- Diabetes pathways, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Diabetes pathways, organism-specific biosystemThis module groups several normal processes that have key roles in the synthesis and function of insulin, insulin-like growth factors and ghrelin, and whose derangement is thus central to the pathoge...
- Disease, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Disease, organism-specific biosystemBiological processes are captured in Reactome by identifying the molecules (DNA, RNA, protein, small molecules) involved in them and describing the details of their interactions. From this molecular ...
- Incretin Synthesis, Secretion, and Inactivation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Incretin Synthesis, Secretion, and Inactivation, organism-specific biosystemIncretins are peptide hormones produced by the gut that enhance the ability of glucose to stimulate insulin secretion from beta cells in the pancreas. Two incretins have been identified: Glucagon-lik...
- Insulin Synthesis and Processing, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Insulin Synthesis and Processing, organism-specific biosystemThe generation of insulin-containing secretory granules from proinsulin in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be described in 4 steps: formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds, format...
- Integration of energy metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Integration of energy metabolism, organism-specific biosystemMany hormones that affect individual physiological processes including the regulation of appetite, absorption, transport, and oxidation of foodstuffs influence energy metabolism pathways. While insul...
- Metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism, organism-specific biosystemMetabolic processes in human cells generate energy through the oxidation of molecules consumed in the diet and mediate the synthesis of diverse essential molecules not taken in the diet as well as th...
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives, organism-specific biosystemThis group of reactions is responsible for: 1) the breakdown of amino acids; 2) the synthesis of urea from ammonia and amino groups generated by amino acid breakdown; 3) the synthesis of the ten amin...
- Peptide hormone biosynthesis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Peptide hormone biosynthesis, organism-specific biosystemPeptide hormones are peptides that are secreted directly into the blood stream (endocrine hormones). They are synthesized as precursors that require proteolytic processing (not discussed here) to gen...
- Regulation of Insulin Secretion, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulation of Insulin Secretion, organism-specific biosystemPancreatic beta cells integrate signals from several metabolites and hormones to control the secretion of insulin. In general, glucose triggers insulin secretion while other factors can amplify or in...
- Synthesis, Secretion, and Deacylation of Ghrelin, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Synthesis, Secretion, and Deacylation of Ghrelin, organism-specific biosystemGhrelin is a peptide hormone of 28 amino acid residues which is acylated at the serine-3 of the mature peptide. Ghrelin is synthesized in several tissues: X/A-like cells of the gastric mucosa (the ma...
- Synthesis, Secretion, and Inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Synthesis, Secretion, and Inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), organism-specific biosystemIn L cells of the intestine the transcription factors TCF-4 (TCF7L2) and Beta-catenin form a heterodimer and bind the G2 enhancer of the Proglucagon gene GCG,activating its transcription to yield Pro...
- Synthesis, Secretion, and Inactivation of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP), organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Synthesis, Secretion, and Inactivation of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP), organism-specific biosystemIn K cells of the intestine the transcription factors PAX6 and PDX-1 activate transcription of the gene encoding Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP, first called Gastric Inhibitory Pep...