biosystemCalcium, as the ion Ca2+, is essential in many biological processes. The majority of Ca2+ in many organisms is bound to phosphates which form skeletal structures and also buffer Ca2+ levels in extrac...
- CaM pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
CaM pathway, organism-specific biosystemCalmodulin (CaM) is a small acidic protein that contains four EF-hand motifs, each of which can bind a calcium ion, therefore it can bind up to four calcium ions. The protein has two approximately sy...
- Calcium Regulation in the Cardiac Cell, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Calcium Regulation in the Cardiac Cell, organism-specific biosystemCalcium is a common signaling mechanism, as once it enters the cytoplasm it exerts allosteric regulatory affects on many enzymes and proteins. Calcium can act in signal transduction after influx resu...
- Calcium signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Calcium signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway, organism-specific biosystem
Calcium signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway
- Calcium signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Calcium signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemCa2+ that enters the cell from the outside is a principal source of signal Ca2+. Entry of Ca2+ is driven by the presence of a large electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. Cells use this...
- Calcium signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Calcium signaling pathway, conserved biosystemCa2+ that enters the cell from the outside is a principal source of signal Ca2+. Entry of Ca2+ is driven by the presence of a large electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. Cells use this...
- Calmodulin induced events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Calmodulin induced events, organism-specific biosystemOne important physiological role for Calmodulin is the regulation of adenylylcyclases. Four of the nine known adenylylcyclases are calcium sensitive, in particular type 8 (AC8).
- Cell Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cell Cycle, organism-specific biosystem
Cell Cycle
- Cell Cycle, Mitotic, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cell Cycle, Mitotic, organism-specific biosystemThe replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells are controlled by a series of events collectively known as the cell cycle. DNA replication is carried o...
- Centrosome maturation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Centrosome maturation, organism-specific biosystemThe centrosome is the primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in vertebrate cells and plays an important role in orchestrating the formation of the mitotic spindle. Centrosome maturation is an ...
- Chemokine signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Chemokine signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemInflammatory immune response requires the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of inflammation upon foreign insult. Chemokines are small chemoattractant peptides that provide directional cues for th...
- Chemokine signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Chemokine signaling pathway, conserved biosystemInflammatory immune response requires the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of inflammation upon foreign insult. Chemokines are small chemoattractant peptides that provide directional cues for th...
- Cholinergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Cholinergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemAcetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as lear...
- Class I PI3K signaling events mediated by Akt, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Class I PI3K signaling events mediated by Akt, organism-specific biosystem
Class I PI3K signaling events mediated by Akt
- Cocaine addiction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Cocaine addiction, organism-specific biosystemDrug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder in which compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior persists despite serious negative consequences.There is strong evidence that the dopaminergic...
- Cocaine addiction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Cocaine addiction, conserved biosystemDrug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder in which compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior persists despite serious negative consequences.There is strong evidence that the dopaminergic...
- DAG and IP3 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
DAG and IP3 signaling, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway describes the generation of DAG and IP3 by the PLCgamma-mediated hydrolysis of PIP2 and the subsequent downstream signaling events.
- DARPP-32 events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
DARPP-32 events, organism-specific biosystemDopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, Mr 32 kDa (DARPP-32), was identified as a major target for dopamine and protein kinase A (PKA) in striatum. Recent advances now indicate that regulation D...
- Dilated cardiomyopathy, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Dilated cardiomyopathy, organism-specific biosystemDilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heart muscle disease characterised by dilation and impaired contraction of the left or both ventricles that results in progressive heart failure and sudden cardiac d...
- Dilated cardiomyopathy, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Dilated cardiomyopathy, conserved biosystemDilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heart muscle disease characterised by dilation and impaired contraction of the left or both ventricles that results in progressive heart failure and sudden cardiac d...
- Disease, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Disease, organism-specific biosystemBiological processes are captured in Reactome by identifying the molecules (DNA, RNA, protein, small molecules) involved in them and describing the details of their interactions. From this molecular ...
- Dopaminergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Dopaminergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemDopamine (DA) is an important and prototypical slow neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, where it controls a variety of functions including locomotor activity, motivation and reward, learning an...
- Dopaminergic synapse, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Dopaminergic synapse, conserved biosystemDopamine (DA) is an important and prototypical slow neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, where it controls a variety of functions including locomotor activity, motivation and reward, learning an...
- Downstream signal transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Downstream signal transduction, organism-specific biosystemThe role of autophosphorylation sites on PDGF receptors are to provide docking sites for downstream signal transduction molecules which contain SH2 domains. The SH2 domain is a conserved motif of aro...
- Downstream signaling of activated FGFR, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Downstream signaling of activated FGFR, organism-specific biosystemSignaling via FGFRs is mediated via direct recruitment of signaling proteins that bind to tyrosine auto-phosphorylation sites on the activated receptor and via closely linked docking proteins that be...
- EGFR interacts with phospholipase C-gamma, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
EGFR interacts with phospholipase C-gamma, organism-specific biosystemActivated epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) can stimulate phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover. Activated EGFR can activate phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1, i.e. PLCG1) which hydrolyses phosp...
- Endochondral Ossification, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Endochondral Ossification, organism-specific biosystem
Endochondral Ossification
- Endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption, organism-specific biosystemCalcium (Ca2+) is essential for numerous physiological functions including intracellular signalling processes, neuronal excitability, muscle contraction and bone formation. Therefore, its homeostasis...
- Endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption, conserved biosystemCalcium (Ca2+) is essential for numerous physiological functions including intracellular signalling processes, neuronal excitability, muscle contraction and bone formation. Therefore, its homeostasis...
- Epstein-Barr virus infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Epstein-Barr virus infection, organism-specific biosystemEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is associated with oncogenesis. EBV infection to primary human B lymphocytes leads to induction of EBV-specific HLA-restricted cytotoxi...
- Epstein-Barr virus infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Epstein-Barr virus infection, conserved biosystemEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is associated with oncogenesis. EBV infection to primary human B lymphocytes leads to induction of EBV-specific HLA-restricted cytotoxi...
- ErbB2/ErbB3 signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
ErbB2/ErbB3 signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
ErbB2/ErbB3 signaling events
- Estrogen signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Estrogen signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemEstrogen receptor refers to a group of receptors which are activated by the hormone 17??-estradiol (estrogen). Two types of estrogen receptor exist: ER which is a member of the nuclear hormone family...
- Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production, organism-specific biosystemMegakaryocytes (MKs) give rise to circulating platelets (thrombocytes) through terminal differentiation of MKs which release cytoplasmic fragments as circulating platelets. As MKs mature they underg...
- G Protein Signaling Pathways, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
G Protein Signaling Pathways, organism-specific biosystemG proteins, short for guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins involved in second messenger cascades. G proteins are so called because they function as "molecular switches". They...
- G-protein mediated events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
G-protein mediated events, organism-specific biosystemWhen dissociated Galpha-GTP and Gbeta-gamma can activate or inhibit different signalling cascades and effector proteins. The precise pathways depends on the identity of the alpha and beta/gamma subty...
- G2/M Transition, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
G2/M Transition, organism-specific biosystemCyclin A can also form complexes with Cdc2 (Cdk1). Together with three B-type cyclins, Cdc2 (Cdk1) regulates the transition from G2 into mitosis. These complexes are activated by dephosphorylation of...
- GABAergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
GABAergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemGamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). When released in the synaptic cleft, GABA binds to three major classes o...
- GABAergic synapse, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
GABAergic synapse, conserved biosystemGamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). When released in the synaptic cleft, GABA binds to three major classes o...
- Gap junction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Gap junction, organism-specific biosystemGap junctions contain intercellular channels that allow direct communication between the cytosolic compartments of adjacent cells. Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of two 'hemichannels'...
- Gap junction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Gap junction, conserved biosystemGap junctions contain intercellular channels that allow direct communication between the cytosolic compartments of adjacent cells. Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of two 'hemichannels'...
- Gastric acid secretion, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Gastric acid secretion, organism-specific biosystemGastric acid is a key factor in normal upper gastrointestinal functions, including protein digestion and calcium and iron absorption, as well as providing some protection against bacterial infections...
- Gastric acid secretion, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Gastric acid secretion, conserved biosystemGastric acid is a key factor in normal upper gastrointestinal functions, including protein digestion and calcium and iron absorption, as well as providing some protection against bacterial infections...
- Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation, organism-specific biosystemGlucagon and insulin are peptide hormones released from the pancreas into the blood, that normally act in complementary fashion to stabilize blood glucose concentration. When blood glucose levels ris...
- Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network, organism-specific biosystem
Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network
- Gluconeogenesis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Gluconeogenesis, organism-specific biosystemThe reactions of gluconeogenesis convert mitochondrial pyruvate to cytosolic glucose 6-phosphate which in turn can be hydrolyzed to glucose and exported from the cell. Gluconeogenesis is confined to ...
- Glucose metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Glucose metabolism, organism-specific biosystemGlucose is the major form in which dietary sugars are made available to cells of the human body. Its breakdown is a major source of energy for all cells, and is essential for the brain and red blood ...
- Glutamatergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Glutamatergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synap...
- Glutamatergic synapse, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Glutamatergic synapse, conserved biosystemGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synap...
- GnRH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
GnRH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus acts upon its receptor in the anterior pituitary to regulate the production and release of the gonadotropins, LH and FSH. The GnR...
- GnRH signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
GnRH signaling pathway, conserved biosystemGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus acts upon its receptor in the anterior pituitary to regulate the production and release of the gonadotropins, LH and FSH. The GnR...
- HTLV-I infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
HTLV-I infection, organism-specific biosystemHuman T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic retrovirus that is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). It is also strongly implicated in non-neoplastic chronic inflammato...
- HTLV-I infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
HTLV-I infection, conserved biosystemHuman T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic retrovirus that is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). It is also strongly implicated in non-neoplastic chronic inflammato...
- Hedgehog signaling events mediated by Gli proteins, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Hedgehog signaling events mediated by Gli proteins, organism-specific biosystem
Hedgehog signaling events mediated by Gli proteins
- Hedgehog signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Hedgehog signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted signaling proteins plays a crucial role in development of diverse animal phyla, from Drosophila to humans, regulating morphogenesis of a variety of tissues and or...
- Hedgehog signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Hedgehog signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted signaling proteins plays a crucial role in development of diverse animal phyla, from Drosophila to humans, regulating morphogenesis of a variety of tissues and or...
- Hemostasis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Hemostasis, organism-specific biosystemHemostasis is a physiological response that culminates in the arrest of bleeding from an injured vessel. Under normal conditions the vascular endothelium supports vasodilation, inhibits platelet adhe...
- Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)-mediated triacylglycerol hydrolysis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)-mediated triacylglycerol hydrolysis, organism-specific biosystemTriacylglycerol is a major energy store in the body and its hydrolysis to yield fatty acids and glycerol is a tightly regulated part of energy metabolism. A central part in this regulation is played ...
- Hypothetical Network for Drug Addiction, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Hypothetical Network for Drug Addiction, organism-specific biosystemAdapted from figure 2 in [http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0040002 Li et al.].
- IL-3 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
IL-3 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-3 belongs to a family of cytokines, which includes IL-5 and GM-CSF. It signals through a receptor complex comprising of an IL-3 specific IL-3 receptor alpha subunit (IL3RA) and a common b...
- Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Immune System, organism-specific biosystemHumans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, through contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Our ability to avoid infection depends on the adaptive immune system and during the first crit...
- Insulin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Insulin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemInsulin binding to its receptor results in the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS) by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (INSR). This allows association of IRSs with the r...
- Insulin signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Insulin signaling pathway, conserved biosystemInsulin binding to its receptor results in the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS) by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (INSR). This allows association of IRSs with the r...
- Integration of energy metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Integration of energy metabolism, organism-specific biosystemMany hormones that affect individual physiological processes including the regulation of appetite, absorption, transport, and oxidation of foodstuffs influence energy metabolism pathways. While insul...
- LKB1 signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
LKB1 signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
LKB1 signaling events
- LPA4-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
LPA4-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
LPA4-mediated signaling events
- Lipid digestion, mobilization, and transport, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Lipid digestion, mobilization, and transport, organism-specific biosystemProcesses annotated here include the digestion of dietary lipids, sterol uptake, the formation and turnover of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL), and the mobilization of fatty acids thr...
- Long-term potentiation, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Long-term potentiation, organism-specific biosystemHippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy, is the molecular basis for learning and memory. Tetanic stimulation of afferents in the CA1 region of the hippo...
- Long-term potentiation, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Long-term potentiation, conserved biosystemHippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy, is the molecular basis for learning and memory. Tetanic stimulation of afferents in the CA1 region of the hippo...
- Loss of Nlp from mitotic centrosomes, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Loss of Nlp from mitotic centrosomes, organism-specific biosystemDuring interphase, Nlp interacts with gamma-tubulin ring complexes (gamma-TuRC), and is thought to contribute to the organization of interphase microtubules (Casenghi et al.,2003). Plk1 is activated...
- Loss of proteins required for interphase microtubule organization from the centrosome, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Loss of proteins required for interphase microtubule organization from the centrosome, organism-specific biosystemIn addition to recruiting proteins and complexes necessary for increased microtubule nucleation, centrosomal maturation involves the loss of proteins involved in interphase microtubule organization ...
- MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
- MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
- MAPK signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
MAPK signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
- Melanogenesis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Melanogenesis, organism-specific biosystemCutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory cont...
- Melanogenesis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Melanogenesis, conserved biosystemCutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory cont...
- Metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism, organism-specific biosystemMetabolic processes in human cells generate energy through the oxidation of molecules consumed in the diet and mediate the synthesis of diverse essential molecules not taken in the diet as well as th...
- Metabolism of carbohydrates, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism of carbohydrates, organism-specific biosystemThese pathways together are responsible for: 1) the extraction of energy and carbon skeletons for biosyntheses from dietary sugars and related molecules; 2) the short-term storage of glucose in the b...
- Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins, organism-specific biosystemLipids are hydrophobic but otherwise chemically diverse molecules that play a wide variety of roles in human biology. They include ketone bodies, fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids and sphi...
- Mitotic G2-G2/M phases, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Mitotic G2-G2/M phases, organism-specific biosystem
Mitotic G2-G2/M phases
- Morphine addiction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Morphine addiction, organism-specific biosystemMorphine is an alkaloid from the plant extracts of opium poppy. Although morphine is highly effective for the treatment of pain, it is also known to be intensely addictive. We now know that the most ...
- Morphine addiction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Morphine addiction, conserved biosystemMorphine is an alkaloid from the plant extracts of opium poppy. Although morphine is highly effective for the treatment of pain, it is also known to be intensely addictive. We now know that the most ...
- Myometrial Relaxation and Contraction Pathways, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Myometrial Relaxation and Contraction Pathways, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway illustrates signaling networks implicated in uterine muscle contraction at labor and quiescence throughout gestation (pregnancy). The muscle of the uterus, responsible for contractile ac...
- NGF signalling via TRKA from the plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
NGF signalling via TRKA from the plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystemTrk receptors signal from the plasma membrane and from intracellular membranes, particularly from early endosomes. Signalling from the plasma membrane is fast but transient; signalling from endosomes...
- Nicotine Activity on Dopaminergic Neurons, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Nicotine Activity on Dopaminergic Neurons, organism-specific biosystemNicotine is an alkaloid found in tobacco plants. It is a substance that acts as a stimulant in humans and is one of the main factors responsible for tobacco dependence. When nicotine enters the body,...
- Olfactory transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Olfactory transduction, organism-specific biosystemWithin the compact cilia of the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) a cascade of enzymatic activity transduces the binding of an odorant molecule to a receptor into an electrical signal that can be tra...
- Olfactory transduction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Olfactory transduction, conserved biosystemWithin the compact cilia of the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) a cascade of enzymatic activity transduces the binding of an odorant molecule to a receptor into an electrical signal that can be tra...
- Oocyte meiosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Oocyte meiosis, organism-specific biosystemDuring meiosis, a single round of DNA replication is followed by two rounds of chromosome segregation, called meiosis I and meiosis II. At meiosis I, homologous chromosomes recombine and then segrega...
- Oocyte meiosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Oocyte meiosis, conserved biosystemDuring meiosis, a single round of DNA replication is followed by two rounds of chromosome segregation, called meiosis I and meiosis II. At meiosis I, homologous chromosomes recombine and then segrega...
- Opioid Signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Opioid Signalling, organism-specific biosystemOpioids are chemical substances similar to opiates, the active substances found in opium (morphine, codeine etc.). Opioid action is mediated by the receptors for endogenous opioids; peptides such as...
- PKA activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
PKA activation, organism-specific biosystemA number of inactive tetrameric PKA holoenzymes are produced by the combination of homo- or heterodimers of the different regulatory subunits associated with two catalytic subunits. When cAMP binds t...
- PKA activation in glucagon signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
PKA activation in glucagon signalling, organism-specific biosystemAdenylate cyclase catalyses the synthesis of cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP. In the absence of cAMP, protein kinase A (PKA) exists as inactive tetramers of two catalytic subunits and two regulatory subun...
- PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB, organism-specific biosystemCyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) induces gene transcription through activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and subsequent phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP respo...
- PKA-mediated phosphorylation of key metabolic factors, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of key metabolic factors, organism-specific biosystemUpon dissociation of protein kinase A (PKA) tetramers in the presence of cAMP, the released PKA catalytic monomers phosphorylate specific serine and threonine residues of several metabolic enzymes. T...
- PLC beta mediated events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
PLC beta mediated events, organism-specific biosystemThe phospholipase C (PLC) family of enzymes is both diverse and complex. The isoforms beta, gamma and delta (each have subtypes) make up the members of this family. PLC hydrolyzes phosphatidylinosito...
- PLC-gamma1 signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
PLC-gamma1 signalling, organism-specific biosystemThe activation of phosphlipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) and subsequent mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores are essential for neurotrophin secretion. PLC-gamma is activated through the phosph...
- PLCG1 events in ERBB2 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
PLCG1 events in ERBB2 signaling, organism-specific biosystemActivation of PLCG1 signaling is observed only in the presence of ERBB2:EGFR heterodimers, with PLCG1 binding to phosphorylated tyrosine Y992 and Y1173 in the C-tail of EGFR (Chattopadhyay et al. 199...
- Paxillin-dependent events mediated by a4b1, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Paxillin-dependent events mediated by a4b1, organism-specific biosystem
Paxillin-dependent events mediated by a4b1
- Phospholipase C-mediated cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Phospholipase C-mediated cascade, organism-specific biosystemPhospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) is a substrate of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and other receptors with tyrosine kinase activity. It is known that the src homology region 2 (SH2 dom...
- Prion diseases, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Prion diseases, organism-specific biosystemPrion diseases, also termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and a number of other animal species. The etiology of ...
- Prion diseases, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Prion diseases, conserved biosystemPrion diseases, also termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and a number of other animal species. The etiology of ...
- Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, organism-specific biosystemXenopus oocytes are naturally arrested at G2 of meiosis I. Exposure to either insulin/IGF-1 or the steroid hormone progesterone breaks this arrest and induces resumption of the two meiotic division c...
- Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, conserved biosystemXenopus oocytes are naturally arrested at G2 of meiosis I. Exposure to either insulin/IGF-1 or the steroid hormone progesterone breaks this arrest and induces resumption of the two meiotic division c...
- Rap1 signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Rap1 signalling, organism-specific biosystemRap1 (Ras-proximate-1) is a small G protein in the Ras superfamily. Like all G proteins, Rap1 is activated when bound GDP is exchanged for GTP. Rap1 is targeted to lipid membranes by the covalent att...
- Recruitment of mitotic centrosome proteins and complexes, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Recruitment of mitotic centrosome proteins and complexes, organism-specific biosystemThe mitotic spindle becomes established once centrosomes have migrated to opposite poles and the nuclear envelope has broken down. During this stage, interphase centrosomes mature into mitotic centro...
- Regulation of Insulin Secretion, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulation of Insulin Secretion, organism-specific biosystemPancreatic beta cells integrate signals from several metabolites and hormones to control the secretion of insulin. In general, glucose triggers insulin secretion while other factors can amplify or in...
- Regulation of Insulin Secretion by Glucagon-like Peptide-1, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulation of Insulin Secretion by Glucagon-like Peptide-1, organism-specific biosystemGlucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) is secreted by L-cells in the intestine in response to glucose and fatty acids. GLP-1 circulates to the beta cells of the pancreas where it binds a G-protein coupled r...
- Regulation of Water Balance by Renal Aquaporins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulation of Water Balance by Renal Aquaporins, organism-specific biosystemIn the kidney water and solutes are passed out of the bloodstream and into the proximal tubule via the slit-like structure formed by nephrin in the glomerulus. Water is reabsorbed from the filtrate d...
- Retinoic acid receptors-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Retinoic acid receptors-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem
Retinoic acid receptors-mediated signaling
- Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, organism-specific biosystemEndogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) serve as retrograde messengers at synapses in various regions of the brain. The family of endocannabinoids includes at least five derivatives of arachidonic...
- Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, conserved biosystemEndogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) serve as retrograde messengers at synapses in various regions of the brain. The family of endocannabinoids includes at least five derivatives of arachidonic...
- Role of Calcineurin-dependent NFAT signaling in lymphocytes, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Role of Calcineurin-dependent NFAT signaling in lymphocytes, organism-specific biosystem
Role of Calcineurin-dependent NFAT signaling in lymphocytes
- Salivary secretion, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Salivary secretion, organism-specific biosystemSaliva has manifold functions in maintaining the integrity of the oral tissues, in protecting teeth from caries, in the tasting and ingestion of food, in speech and in the tolerance of tenures, for e...
- Salivary secretion, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Salivary secretion, conserved biosystemSaliva has manifold functions in maintaining the integrity of the oral tissues, in protecting teeth from caries, in the tasting and ingestion of food, in speech and in the tolerance of tenures, for e...
- Serotonergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Serotonergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemSerotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays important roles in physiological functions such as learning and memory, emotion, sleep, pain, motor function and endoc...
- Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystemSignal transduction is a process in which extracellular signals elicit changes in cell state and activity. Transmembrane receptors sense changes in the cellular environment by binding ligands, such a...
- Signaling by EGFR, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signaling by EGFR, organism-specific biosystemThe epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one member of the ERBB family of transmembrane glycoprotein tyrosine receptor kinases (RTK). Binding of EGFR to its ligands induces conformational chang...
- Signaling by EGFR in Cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signaling by EGFR in Cancer, organism-specific biosystemThe pathway "Signaling by EGFR in Cancer" shows "Signaling by constitutively active EGFR" in parallel with "Signaling by EGFR". This allows users to compare signaling by constitutively active EGFR ca...
- Signaling by ERBB2, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signaling by ERBB2, organism-specific biosystemERBB2, also known as HER2 or NEU, is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) belonging to the EGFR family. ERBB2 possesses an extracellular domain that does not bind any known ligand, contrary to other EGFR...
- Signaling by FGFR, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signaling by FGFR, organism-specific biosystemThe 22 members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of growth factors mediate their cellular responses by binding to and activating the different isoforms encoded by the four receptor tyrosin...
- Signaling by GPCR, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signaling by GPCR, organism-specific biosystemG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs; 7TM receptors; seven transmembrane domain receptors; heptahelical receptors; G protein-linked receptors [GPLR]) are the largest family of transmembrane receptors i...
- Signaling by PDGF, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signaling by PDGF, organism-specific biosystemPlatelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF) is a potent stimulator of growth and motility of connective tissue cells such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells as well as other cells such as capillary end...
- Signaling events mediated by HDAC Class I, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Signaling events mediated by HDAC Class I, organism-specific biosystem
Signaling events mediated by HDAC Class I
- Signaling events mediated by VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Signaling events mediated by VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, organism-specific biosystem
Signaling events mediated by VEGFR1 and VEGFR2
- Signaling events regulated by Ret tyrosine kinase, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Signaling events regulated by Ret tyrosine kinase, organism-specific biosystem
Signaling events regulated by Ret tyrosine kinase
- Signalling by NGF, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signalling by NGF, organism-specific biosystemNeurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4/5) play pivotal roles in survival, differentiation, and plasticity of neurons in the peripheral and central nervous system. They are produced, and secreted in mi...
- Syndecan-1-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Syndecan-1-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
Syndecan-1-mediated signaling events
- Syndecan-2-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Syndecan-2-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
Syndecan-2-mediated signaling events
- TNF-alpha/NF-kB Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
TNF-alpha/NF-kB Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem"The Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha is a proinflammatory cytokine belonging to the TNF superfamily. It signals through 2 separate receptors - TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B, both members of the TNF receptor supe...
- Taste transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Taste transduction, organism-specific biosystemAll taste pathways are proposed to converge on common elements that mediate a rise in intracellular Ca2+ followed by neurotransmitter release. Na+ salt depolarizes taste cells by passive influx of Na...
- Taste transduction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Taste transduction, conserved biosystemAll taste pathways are proposed to converge on common elements that mediate a rise in intracellular Ca2+ followed by neurotransmitter release. Na+ salt depolarizes taste cells by passive influx of Na...
- Thromboxane A2 receptor signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Thromboxane A2 receptor signaling, organism-specific biosystem
Thromboxane A2 receptor signaling
- Transmembrane transport of small molecules, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transmembrane transport of small molecules, organism-specific biosystem
Transmembrane transport of small molecules
- VEGFR1 specific signals, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
VEGFR1 specific signals, organism-specific biosystem
VEGFR1 specific signals
- Vascular smooth muscle contraction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Vascular smooth muscle contraction, organism-specific biosystemThe vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) is a highly specialized cell whose principal function is contraction. On contraction, VSMCs shorten, thereby decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel to regula...
- Vascular smooth muscle contraction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Vascular smooth muscle contraction, conserved biosystemThe vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) is a highly specialized cell whose principal function is contraction. On contraction, VSMCs shorten, thereby decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel to regula...
- Vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption, organism-specific biosystemIn the kidney, the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (AVP) is a critical regulator of water homeostasis by controlling the water movement from lumen to the interstitium for water reabsorption and adju...
- Vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption, conserved biosystemIn the kidney, the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (AVP) is a critical regulator of water homeostasis by controlling the water movement from lumen to the interstitium for water reabsorption and adju...
- Vibrio cholerae infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Vibrio cholerae infection, organism-specific biosystemCholera toxin (CTX) is one of the main virulence factors of Vibrio cholerae. Once secreted, CTX B-chain (CTXB) binds to ganglioside GM1 on the surface of the host's cells. After binding takes place, ...
- Vibrio cholerae infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Vibrio cholerae infection, conserved biosystemCholera toxin (CTX) is one of the main virulence factors of Vibrio cholerae. Once secreted, CTX B-chain (CTXB) binds to ganglioside GM1 on the surface of the host's cells. After binding takes place, ...
- Wnt signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Wnt signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemWnt proteins are secreted morphogens that are required for basic developmental processes, such as cell-fate specification, progenitor-cell proliferation and the control of asymmetric cell division, i...
- Wnt signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Wnt signaling pathway, conserved biosystemWnt proteins are secreted morphogens that are required for basic developmental processes, such as cell-fate specification, progenitor-cell proliferation and the control of asymmetric cell division, i...