- Abortive elongation of HIV-1 transcript in the absence of Tat, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Abortive elongation of HIV-1 transcript in the absence of Tat, organism-specific biosystemThis event was inferred from the corresponding Reactome human Poll II transcription elongation event. The details specific to HIV-1 transcription elongation are described below. In the absence of th...
- DNA Repair, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
DNA Repair, organism-specific biosystemDNA repair is a phenomenal multi-enzyme, multi-pathway system required to ensure the integrity of the cellular genome. These cellular mechanisms that must cope with the plethora of DNA base pair ad...
- Disease, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Disease, organism-specific biosystemBiological processes are captured in Reactome by identifying the molecules (DNA, RNA, protein, small molecules) involved in them and describing the details of their interactions. From this molecular ...
- Dual incision reaction in TC-NER, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Dual incision reaction in TC-NER, organism-specific biosystemDual incisions are carried out by XPG, and ERCC1-XPF complex as seen in GG-NER.
- Epstein-Barr virus infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Epstein-Barr virus infection, organism-specific biosystemEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is associated with oncogenesis. EBV infection to primary human B lymphocytes leads to induction of EBV-specific HLA-restricted cytotoxi...
- Epstein-Barr virus infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Epstein-Barr virus infection, conserved biosystemEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is associated with oncogenesis. EBV infection to primary human B lymphocytes leads to induction of EBV-specific HLA-restricted cytotoxi...
- Formation of HIV-1 elongation complex containing HIV-1 Tat, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Formation of HIV-1 elongation complex containing HIV-1 Tat, organism-specific biosystemThis HIV-1 event was inferred from the corresponding human RNA Poll II transcription event in Reactome. The details relevant to HIV-1 are described below. For a more detailed description of the gener...
- Formation of HIV-1 elongation complex in the absence of HIV-1 Tat, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Formation of HIV-1 elongation complex in the absence of HIV-1 Tat, organism-specific biosystem
Formation of HIV-1 elongation complex in the absence of HIV-1 Tat
- Formation of RNA Pol II elongation complex, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Formation of RNA Pol II elongation complex, organism-specific biosystemTFIIS is a transcription factor involved in different phases of transcription, occurring in a major ubiquitous form and other tissue specific forms. TFIIS stimulates RNA Pol II complex out of elonga...
- Formation of the Early Elongation Complex, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Formation of the Early Elongation Complex, organism-specific biosystemTranscription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is controlled by a number of trans-acting transcription elongation factors as well as by cis-acting elements. Transcription elongation is a rat...
- Formation of the HIV-1 Early Elongation Complex, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Formation of the HIV-1 Early Elongation Complex, organism-specific biosystemThis HIV-1 event was inferred from the corresponding human RNA Poll II transcription event. The details relevant to HIV-1 are described below. Formation of the early elongation complex involves hypo...
- Formation of transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER) repair complex, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Formation of transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER) repair complex, organism-specific biosystemThe ââ?¬Å?road blockââ?¬Â? induced by the DNA damage to the transcription machinery triggers assembly of a transcription couple repair complex, whose composition and function are yet to fully under...
- Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystemGene Expression covers the pathways by which genomic DNA is transcribed to yield RNA, the regulation of these transcription processes, and the pathways by which newly-made RNA Transcripts are process...
- HIV Infection, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
HIV Infection, organism-specific biosystemThe global pandemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection has resulted in tens of millions of people infected by the virus and millions more affected. UNAIDS estimates around 40 million ...
- HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystemThe life cycle of HIV-1 is divided into early and late phases, shown schematically in the figure. In the early phase, an HIV-1 virion binds to receptors and co-receptors on the human host cell surfac...
- HIV-1 Transcription Elongation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
HIV-1 Transcription Elongation, organism-specific biosystemIn the absence of the HIV-1 protein Tat, transcription of the proviral DNA is inefficient and results in the production of truncated transcripts (Kao et al., 1987). While initiation of transcription ...
- HIV-1 Transcription Initiation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
HIV-1 Transcription Initiation, organism-specific biosystemFormation of the open complex exposes the template strand to the catalytic center of the RNA polymerase II enzyme. This facilitates formation of the first phosphodiester bond, which marks transcript...
- HIV-1 elongation arrest and recovery, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
HIV-1 elongation arrest and recovery, organism-specific biosystemRNA Pol II arrest is believed to be a result of irreversible backsliding of the enzyme by ~7-14 nucleotides. TFIIS reactivates arrested RNA Pol II by promoting the excision of nascent transcript ~7-...
- Huntington's disease, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Huntington's disease, organism-specific biosystemHuntington disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects medium spiny striatal neurons (MSN). The symptoms are choreiform, involuntary movements, personality...
- Huntington's disease, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Huntington's disease, conserved biosystemHuntington disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects medium spiny striatal neurons (MSN). The symptoms are choreiform, involuntary movements, personality...
- Influenza Infection, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Influenza Infection, organism-specific biosystemFor centuries influenza epidemics have plagued man, and influenza was probably the disease described by Hippocrates in 412 BC. Today it remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with...
- Influenza Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Influenza Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystemThe virus particle initially associates with a human host cell by binding to sialic acid-containing receptors on the host cell surface. The bound virus is endocytosed by one of four distinct mechanis...
- Influenza Viral RNA Transcription and Replication, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Influenza Viral RNA Transcription and Replication, organism-specific biosystemIn the host cell nucleus, the viral negative-strand RNA (vRNA) serves as a template for the synthesis both of capped, polyadenylated viral messenger RNA and of full-length positive-strand RNA or comp...
- Late Phase of HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Late Phase of HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystemThe late phase of the HIV-1 life cycle includes the regulated expression of the HIV gene products and the assembly of viral particles. The assembly of viral particles will be covered in a later relea...
- Metabolic pathways, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Metabolic pathways, organism-specific biosystem
Metabolic pathways
- MicroRNA (miRNA) Biogenesis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MicroRNA (miRNA) Biogenesis, organism-specific biosystemBiogenesis of microRNAs (miRNAs) can be summarized in five steps (reviewed in Ketting 2011, Nowotny and Yang 2009, Kim et al. 2009, Chua et al. 2009, Hannon and He 2004):1. Transcription. miRNA trans...
- Nucleotide Excision Repair, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Nucleotide Excision Repair, organism-specific biosystemNER was first described in the model organism E. coli in the early 1960s as a process whereby bulky base damage is enzymatically removed from DNA, facilitating the recovery of DNA synthesis and cell ...
- Pausing and recovery of HIV-1 elongation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Pausing and recovery of HIV-1 elongation, organism-specific biosystemAfter Pol II pauses by back tracking 2 -4 nuleotides on the HIV-1 template, elongation of the HIV-1 transcript resumes.
- Pausing and recovery of Tat-mediated HIV-1 elongation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Pausing and recovery of Tat-mediated HIV-1 elongation, organism-specific biosystemAfter Pol II pauses by back tracking 2 -4 nuleotides on the HIV-1 template, elongation of the HIV-1 transcript resumes.
- Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA, organism-specific biosystemCo-transcriptional pre-mRNA splicing is not obligatory. Pre-mRNA splicing begins co-transcriptionally and often continues post-transcriptionally. Human genes contain an average of nine introns per ge...
- Purine metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Purine metabolism, organism-specific biosystem
Purine metabolism
- Purine metabolism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Purine metabolism, conserved biosystem
Purine metabolism
- Pyrimidine metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Pyrimidine metabolism, organism-specific biosystem
Pyrimidine metabolism
- Pyrimidine metabolism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Pyrimidine metabolism, conserved biosystem
Pyrimidine metabolism
- RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE, organism-specific biosystemTo facilitate co-transcriptional capping, and thereby restrict the cap structure to RNAs made by RNA polymerase II, the capping enzymes bind directly to the RNA polymerase II. The C-terminal domain ...
- RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE, organism-specific biosystemTo facilitate co-transcriptional capping, and thereby restrict the cap structure to RNAs made by RNA polymerase II, the capping enzymes bind directly to the RNA polymerase II. The C-terminal domain ...
- RNA Polymerase II HIV-1 Promoter Escape, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II HIV-1 Promoter Escape, organism-specific biosystemRNA Polymerase II promoter escape occurs after the first phosphodiester bond has been created.
- RNA Polymerase II Pre-transcription Events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II Pre-transcription Events, organism-specific biosystem
RNA Polymerase II Pre-transcription Events
- RNA Polymerase II Promoter Escape, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II Promoter Escape, organism-specific biosystemRNA Polymerase II promoter escape occurs after the first phosphodiester bond has been created.
- RNA Polymerase II Transcription, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription, organism-specific biosystem
RNA Polymerase II Transcription
- RNA Polymerase II Transcription Elongation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Elongation, organism-specific biosystemThe mechanisms governing the process of elongation during eukaryotic mRNA synthesis are being unraveled by recent studies. These studies have led to the expected discovery of a diverse collection of ...
- RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation, organism-specific biosystemFormation of the open complex exposes the template strand to the catalytic center of the RNA polymerase II enzyme. This facilitates formation of the first phosphodiester bond, which marks transcript...
- RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation And Promoter Clearance, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation And Promoter Clearance, organism-specific biosystem
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation And Promoter Clearance
- RNA Polymerase II Transcription Pre-Initiation And Promoter Opening, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Pre-Initiation And Promoter Opening, organism-specific biosystemFormation of the pre-initiation complex
- RNA polymerase, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
RNA polymerase, organism-specific biosystem
RNA polymerase
- RNA polymerase, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
RNA polymerase, conserved biosystem
RNA polymerase
- RNA polymerase II, eukaryotes, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
RNA polymerase II, eukaryotes, organism-specific biosystemStructural complex; Genetic information processing; RNA polymerase
- Regulatory RNA pathways, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulatory RNA pathways, organism-specific biosystemIn this module, the biology of various types of regulatory non-coding RNAs are described. Currently, biogenesis and functions of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs are annotated.
- Tat-mediated HIV-1 elongation arrest and recovery, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Tat-mediated HIV-1 elongation arrest and recovery, organism-specific biosystemRNA Pol II arrest is believed to be a result of irreversible backsliding of the enzyme by ~7-14 nucleotides. TFIIS reactivates arrested RNA Pol II by promoting the excision of nascent transcript ~7-...
- Tat-mediated elongation of the HIV-1 transcript, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Tat-mediated elongation of the HIV-1 transcript, organism-specific biosystemThe Tat protein is a viral transactivator protein that regulates HIV-1 gene expression by controlling RNA Pol II-mediated elongation (reviewed in Karn 1999; Taube et al. 1999; Liou et al. 2004; Barb...
- Transcription of the HIV genome, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transcription of the HIV genome, organism-specific biosystemExpression of the integrated HIV-1 provirus is dependent on the host cell Pol II transcription machinery, but is regulated in critical ways by HIV-1 Tat and Rev proteins. The long terminal repeats (L...
- Transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER), organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER), organism-specific biosystemThe preferential repair of UV-induced damage in transcribed strands of active genes is known as Transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER). Impairment of the ability for TC-NER results in the onset of a sev...
- Viral Messenger RNA Synthesis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Viral Messenger RNA Synthesis, organism-specific biosystemLike the mRNAs of the host cell, influenza virus mRNAs are capped and polyadenylated (reviewed in Neumann, 2004). The methylated caps, however, are scavenged from host cell mRNAs and serve as primers...
- mRNA Capping, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
mRNA Capping, organism-specific biosystemThe 5'-ends of all eukaryotic pre-mRNAs studied thus far are converted to cap structures. The cap is thought to influence splicing of the first intron, and is bound by 'cap-binding' proteins, CBP80 a...
- mRNA Splicing, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
mRNA Splicing, organism-specific biosystemThe process in which excision of introns from the primary transcript of messenger RNA (mRNA) is followed by ligation of the two exon termini exposed by removal of each intron, is called mRNA splicing...
- mRNA Splicing - Major Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
mRNA Splicing - Major Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe splicing of pre-mRNA occurs within a large, very dynamic complex, designated the 'spliceosome'. The 50-60S spliceosomes are estimated to be 40-60 nm in diameter, and have molecular weights in the...
- mRNA Splicing - Minor Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
mRNA Splicing - Minor Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe splicing of a subset of pre-mRNA introns occurs by a second pathway, designated the AT-AC or U12-dependent splicing pathway. AT-AC introns have highly conserved, non-canonical splice sites that ...