- Alcoholism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Alcoholism, organism-specific biosystemAlcoholism, also called dependence on alcohol (ethanol), is a chronic relapsing disorder that is progressive and has serious detrimental health outcomes. As one of the primary mediators of the reward...
- Alcoholism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Alcoholism, conserved biosystemAlcoholism, also called dependence on alcohol (ethanol), is a chronic relapsing disorder that is progressive and has serious detrimental health outcomes. As one of the primary mediators of the reward...
- Amine Oxidase reactions, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Amine Oxidase reactions, organism-specific biosystemHuman amine oxidases (AO) catalyze the oxidative deamination of biogenic amines (neurotransmitters such as serotonin, noradrenaline, the hormone adrenaline and polyamines such as the spermines) and x...
- Amphetamine addiction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Amphetamine addiction, organism-specific biosystemAmphetamine is a psychostimulant drug that exerts persistent addictive effects. Most addictive drugs increase extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefr...
- Amphetamine addiction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Amphetamine addiction, conserved biosystemAmphetamine is a psychostimulant drug that exerts persistent addictive effects. Most addictive drugs increase extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefr...
- Arginine and proline metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Arginine and proline metabolism, organism-specific biosystem
Arginine and proline metabolism
- Arginine and proline metabolism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Arginine and proline metabolism, conserved biosystem
Arginine and proline metabolism
- Biogenic Amine Synthesis, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Biogenic Amine Synthesis, organism-specific biosystemBiogenic amines are one of two broad classes of classical neurotransmitters (the other being amino acids) and include: acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine, and the catecholamines epinephrine, norepin...
- Biological oxidations, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Biological oxidations, organism-specific biosystemAll organisms are constantly exposed to foreign chemicals every day. These can be man-made (drugs, industrial chemicals) or natural (alkaloids, toxins from plants and animals). Uptake is usually via ...
- Cocaine addiction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Cocaine addiction, organism-specific biosystemDrug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder in which compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior persists despite serious negative consequences.There is strong evidence that the dopaminergic...
- Cocaine addiction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Cocaine addiction, conserved biosystemDrug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder in which compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior persists despite serious negative consequences.There is strong evidence that the dopaminergic...
- Dopamine clearance from the synaptic cleft, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Dopamine clearance from the synaptic cleft, organism-specific biosystemThe human gene SLC6A3 encodes the sodium-dependent dopamine transporter, DAT which mediates the re-uptake of dopamine from the synaptic cleft (Vandenbergh DJ et al, 2000). Dopamine can then be degrad...
- Dopaminergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Dopaminergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemDopamine (DA) is an important and prototypical slow neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, where it controls a variety of functions including locomotor activity, motivation and reward, learning an...
- Dopaminergic synapse, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Dopaminergic synapse, conserved biosystemDopamine (DA) is an important and prototypical slow neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, where it controls a variety of functions including locomotor activity, motivation and reward, learning an...
- Drug metabolism - cytochrome P450, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Drug metabolism - cytochrome P450, organism-specific biosystem
Drug metabolism - cytochrome P450
- Drug metabolism - cytochrome P450, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Drug metabolism - cytochrome P450, conserved biosystem
Drug metabolism - cytochrome P450
- Enzymatic degradation of Dopamine by monoamine oxidase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Enzymatic degradation of Dopamine by monoamine oxidase, organism-specific biosystemAlternately dopamine is metabolized to homovanillic acid in a two-step reaction in which dopamine is first oxidized to 3,4-dihydroxypheylacetic acid (DOPAC) and then converted to homovanillic acid by...
- Enzymatic degradation of dopamine by COMT, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Enzymatic degradation of dopamine by COMT, organism-specific biosystemDopamine once taken up by the dopamine transporter from the extracellular space into the cytosol is metabolized in a two step reaction to homovanillic acid.The first reaction is catalyzed by catechol...
- GABA biosynthesis, eukaryotes, putrescine => GABA, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
GABA biosynthesis, eukaryotes, putrescine => GABA, organism-specific biosystemPathway module; Nucleotide and amino acid metabolism; Polyamine biosynthesis
- GABA biosynthesis, eukaryotes, putrescine => GABA, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
GABA biosynthesis, eukaryotes, putrescine => GABA, conserved biosystemPathway module; Nucleotide and amino acid metabolism; Polyamine biosynthesis
- Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, organism-specific biosystemSerine is derived from 3-phospho-D-glycerate, an intermediate of glycolysis [MD:M00020], and glycine is derived from serine. Threonine is an essential amino acid, which animals cannot synthesize. In ...
- Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, conserved biosystemSerine is derived from 3-phospho-D-glycerate, an intermediate of glycolysis [MD:M00020], and glycine is derived from serine. Threonine is an essential amino acid, which animals cannot synthesize. In ...
- Histidine metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Histidine metabolism, organism-specific biosystem
Histidine metabolism
- Histidine metabolism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Histidine metabolism, conserved biosystem
Histidine metabolism
- Metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism, organism-specific biosystemMetabolic processes in human cells generate energy through the oxidation of molecules consumed in the diet and mediate the synthesis of diverse essential molecules not taken in the diet as well as th...
- Metabolism of serotonin, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism of serotonin, organism-specific biosystemSerotonin is first metabolized to 5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde by monoamine oxidase. 5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde is then catalyzed by aldehyde dehydrogenase to form 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid.
- Monoamines are oxidized to aldehydes by MAOA and MAOB, producing NH3 and H2O2, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Monoamines are oxidized to aldehydes by MAOA and MAOB, producing NH3 and H2O2, organism-specific biosystemHuman monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are flavin-containing enzymes that are present on the outer mitochondrial membrane and act on primary, secondary and tertiary amines. In contrast to the P450s which ha...
- Neuronal System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Neuronal System, organism-specific biosystemThe human brain contains at least 100 billion neurons, each with the ability to influence many other cells. Clearly, highly sophisticated and efficient mechanisms are needed to enable communication a...
- Neurotransmitter Clearance In The Synaptic Cleft, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Neurotransmitter Clearance In The Synaptic Cleft, organism-specific biosystemNeurotransmitter released in the synaptic cleft binds to specific receptors on the post-synaptic cell and the excess of the neurotransmitter is cleared to prevent over activation of the post-synapti...
- Neurotransmitter Release Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Neurotransmitter Release Cycle, organism-specific biosystemNeurotransmitter is stored in the synaptic vesicle in the pre-synaptic terminal prior to its release in the synaptic cleft upon depolarization of the pre-synaptic membrane. The release of the neurotr...
- Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle, organism-specific biosystemNoradrenalin release cycle consists of reacidification of the empty clathrin sculpted monoamine transport vesicle, loading of dopamine into reacidified clathrin coated monamine transport vesicle, con...
- Oxidative Stress, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Oxidative Stress, organism-specific biosystemOxidative stress represents an imbalance between the production and manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to rep...
- Phase 1 - Functionalization of compounds, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Phase 1 - Functionalization of compounds, organism-specific biosystemPhase 1 of metabolism is concerned with functionalization, that is the introduction or exposure of functional groups on the chemical structure of a compound. This provides a 'handle' for phase 2 conj...
- Phenylalanine metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Phenylalanine metabolism, organism-specific biosystem
Phenylalanine metabolism
- Phenylalanine metabolism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Phenylalanine metabolism, conserved biosystem
Phenylalanine metabolism
- SIDS Susceptibility Pathways, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
SIDS Susceptibility Pathways, organism-specific biosystemIn this model, we provide an integrated view of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) at the level of implicated tissues, signaling networks and genetics. The purpose of this model is to serve as an ov...
- Serotonergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Serotonergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemSerotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays important roles in physiological functions such as learning and memory, emotion, sleep, pain, motor function and endoc...
- Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft, organism-specific biosystemSerotonergic neurotransmission affects a wide range of behaviors, from food intake and reproductive activity, to sensory processing and motor activity, to cognition and emotion. One such key regulato...
- Transmission across Chemical Synapses, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses, organism-specific biosystemChemical synapses are specialized junctions that are used for communication between neurons, neurons and muscle or gland cells. The synapse involves a pre-synaptic neuron and a post-synaptic neuron,...
- Tryptophan metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Tryptophan metabolism, organism-specific biosystem
Tryptophan metabolism
- Tryptophan metabolism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Tryptophan metabolism, conserved biosystem
Tryptophan metabolism
- Tyrosine metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Tyrosine metabolism, organism-specific biosystem
Tyrosine metabolism
- Tyrosine metabolism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Tyrosine metabolism, conserved biosystem
Tyrosine metabolism
- dopamine degradation, organism-specific biosystem (from BIOCYC)
dopamine degradation, organism-specific biosystemThe catecholamines dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and adrenaline (epinephrine) function as neurotransmitters and hormones. They have important physiological regulatory roles and are invo...
- dopamine degradation, conserved biosystem (from BIOCYC)
dopamine degradation, conserved biosystemThe catecholamines dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and adrenaline (epinephrine) function as neurotransmitters and hormones. They have important physiological regulatory roles and are invo...
- melatonin degradation II, organism-specific biosystem (from BIOCYC)
melatonin degradation II, organism-specific biosystemGeneral Background The indoleamine : N-ACETYL-5-METHOXY-TRYPTAMINE is a vertebrate hormone secreted by the pineal gland. It is involved in regulation of circadian and seasonal rhythms. : N-ACETYL-5...
- noradrenaline and adrenaline degradation, organism-specific biosystem (from BIOCYC)
noradrenaline and adrenaline degradation, organism-specific biosystemGeneral Background The catecholamines : DOPAMINE, : NOREPINEPHRINE (norepinephrine), and : L-EPINEPHRINE (epinephrine) function as neurotransmitters and hormones. They have important physiological ...
- phenylalanine degradation IV (mammalian, via side chain), organism-specific biosystem (from BIOCYC)
phenylalanine degradation IV (mammalian, via side chain), organism-specific biosystemGeneral Background : PHE is an essential amino acid in humans and must be obtained in the diet. The major pathway of mammalian : PHE degradation is via hydroxylation to : TYR in the liver, followed...
- putrescine degradation III, organism-specific biosystem (from BIOCYC)
putrescine degradation III, organism-specific biosystemGeneral Backround Polyamines (the most common of which are :PUTRESCINE, :SPERMIDINE and :SPERMINE), a group of positively charged small molecules present in virtually in all living organisms, have b...
- serotonin degradation, organism-specific biosystem (from BIOCYC)
serotonin degradation, organism-specific biosystemGeneral Background The neurotransmitter and neuromodulator : SEROTONIN has important roles in the mammalian central nervous system including learning, memory and development. Imbalance of : SEROTON...
- serotonin degradation, conserved biosystem (from BIOCYC)
serotonin degradation, conserved biosystemGeneral Background The neurotransmitter and neuromodulator |FRAME: SEROTONIN| has important roles in the mammalian central nervous system including learning, memory and development. Imbalance of |F...
- superpathway of melatonin degradation, organism-specific biosystem (from BIOCYC)
superpathway of melatonin degradation, organism-specific biosystem
superpathway of melatonin degradation
- tryptophan degradation X (mammalian, via tryptamine), organism-specific biosystem (from BIOCYC)
tryptophan degradation X (mammalian, via tryptamine), organism-specific biosystemGeneral Background In mammals : TRP is an essential amino acid that must be obtained in the diet. It is utilized in protein synthesis and in biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter : SEROTONIN. It is...