- Basal transcription factors, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Basal transcription factors, organism-specific biosystem
Basal transcription factors
- Basal transcription factors, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Basal transcription factors, conserved biosystem
Basal transcription factors
- Cell Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cell Cycle, organism-specific biosystem
Cell Cycle
- Cell Cycle, Mitotic, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cell Cycle, Mitotic, organism-specific biosystemThe replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells are controlled by a series of events collectively known as the cell cycle. DNA replication is carried o...
- Cyclin A/B1 associated events during G2/M transition, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cyclin A/B1 associated events during G2/M transition, organism-specific biosystemCell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions by cyclin-dependent protein kinases. The G2/M transition is regulated through the pho...
- Cyclin A:Cdk2-associated events at S phase entry, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cyclin A:Cdk2-associated events at S phase entry, organism-specific biosystemCyclin A:Cdk2 plays a key role in S phase entry by phosphorylation of proteins including Cdh1, Rb, p21 and p27. During G1 phase of the cell cycle, cyclin A is synthesized and associates with Cdk2. Af...
- Cyclin D associated events in G1, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cyclin D associated events in G1, organism-specific biosystemThree D-type cyclins are essential for progression from G1 to S-phase. These D cyclins bind to and activate both CDK4 and CDK6. The formation of all possible complexes between the D-type cyclins and...
- Cyclin E associated events during G1/S transition, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cyclin E associated events during G1/S transition, organism-specific biosystemThe transition from the G1 to S phase is controlled by the Cyclin E:Cdk2 complexes. As the Cyclin E:Cdk2 complexes are formed, the Cdk2 is phosphorylated by the Wee1 and Myt1 kinases. This phosphoryl...
- DNA Repair, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
DNA Repair, organism-specific biosystemDNA repair is a phenomenal multi-enzyme, multi-pathway system required to ensure the integrity of the cellular genome. These cellular mechanisms that must cope with the plethora of DNA base pair ad...
- Disease, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Disease, organism-specific biosystemBiological processes are captured in Reactome by identifying the molecules (DNA, RNA, protein, small molecules) involved in them and describing the details of their interactions. From this molecular ...
- Dual incision reaction in GG-NER, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Dual incision reaction in GG-NER, organism-specific biosystemDual incision at defined positions flanking the DNA damage is carried out by XPG (3' -incision) and ERCC1-XPF (5'-incision) complex. The resulting excised fragment is ~27-30 bp long and contains the...
- Dual incision reaction in TC-NER, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Dual incision reaction in TC-NER, organism-specific biosystemDual incisions are carried out by XPG, and ERCC1-XPF complex as seen in GG-NER.
- Eukaryotic Transcription Initiation, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Eukaryotic Transcription Initiation, organism-specific biosystemIn eukaryotes, RNA polymerase, and therefore the initiation of transcription, requires the presence of a core promoter sequence in the DNA. RNA polymerase is able to bind to core promoters in the pre...
- Formation of HIV-1 elongation complex containing HIV-1 Tat, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Formation of HIV-1 elongation complex containing HIV-1 Tat, organism-specific biosystemThis HIV-1 event was inferred from the corresponding human RNA Poll II transcription event in Reactome. The details relevant to HIV-1 are described below. For a more detailed description of the gener...
- Formation of HIV-1 elongation complex in the absence of HIV-1 Tat, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Formation of HIV-1 elongation complex in the absence of HIV-1 Tat, organism-specific biosystem
Formation of HIV-1 elongation complex in the absence of HIV-1 Tat
- Formation of RNA Pol II elongation complex, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Formation of RNA Pol II elongation complex, organism-specific biosystemTFIIS is a transcription factor involved in different phases of transcription, occurring in a major ubiquitous form and other tissue specific forms. TFIIS stimulates RNA Pol II complex out of elonga...
- Formation of incision complex in GG-NER, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Formation of incision complex in GG-NER, organism-specific biosystemBinding of XPC complex to the damaged site on the DNA substrate is followed by XPA and RPA recruitment. XPA is a metalloprotein that binds to different types of DNA damage. Binding of RPA, or Replic...
- Formation of the Early Elongation Complex, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Formation of the Early Elongation Complex, organism-specific biosystemTranscription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is controlled by a number of trans-acting transcription elongation factors as well as by cis-acting elements. Transcription elongation is a rat...
- Formation of the HIV-1 Early Elongation Complex, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Formation of the HIV-1 Early Elongation Complex, organism-specific biosystemThis HIV-1 event was inferred from the corresponding human RNA Poll II transcription event. The details relevant to HIV-1 are described below. Formation of the early elongation complex involves hypo...
- Formation of transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER) repair complex, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Formation of transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER) repair complex, organism-specific biosystemThe ââ?¬Å?road blockââ?¬Â? induced by the DNA damage to the transcription machinery triggers assembly of a transcription couple repair complex, whose composition and function are yet to fully under...
- G1 Phase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
G1 Phase, organism-specific biosystemEarly cell cycle progression in G1 is under the control of the D-type cyclins together with Cdk4 and Cdk6. An important target for these CDKs is the Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, which when phosphoryl...
- G1 to S cell cycle control, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
G1 to S cell cycle control, organism-specific biosystemIn the G1 phase there are two types of DNA damage responses, the p53-dependent and the p53-independent pathways. The p53-dependent responses inhibit CDKs through the up-regulation of genes encoding C...
- G1/S Transition, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
G1/S Transition, organism-specific biosystemCyclin E - Cdk2 complexes control the transition from G1 into S-phase. In this case, the binding of p21Cip1/Waf1 or p27kip1 is inhibitory. Important substrates for Cyclin E - Cdk2 complexes include p...
- G2/M Transition, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
G2/M Transition, organism-specific biosystemCyclin A can also form complexes with Cdc2 (Cdk1). Together with three B-type cyclins, Cdc2 (Cdk1) regulates the transition from G2 into mitosis. These complexes are activated by dephosphorylation of...
- Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystemGene Expression covers the pathways by which genomic DNA is transcribed to yield RNA, the regulation of these transcription processes, and the pathways by which newly-made RNA Transcripts are process...
- Global Genomic NER (GG-NER), organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Global Genomic NER (GG-NER), organism-specific biosystemGG-NER is considered to be transcription-independent, removing lesions from non-transcribed regions of genome in addition to non-transcribed strands of transcribed regions. The three events that char...
- HIV Infection, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
HIV Infection, organism-specific biosystemThe global pandemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection has resulted in tens of millions of people infected by the virus and millions more affected. UNAIDS estimates around 40 million ...
- HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystemThe life cycle of HIV-1 is divided into early and late phases, shown schematically in the figure. In the early phase, an HIV-1 virion binds to receptors and co-receptors on the human host cell surfac...
- HIV-1 Transcription Elongation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
HIV-1 Transcription Elongation, organism-specific biosystemIn the absence of the HIV-1 protein Tat, transcription of the proviral DNA is inefficient and results in the production of truncated transcripts (Kao et al., 1987). While initiation of transcription ...
- HIV-1 Transcription Initiation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
HIV-1 Transcription Initiation, organism-specific biosystemFormation of the open complex exposes the template strand to the catalytic center of the RNA polymerase II enzyme. This facilitates formation of the first phosphodiester bond, which marks transcript...
- Holo-TFIIH complex, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Holo-TFIIH complex, organism-specific biosystemStructural complex; Genetic information processing; Repair system
- Late Phase of HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Late Phase of HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystemThe late phase of the HIV-1 life cycle includes the regulated expression of the HIV gene products and the assembly of viral particles. The assembly of viral particles will be covered in a later relea...
- Mitotic G1-G1/S phases, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Mitotic G1-G1/S phases, organism-specific biosystem
Mitotic G1-G1/S phases
- Mitotic G2-G2/M phases, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Mitotic G2-G2/M phases, organism-specific biosystem
Mitotic G2-G2/M phases
- Nucleotide Excision Repair, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Nucleotide Excision Repair, organism-specific biosystemNER was first described in the model organism E. coli in the early 1960s as a process whereby bulky base damage is enzymatically removed from DNA, facilitating the recovery of DNA synthesis and cell ...
- Nucleotide excision repair, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Nucleotide excision repair, organism-specific biosystemNucleotide excision repair (NER) is a mechanism to recognize and repair bulky DNA damage caused by compounds, environmental carcinogens, and exposure to UV-light. In humans hereditary defects in the ...
- Nucleotide excision repair, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Nucleotide excision repair, conserved biosystemNucleotide excision repair (NER) is a mechanism to recognize and repair bulky DNA damage caused by compounds, environmental carcinogens, and exposure to UV-light. In humans hereditary defects in the ...
- RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE, organism-specific biosystemTo facilitate co-transcriptional capping, and thereby restrict the cap structure to RNAs made by RNA polymerase II, the capping enzymes bind directly to the RNA polymerase II. The C-terminal domain ...
- RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE, organism-specific biosystemTo facilitate co-transcriptional capping, and thereby restrict the cap structure to RNAs made by RNA polymerase II, the capping enzymes bind directly to the RNA polymerase II. The C-terminal domain ...
- RNA Polymerase I Chain Elongation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase I Chain Elongation, organism-specific biosystem
RNA Polymerase I Chain Elongation
- RNA Polymerase I Promoter Clearance, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase I Promoter Clearance, organism-specific biosystemPromoter clearance is one of the rate-limiting steps in Polymerase I transcription. This step is composed of three phases, promoter opening, transcription initiation and promoter escape.
- RNA Polymerase I Promoter Escape, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase I Promoter Escape, organism-specific biosystemAs the active RNA Polymerase I complex leaves the promoter Rrn3 dissociates from the complex. RNA polymerase I Promoter Clearance is complete and Chain Elongation begins.
- RNA Polymerase I Transcription, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase I Transcription, organism-specific biosystemThe rRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase I, one of three eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases. The polymerase is a multisubunit complex, composed of two large subunits (the most conserved porti...
- RNA Polymerase I Transcription Initiation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase I Transcription Initiation, organism-specific biosystemDuring initiation the double-stranded DNA must be melted and transcription begins. SL1 forms and interacts with UBF-1 and the rDNA promoter. It is this platform that will recruit active RNA polymeras...
- RNA Polymerase I Transcription Termination, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase I Transcription Termination, organism-specific biosystemTermination of transcription by RNA polymerase I is a 4 step process. Initially TTF-1 binds the template rDNA. This complex pauses polymerase I allowing PTRF to interact with the quaternary complex ...
- RNA Polymerase I, RNA Polymerase III, and Mitochondrial Transcription, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase I, RNA Polymerase III, and Mitochondrial Transcription, organism-specific biosystemTranscription by RNA Polymerase I, RNA Polymerase III and transcription from mitochondrial promoters.
- RNA Polymerase II HIV-1 Promoter Escape, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II HIV-1 Promoter Escape, organism-specific biosystemRNA Polymerase II promoter escape occurs after the first phosphodiester bond has been created.
- RNA Polymerase II Pre-transcription Events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II Pre-transcription Events, organism-specific biosystem
RNA Polymerase II Pre-transcription Events
- RNA Polymerase II Promoter Escape, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II Promoter Escape, organism-specific biosystemRNA Polymerase II promoter escape occurs after the first phosphodiester bond has been created.
- RNA Polymerase II Transcription, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription, organism-specific biosystem
RNA Polymerase II Transcription
- RNA Polymerase II Transcription Elongation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Elongation, organism-specific biosystemThe mechanisms governing the process of elongation during eukaryotic mRNA synthesis are being unraveled by recent studies. These studies have led to the expected discovery of a diverse collection of ...
- RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation, organism-specific biosystemFormation of the open complex exposes the template strand to the catalytic center of the RNA polymerase II enzyme. This facilitates formation of the first phosphodiester bond, which marks transcript...
- RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation And Promoter Clearance, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation And Promoter Clearance, organism-specific biosystem
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation And Promoter Clearance
- RNA Polymerase II Transcription Pre-Initiation And Promoter Opening, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Pre-Initiation And Promoter Opening, organism-specific biosystemFormation of the pre-initiation complex
- Retinoic acid receptors-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Retinoic acid receptors-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem
Retinoic acid receptors-mediated signaling
- S Phase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
S Phase, organism-specific biosystemDNA synthesis occurs in the S phase, or the synthesis phase, of the cell cycle. The cell duplicates its hereditary material, and two copies of the chromosome are formed. As DNA replication continu...
- Tat-mediated elongation of the HIV-1 transcript, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Tat-mediated elongation of the HIV-1 transcript, organism-specific biosystemThe Tat protein is a viral transactivator protein that regulates HIV-1 gene expression by controlling RNA Pol II-mediated elongation (reviewed in Karn 1999; Taube et al. 1999; Liou et al. 2004; Barb...
- Transcription of the HIV genome, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transcription of the HIV genome, organism-specific biosystemExpression of the integrated HIV-1 provirus is dependent on the host cell Pol II transcription machinery, but is regulated in critical ways by HIV-1 Tat and Rev proteins. The long terminal repeats (L...
- Transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER), organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER), organism-specific biosystemThe preferential repair of UV-induced damage in transcribed strands of active genes is known as Transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER). Impairment of the ability for TC-NER results in the onset of a sev...
- mRNA Capping, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
mRNA Capping, organism-specific biosystemThe 5'-ends of all eukaryotic pre-mRNAs studied thus far are converted to cap structures. The cap is thought to influence splicing of the first intron, and is bound by 'cap-binding' proteins, CBP80 a...