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    CYCS cytochrome c, somatic [ Homo sapiens ]

    Gene ID: 54205, updated on 19-May-2012
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    Summary

    Official Symbol
    CYCSprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    cytochrome c, somaticprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:19986
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000172115; HPRD:00479; MIM:123970; Vega:OTTHUMG00000128495
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    CYC; HCS; THC4
    Summary
    This gene encodes a small heme protein that functions as a central component of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. The encoded protein associates with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it accepts electrons from cytochrome b and transfers them to the cytochrome oxidase complex. This protein is also involved in initiation of apoptosis. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal dominant nonsyndromic thrombocytopenia. Numerous processed pseudogenes of this gene are found throughout the human genome.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]
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    Genomic context

    Location :
    7p15.3
    Sequence :
    Chromosome: 7; NC_000007.13 (25158270..25164980, complement)
    See CYCS in Epigenomics, MapViewer

    Chromosome 7 - NC_000007.13Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene deafness, autosomal dominant 5 Neighboring gene oxysterol binding protein-like 3 Neighboring gene small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide C pseudogene Neighboring gene chromosome 7 open reading frame 31 Neighboring gene ribosomal protein L7a pseudogene 41

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    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Go to nucleotideGraphics FASTA GenBank

    Go to reference sequence details
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    Bibliography

    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Specific nitration of tyrosines 46 and 48 makes cytochrome c assemble a non-functional apoptosome. García-Heredia JM, et al. FEBS Lett, 2012 Jan 20. PMID 22192356.
    2. Label-free Raman observation of cytochrome c dynamics during apoptosis. Okada M, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2012 Jan 3. PMID 22184220.
    3. Mitochondrial Rac1 GTPase import and electron transfer from cytochrome c are required for pulmonary fibrosis. Osborn-Heaford HL, et al. J Biol Chem, 2012 Jan 27. PMID 22157762.
    4. Congenital thrombocytopenia and cytochrome C mutation: a matter of birth and death. Cramer Bordé E, et al. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2011 Sep. PMID 22102269.
    5. Systematic and quantitative assessment of the ubiquitin-modified proteome. Kim W, et al. Mol Cell, 2011 Oct 21. PMID 21906983.

    See all (99) citations in PubMed

    See citations in PubMed for homologs of this gene provided by HomoloGene

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions What's a GeneRIF?

    1. Translocation of ARTS initiates a first wave of caspase activation leading to the subsequent release of additional mitochondrial factors, including cytochrome C and SMAC/Diablo.
      Title: The IAP-antagonist ARTS initiates caspase activation upstream of cytochrome C and SMAC/Diablo.
    2. Tyrosine phosphorylation turns alkaline transition into a biologically relevant process and makes human cytochrome c behave as an anti-apoptotic switch.
      Title: Tyrosine phosphorylation turns alkaline transition into a biologically relevant process and makes human cytochrome c behave as an anti-apoptotic switch.
    3. mitochondrial import and direct electron transfer from cytochrome c to Rac1 modulates mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production in alveolar macrophages pulmonary fibrosis.
      Title: Mitochondrial Rac1 GTPase import and electron transfer from cytochrome c are required for pulmonary fibrosis.
    4. Specific nitration of tyrosines 46 and 48 makes cytochrome c assemble a non-functional apoptosome.
      Title: Specific nitration of tyrosines 46 and 48 makes cytochrome c assemble a non-functional apoptosome.
    5. Dynamic changes in cytochrome c distribution at the Raman band of 750 cm(-1) were observed after adding an apoptosis inducer to the cells.
      Title: Label-free Raman observation of cytochrome c dynamics during apoptosis.
    6. Studies indicate that the CYCS mutation in TP Cargeegis a glycine 41 replacement by serine, which yields a cytochrome C variant with enhanced apoptotic pathway activity in vitro.
      Title: Congenital thrombocytopenia and cytochrome C mutation: a matter of birth and death.
    7. Data show that G-Rh2 and Bet A cooperated to induce Bax traslocation to mitochondria and cytochrome c release, and enhanced cleavage of caspase-8 and Bid.
      Title: Co-treatment with ginsenoside Rh2 and betulinic acid synergistically induces apoptosis in human cancer cells in association with enhanced capsase-8 activation, bax translocation, and cytochrome c release.
    8. Cerebrospinal fluid Bcl-2 and cytochrome C levels are elevated in adults after severe traumatic brain injury.
      Title: CSF Bcl-2 and cytochrome C temporal profiles in outcome prediction for adults with severe TBI.
    9. Resveratrol induces p53-independent, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)-mediated Bax protein oligomerization on mitochondria to initiate cytochrome c release and caspase activation.
      Title: Resveratrol induces p53-independent, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)-mediated Bax protein oligomerization on mitochondria to initiate cytochrome c release and caspase activation.
    10. heme electronic structure change may ultimately be responsible for the enhanced proapoptotic activity of G41S mutated human cyt c
      Title: The proapoptotic G41S mutation to human cytochrome c alters the heme electronic structure and increases the electron self-exchange rate.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all (25)
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    Phenotypes

    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Thrombocytopenia 4

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    HIV-1 protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env Apoptosis induced by HIV-1 gp120/gp41 is involved in the translocation of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to an extra-mitochondrial localization and in the dissipation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential PubMed
    env Treatment of cerebrocortical cultures with HIV-1 gp120 results in increased caspase-3 proteolytic activity, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, and neuronal apoptosis PubMed
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor env Treatment of CD4+ cells with HIV-1 gp160 causes intracellular calcium increase followed by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria; association of BAD with Bcl-xL is observed, and a portion of BAD is dephosphorylated after gp160 induction PubMed
    Tat tat HIV-1 Tat (specifically, amino acids 38-72), enhances tubulin polymerization and triggers the mitochondrial pathway to induce T cell apoptosis as shown in vitro by the release of cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria PubMed
    Vpr vpr HIV-1 Vpr 52-96 peptide induces apoptosis through cytochrome-c release from mitochondria PubMed
    vpr Overproduction of EEF2 blocks HIV-1 Vpr-induced cell death both in fission yeast and human cells, suppresses caspase 9 and caspase 3-mediated apoptosis induced by Vpr, and reduces cytochrome c release induced by Vpr PubMed
    retropepsin gag-pol HIV-1 protease directly cleaves and activates procaspase 8 in T cells, which is associated with cleavage of BID, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, activation of the downstream caspases 9 and 3, and cleavage of DFF and PARP PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Protein Interaction Database

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    Interactions

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description
    P99999 ATP/GTP binding protein 1 AGTPBP1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 O14727 APAF1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 P10415 BCL2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 Q07817 BCL2L1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 P55211 CASP9    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 Q96KJ9 COX4I2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 P00167 CYB5A    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 Cytochrome b5 reductase 1 CYB5R1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 P00387 CYB5R3    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 P08574 CYC1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 P10109 FDX1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 P11142 HSPA8    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 P04792 HSPB1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 NADPH dependent diflavin oxidoreductase 1 NDOR1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 Q9UBF6 RNF7    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 Q15424 SAFB    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 P37840 SNCA    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 P31930 UQCRC1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P99999 P45880 VDAC2    HPRD  PubMed  
    BioGRID:119922 BioGRID:106814 APAF1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:119922 BioGRID:107070 BCL2L1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:119922 BioGRID:124215 COX4I2    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:119922 BioGRID:107908 CYB5A    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:119922 BioGRID:107917 CYC1    BioGRID  PubMed Biochemical Activity 
    BioGRID:119922 BioGRID:131875 GSTK1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS 
    BioGRID:119922 BioGRID:109544 HSPA8    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:119922 BioGRID:109547 HSPB1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:119922 BioGRID:118038 NDOR1    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:119922 BioGRID:112497 SUMO2    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS 
    BioGRID:119922 BioGRID:113164 UBC    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS 
    BioGRID:119922 BioGRID:113230 UQCRC1    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:119922 BioGRID:113259 VDAC1    BioGRID  PubMed Co-purification 
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    General gene information

    Markers

    Genotypes

    Homology

    • Homologs of the CYCS gene: The CYCS gene is conserved in chimpanzee, , dog, cow, mouse, rat, chicken, zebrafish, fruit fly, mosquito, C.elegans, S.cerevisiae, A.thaliana, rice, and P.falciparum.

    Pathways from BioSystems

    • Activation of caspases through apoptosome-mediated cleavage, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Activation of caspases through apoptosome-mediated cleavage, organism-specific biosystemProcaspase-3 and 7 are cleaved by the apoptosome.
    • Alzheimer's disease, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Alzheimer's disease, organism-specific biosystemAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic disorder that slowly destroys neurons and causes serious cognitive disability. AD is associated with senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Amyloid-b...
    • Alzheimer's disease, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Alzheimer's disease, conserved biosystemAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic disorder that slowly destroys neurons and causes serious cognitive disability. AD is associated with senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Amyloid-b...
    • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), organism-specific biosystemAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, lethal, degenerative disorder of motor neurons. The hallmark of this disease is the selective death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord...
    • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), conserved biosystemAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, lethal, degenerative disorder of motor neurons. The hallmark of this disease is the selective death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord...
    • Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystemApoptosis is a distinct form of cell death that is functionally and morphologically different from necrosis. Nuclear chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic shrinking, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and ...
    • Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystemApoptosis is a genetically controlled mechanisms of cell death involved in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. The 2 major pathways of apoptosis are the extrinsic (Fas and other TNFR superfamily me...
    • Apoptosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Apoptosis, conserved biosystemApoptosis is a genetically controlled mechanisms of cell death involved in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. The 2 major pathways of apoptosis are the extrinsic (Fas and other TNFR superfamily me...
    • Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystemApoptosis is a distinct form of cell death that is functionally and morphologically different from necrosis. Nuclear chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic shrinking, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and ...
    • Apoptosis Modulation by HSP70, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Apoptosis Modulation by HSP70, organism-specific biosystem
      Apoptosis Modulation by HSP70
    • Apoptotic factor-mediated response, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Apoptotic factor-mediated response, organism-specific biosystemIn response to apoptotic signals, mitochondrial proteins are released into the cytosol and activate both caspase-dependent and -independent cell death pathways. Cytochrome c induces apoptosome form...
    • B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe B cell receptor includes membrane ?? heavy chain molecules bound to a light chain and an Ig alpha (CD79A)/Ig beta (CD79B) heterodimer. Activation of the B cell receptor involves phosphorylation o...
    • Caspase cascade in apoptosis, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Caspase cascade in apoptosis, organism-specific biosystem
      Caspase cascade in apoptosis
    • Ceramide signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Ceramide signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      Ceramide signaling pathway
    • Colorectal cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Colorectal cancer, organism-specific biosystemColorectal cancer (CRC) is the second largest cause of cancer-related deaths in Western countries. CRC arises from the colorectal epithelium as a result of the accumulation of genetic alterations in ...
    • Colorectal cancer, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Colorectal cancer, conserved biosystemColorectal cancer (CRC) is the second largest cause of cancer-related deaths in Western countries. CRC arises from the colorectal epithelium as a result of the accumulation of genetic alterations in ...
    • Cytochrome c-mediated apoptotic response, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Cytochrome c-mediated apoptotic response, organism-specific biosystemUpon its release from the mitochondrial intermembrane space, Cytochrome c binds to and causes a conformational change in the cytoplasmic protein Apaf1. This conformational change allows the Cytochrom...
    • FAS pathway and Stress induction of HSP regulation, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      FAS pathway and Stress induction of HSP regulation, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway describes the Fas induced apoptosis and interplay with Hsp27 in response to stress. More info: [http://www.biocarta.com/pathfiles/h_hsp27Pathway.asp BioCarta].
    • Formation of apoptosome, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Formation of apoptosome, organism-specific biosystemCytoplasmic cytochrome c binds to apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) promoting the formation of an Apaf-1 oligomer (the apoptosome) which in turn binds and activates caspase-9.
    • HIV-1 Nef: Negative effector of Fas and TNF-alpha, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      HIV-1 Nef: Negative effector of Fas and TNF-alpha, organism-specific biosystem
      HIV-1 Nef: Negative effector of Fas and TNF-alpha
    • Herpes simplex infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Herpes simplex infection, organism-specific biosystemHerpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are very common worldwide, with the prevalence of HSV-1 reaching up to 80%-90%. Primary infection with HSV takes place in the mucosa, followed by the establishme...
    • Herpes simplex infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Herpes simplex infection, conserved biosystemHerpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are very common worldwide, with the prevalence of HSV-1 reaching up to 80%-90%. Primary infection with HSV takes place in the mucosa, followed by the establishme...
    • Huntington's disease, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Huntington's disease, organism-specific biosystemHuntington disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects medium spiny striatal neurons (MSN). The symptoms are choreiform, involuntary movements, personality...
    • Huntington's disease, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Huntington's disease, conserved biosystemHuntington disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects medium spiny striatal neurons (MSN). The symptoms are choreiform, involuntary movements, personality...
    • Influenza A, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Influenza A, organism-specific biosystemInfluenza is a contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza virus infection. Influenza A virus is responsible for both annual seasonal epidemics and periodic worldwide pandemics. Novel strains ...
    • Influenza A, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Influenza A, conserved biosystemInfluenza is a contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza virus infection. Influenza A virus is responsible for both annual seasonal epidemics and periodic worldwide pandemics. Novel strains ...
    • Intrinsic Pathway for Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Intrinsic Pathway for Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystemThe intrinsic (Bcl-2 inhibitable or mitochondrial) pathway of apoptosis functions in response to various types of intracellular stress including growth factor withdrawal, DNA damage, unfolding stress...
    • Legionellosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Legionellosis, organism-specific biosystemLegionellosis is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila and other legionella species. Two distinct clinical and epidemiological syndromes are associated...
    • Legionellosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Legionellosis, conserved biosystemLegionellosis is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila and other legionella species. Two distinct clinical and epidemiological syndromes are associated...
    • Metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Metabolism, organism-specific biosystemMetabolic processes in human cells generate energy through the oxidation of molecules consumed in the diet and mediate the synthesis of diverse essential molecules not taken in the diet as well as th...
    • Parkinson's disease, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Parkinson's disease, organism-specific biosystemParkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that results primarily from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Mutations in alpha-synuclein, UCHL...
    • Pathways in cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Pathways in cancer, organism-specific biosystem
      Pathways in cancer
    • Release of apoptotic factors from the mitochondria, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Release of apoptotic factors from the mitochondria, organism-specific biosystemApoptotic factors released from the mitochondria promote apoptosis through several different mechanisms. Cytochrome C participates in Apoptosome driven effector caspase activation while SMAC relieves...
    • Respiratory electron transport, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Respiratory electron transport, organism-specific biosystemMitochondria are often described as the "powerhouse" of a cell as it is here that energy is largely released from the oxidation of food. Reducing equivalents generated from beta-oxidation of fatty ac...
    • Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins., organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins., organism-specific biosystemOxidation of fatty acids and pyruvate in the mitochondrial matrix yield large amounts of NADH. The respiratory electron transport chain couples the re-oxidation of this NADH to NAD+ to the export of ...
    • Small cell lung cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Small cell lung cancer, organism-specific biosystemLung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among men and women in industrialized countries. Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a highly aggressive neoplasm, which accounts for approximately 25% ...
    • Small cell lung cancer, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Small cell lung cancer, conserved biosystemLung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among men and women in industrialized countries. Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a highly aggressive neoplasm, which accounts for approximately 25% ...
    • The citric acid (TCA) cycle and respiratory electron transport, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      The citric acid (TCA) cycle and respiratory electron transport, organism-specific biosystemThe metabolism of pyruvate provides one source of acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid (TCA, tricarboxylic acid) cycle to generate energy and the reducing equivalent NADH. These reducing equivalen...
    • Toxoplasmosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Toxoplasmosis, organism-specific biosystemToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is prevalent worldwide. The tachyzoite form acquired by oral ingestion downmodulates proinflammatory signaling pathways via various mechan...
    • Toxoplasmosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Toxoplasmosis, conserved biosystemToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is prevalent worldwide. The tachyzoite form acquired by oral ingestion downmodulates proinflammatory signaling pathways via various mechan...
    • Tuberculosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Tuberculosis, organism-specific biosystemTuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. About 90% of those infected result in latent...
    • Tuberculosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Tuberculosis, conserved biosystemTuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. About 90% of those infected result in latent...
    • Viral myocarditis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Viral myocarditis, organism-specific biosystemMyocarditis is a cardiac disease associated with inflammation and injury of the myocardium. It results from various etiologies, both noninfectious and infectious, but coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is stil...
    • mTOR signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      mTOR signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      mTOR signaling pathway
    • p53 signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      p53 signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemp53 activation is induced by a number of stress signals, including DNA damage, oxidative stress and activated oncogenes. The p53 protein is employed as a transcriptional activator of p53-regulated ge...
    • p53 signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      p53 signaling pathway, conserved biosystemp53 activation is induced by a number of stress signals, including DNA damage, oxidative stress and activated oncogenes. The p53 protein is employed as a transcriptional activator of p53-regulated ge...
    • p75(NTR)-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      p75(NTR)-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem
      p75(NTR)-mediated signaling

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    electron transporter, transferring electrons from CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex and cytochrome c oxidase complex activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    heme binding TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    metal ion binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    contributes_to protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process by cytochrome c TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    apoptotic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    apoptotic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    cellular respiration TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    induction of apoptosis by intracellular signals TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    respiratory electron transport chain TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    small molecule metabolic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    transport IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    cytosol IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    cytosol TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    mitochondrial inner membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    mitochondrial intermembrane space TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    mitochondrial matrix IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    mitochondrion IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    nucleus IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    protein phosphatase type 2A complex TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    respiratory chain IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
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    General protein information

    Preferred Names
    cytochrome c
    Names
    cytochrome c
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    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_023438.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5001..11711
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_018947.5 → NP_061820.1  cytochrome c

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC004129, AC007487, AI365318, BC024216, DB447825
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS5393.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      G4XXL9
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P99999
      Related
      ENSP00000307786, OTTHUMP00000158609, ENST00000305786, OTTHUMT00000250299
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cl11414
      Location:2 – 105
      Blast Score: 382
      Cytochrom_C; Cytochrome c

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: Build 37.3

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh37.p5 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000007.13 Reference GRCh37.p5 Primary Assembly

      Range
      25158270..25164980, complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate HuRef

    Genomic

    1. AC_000139.1 Alternate HuRef

      Range
      25044828..25051539, complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate CRA_TCAGchr7v2

    Genomic

    1. AC_000068.1 Alternate CRA_TCAGchr7v2

      Range
      25209510..25216457, complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
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    Related Sequences

    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    genomic AC004129.2 None
    genomic AC007487.2 AAQ96844.1
    genomic CH236948.1 EAL24239.1
    genomic CH471073.1 EAW93822.1
      EAW93823.1
      EAW93824.1
    genomic M22877.1 AAA35732.1
    mRNA AI365318.1 None
    mRNA AK056360.1 None
    mRNA AK311836.1 BAG34778.1
    mRNA AL713681.1 CAD28485.1
    mRNA BC005299.1 AAH05299.1
    mRNA BC008475.1 AAH08475.1
    mRNA BC008477.1 AAH08477.1
    mRNA BC009578.1 AAH09578.1
    mRNA BC009579.1 AAH09579.1
    mRNA BC009582.1 AAH09582.1
    mRNA BC009587.1 AAH09587.1
    mRNA BC009602.1 AAH09602.1
    mRNA BC009607.1 AAH09607.1
    mRNA BC014359.1 AAH14359.1
    mRNA BC014361.1 AAH14361.1
    mRNA BC015130.1 AAH15130.1
    mRNA BC016006.1 AAH16006.1
    mRNA BC021994.1 AAH21994.1
    mRNA BC022330.1 AAH22330.1
    mRNA BC024216.1 None
    mRNA BC067222.1 AAH67222.1
    mRNA BC068464.1 AAH68464.1
    mRNA BC070156.1 AAH70156.1
    mRNA BC070346.1 AAH70346.1
    mRNA BC071761.1 AAH71761.1
    mRNA BF446772.1 None
    mRNA BG677560.1 None
    mRNA BT006946.1 AAP35592.1
    mRNA BU597562.1 None
    mRNA CR542175.1 CAG46972.1
    mRNA D00265.1 BAA00187.1
    mRNA DB447825.1 None
    other-genetic AM393213.1 CAL38091.1
    other-genetic AM393423.1 CAL38301.1
    other-genetic DQ893038.2 ABM83964.1
    other-genetic DQ896279.2 ABM87278.1
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    P99999.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P99999
    Q6LER6 GenPept UniProtKB/TrEMBL:Q6LER6
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