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    IL2RA interleukin 2 receptor, alpha [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 3559, updated on 11-May-2013
    Official Symbol
    IL2RAprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    interleukin 2 receptor, alphaprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:6008
    Locus tag
    RP11-536K7.1
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000134460; HPRD:00986; MIM:147730; Vega:OTTHUMG00000017616
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    CD25; IL2R; TCGFR; IDDM10
    Summary
    The interleukin 2 (IL2) receptor alpha (IL2RA) and beta (IL2RB) chains, together with the common gamma chain (IL2RG), constitute the high-affinity IL2 receptor. Homodimeric alpha chains (IL2RA) result in low-affinity receptor, while homodimeric beta (IL2RB) chains produce a medium-affinity receptor. Normally an integral-membrane protein, soluble IL2RA has been isolated and determined to result from extracellular proteolyisis. Alternately-spliced IL2RA mRNAs have been isolated, but the significance of each is presently unknown. Mutations in this gene are associated with interleukin 2 receptor alpha deficiency.[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]
    Location :
    10p15-p14
    Sequence :
    Chromosome: 10; NC_000010.10 (6052657..6104333, complement)
    See IL2RA in Epigenomics, MapViewer

    Chromosome 10 - NC_000010.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene ankyrin repeat domain 16 Neighboring gene F-box protein, helicase, 18 Neighboring gene interleukin 15 receptor, alpha Neighboring gene ribosomal protein L32 pseudogene 23 Neighboring gene RNA binding motif protein 17

    Go to nucleotideGraphics FASTA GenBank

    Go to reference sequence details

    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Human IL2RA null mutation mediates immunodeficiency with lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity. Goudy K, et al. Clin Immunol, 2013 Mar. PMID 23416241.
    2. IL-7 abrogates suppressive activity of human CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and allows expansion of alloreactive and autoreactive T cells. Heninger AK, et al. J Immunol, 2012 Dec 15. PMID 23129754.
    3. Chronic immune activation in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is associated with elevated serum levels of soluble CD14 and CD25 but not endotoxaemia. Litzman J, et al. Clin Exp Immunol, 2012 Dec. PMID 23121673.
    4. Expression of CD25 independently predicts early treatment failure of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Cerny J, et al. Br J Haematol, 2013 Jan. PMID 23116454.
    5. The protein pheromone Er-1 of the ciliate Euplotes raikovi stimulates human T-cell activity: involvement of interleukin-2 system. Cervia D, et al. Exp Cell Res, 2013 Feb 1. PMID 23103669.

    See all (333) citations in PubMed

    See citations in PubMed for homologs of this gene provided by HomoloGene

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions What's a GeneRIF?

    1. The complex pathogenesis of CD25 deficiency provides invaluable insight into the role of IL2/IL2RA-dependent regulation in autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases
      Title: Human IL2RA null mutation mediates immunodeficiency with lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity.
    2. Er-1 coupling to IL-2R and ERK immuno-enhances T-cell activity, and that this effect likely translates to an inhibition of glioma cell growth.
      Title: The protein pheromone Er-1 of the ciliate Euplotes raikovi stimulates human T-cell activity: involvement of interleukin-2 system.
    3. High CD25 expression at diagnosis correlated with shorter overall & disease-free survival in acute myeloid leukemia. Survival was worse in those patients also carrying a FLT3 internal tandem duplication.
      Title: Expression of CD25 independently predicts early treatment failure of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).
    4. The peripheral or intrahepatic frequency of CD25- FOXP3- Tregs in HCC patients is higher than those in other groups.
      Title: Comparative analyses of regulatory T cell subsets in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a crucial role of CD25(-) FOXP3(-) T cells.
    5. Environments in which IL-7-IL-7 receptor signaling is enhanced favor alloreactive and autoreactive T cell expansion by releasing T cells from the inhibitory network ofCD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs.
      Title: IL-7 abrogates suppressive activity of human CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and allows expansion of alloreactive and autoreactive T cells.
    6. Characteristics of CD25 expression may shed light on immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis of bile canaliculus in both basic and clinical hepatic investigations.
      Title: CD25 is a novel marker of hepatic bile canaliculus.
    7. GdA reduces the surface expression of the high-affinity IL-2R complex by down-regulating the synthesis of IL-2Ralpha (CD25).
      Title: Glycodelin-A interferes with IL-2/IL-2R signalling to induce cell growth arrest, loss of effector functions and apoptosis in T-lymphocytes.
    8. chronic T cell activation in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is associated with elevated levels of sCD14 and sCD25.
      Title: Chronic immune activation in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is associated with elevated serum levels of soluble CD14 and CD25 but not endotoxaemia.
    9. serum sIL-2R level elevates in acute type leukemias like mature type Lymphoproliferative disorders, and increased sIL-2R levels in adult Acute myeloid leukemia are correlated with certain biological and clinical characteristics.
      Title: High serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in acute myeloid leukemia: correlation with poor prognosis and CD4 expression on blast cells.
    10. Estradiol can increase the expression of IL2R on MCF-7 cells.
      Title: [Expression of interleukin-2 receptors on breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cells].
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all (222)

    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    NHGRI GWAS Catalog

    show more
    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env CD4+ T cells infected with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 have significantly higher levels of activation-marker expression (e.g. CD25, CD71 and HLA-DR) than CD4+ T lymphocytes infected with CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 PubMed
    env The inhibition of IL-2R expression and proliferation induced by the interaction of CD4 with HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 is correlated with the inhibition of expression and activation of Janus kinase JAK3 PubMed
    env HIV-1 gp120 exerts a dose-dependent reduction of IL-2 mRNA expression, IL-2 production, and surface IL-2 receptor expression in CD4+ lymphocytes PubMed
    Envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 env An HIV-1 gp41 peptide (amino acid residues 581-597) inhibits both protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent interleukin 2 (IL 2) production and the [Ca2+]i influx-dependent but PKC-independent induction of IL 2 receptor expression PubMed
    Nef, p27 nef HIV-1 Nef-pulsed mDCs downregulate HLA-DR expression and upregulate CD25 and CCR7 expression in NK cells PubMed
    nef HIV-1 Nef expression in the CD4+ T-cell line MT2 and in PHA-activated PBMCs downregulates the expression of IL-2R from the cell surface PubMed
    Tat, p14 tat Four mutations (C27S, K51T, R55L, and G79A) on HIV-1 Tat result in the loss of the deleterious effects of Tat on the expression of MHC I, IL-2, and CD25 genes compared with wild-type Tat in Jurkat cells PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat downregulates IL-2R in Jurkat and H9 T-cell lines, an effect that may contribute to the immunosuppressive effects of HIV-1 Tat PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat upregulates IL-2Ralpha (CD25) in PBMCs and purified T cells through integrins alpha-3 and alpha-5 PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Protein Interaction Database

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description
    NP_000408.1 NP_000577.2 IL2    BIND  PubMed IL2 interacts with IL2RA. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between radiolabeled IL2 from an unspecified species and IL2RA from human. 
    P01589 P01730 CD4    HPRD  PubMed  
    P01589 P05362 ICAM1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P01589 P60568 IL2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P01589 P01589 IL2RA    HPRD  PubMed  
    P01589 P14784 IL2RB    HPRD  PubMed  
    P01589 P19838 NFKB1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P01589 P40763 STAT3    HPRD  PubMed  
    P01589 P51692 STAT5B    HPRD  PubMed  
    BioGRID:109774 BioGRID:109610 ICAM1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:109774 BioGRID:109774 IL2RA    BioGRID  PubMed FRET 
    • Arf6 trafficking events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Arf6 trafficking events, organism-specific biosystem
      Arf6 trafficking events
    • Calcineurin-regulated NFAT-dependent transcription in lymphocytes, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Calcineurin-regulated NFAT-dependent transcription in lymphocytes, organism-specific biosystem
      Calcineurin-regulated NFAT-dependent transcription in lymphocytes
    • Calcium signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Calcium signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      Calcium signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway
    • Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystemCytokines are small proteins that regulate and mediate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. They are secreted in response to immune stimuli, and usually act briefly, locally, at very low concen...
    • Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, organism-specific biosystemCytokines are soluble extracellular proteins or glycoproteins that are crucial intercellular regulators and mobilizers of cells engaged in innate as well as adaptive inflammatory host defenses, cell ...
    • Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, conserved biosystemCytokines are soluble extracellular proteins or glycoproteins that are crucial intercellular regulators and mobilizers of cells engaged in innate as well as adaptive inflammatory host defenses, cell ...
    • Downstream signaling in naive CD8+ T cells, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Downstream signaling in naive CD8+ T cells, organism-specific biosystem
      Downstream signaling in naive CD8+ T cells
    • Endocytosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Endocytosis, organism-specific biosystemEndocytosis is a mechanism for cells to remove ligands, nutrients, and plasma membrane (PM) proteins, and lipids from the cell surface, bringing them into the cell interior. Transmembrane proteins en...
    • Endocytosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Endocytosis, conserved biosystemEndocytosis is a mechanism for cells to remove ligands, nutrients, and plasma membrane (PM) proteins, and lipids from the cell surface, bringing them into the cell interior. Transmembrane proteins en...
    • HTLV-I infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      HTLV-I infection, organism-specific biosystemHuman T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic retrovirus that is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). It is also strongly implicated in non-neoplastic chronic inflammato...
    • HTLV-I infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      HTLV-I infection, conserved biosystemHuman T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic retrovirus that is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). It is also strongly implicated in non-neoplastic chronic inflammato...
    • Hematopoietic cell lineage, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Hematopoietic cell lineage, organism-specific biosystemBlood-cell development progresses from a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), which can undergo either self-renewal or differentiation into a multilineage committed progenitor cell: a common lymphoid proge...
    • Hematopoietic cell lineage, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Hematopoietic cell lineage, conserved biosystemBlood-cell development progresses from a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), which can undergo either self-renewal or differentiation into a multilineage committed progenitor cell: a common lymphoid proge...
    • IL-2 Signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      IL-2 Signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemIL-2 is a multifunctional cytokine with pleiotropic effects on several cells of the immune system. IL-2 was originally discovered as a T cell growth factor, but it was also found to have actions rela...
    • IL12 signaling mediated by STAT4, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      IL12 signaling mediated by STAT4, organism-specific biosystem
      IL12 signaling mediated by STAT4
    • IL12-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      IL12-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
      IL12-mediated signaling events
    • IL2 signaling events mediated by PI3K, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      IL2 signaling events mediated by PI3K, organism-specific biosystem
      IL2 signaling events mediated by PI3K
    • IL2 signaling events mediated by STAT5, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      IL2 signaling events mediated by STAT5, organism-specific biosystem
      IL2 signaling events mediated by STAT5
    • IL2-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      IL2-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
      IL2-mediated signaling events
    • Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Immune System, organism-specific biosystemHumans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, through contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Our ability to avoid infection depends on the adaptive immune system and during the first crit...
    • Inflammatory Response Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Inflammatory Response Pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      Inflammatory Response Pathway
    • Interleukin receptor SHC signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Interleukin receptor SHC signaling, organism-specific biosystemPhosphorylation of Shc at three tyrosine residues, 239, 240 (Gotoh et al. 1996) and 317 (Salcini et al. 1994) involves unidentified tyrosine kinases presumed to be part of the activated receptor comp...
    • Interleukin-2 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Interleukin-2 signaling, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine that is produced by T cells in response to antigen stimulation. Originally, IL-2 was discovered because of its potent growth factor activity on activated T cells in...
    • Interleukin-3, 5 and GM-CSF signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Interleukin-3, 5 and GM-CSF signaling, organism-specific biosystemThe Interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-5 and Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptors form a family of heterodimeric receptors that have specific alpha chains but share a common beta...
    • Jak-STAT signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Jak-STAT signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is one of a handful of pleiotropic cascades used to transduce a multitude of signals for development and homeost...
    • Jak-STAT signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Jak-STAT signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is one of a handful of pleiotropic cascades used to transduce a multitude of signals for development and homeost...
    • Measles, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Measles, organism-specific biosystemMeasles virus (MV) is highly contagious virus that leads infant death worldwide. Humans are the unique natural reservoir for this virus. It causes severe immunosuppression favouring secondary bacteri...
    • Measles, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Measles, conserved biosystemMeasles virus (MV) is highly contagious virus that leads infant death worldwide. Humans are the unique natural reservoir for this virus. It causes severe immunosuppression favouring secondary bacteri...
    • PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe phosphatidylinositol 3' -kinase(PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway is activated by many types of cellular stimuli or toxic insults and regulates fundamental cellular functions such as transcription, tra...
    • PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe phosphatidylinositol 3' -kinase(PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway is activated by many types of cellular stimuli or toxic insults and regulates fundamental cellular functions such as transcription, tra...
    • Signaling by Interleukins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by Interleukins, organism-specific biosystemInterleukins are low molecular weight proteins that bind to cell surface receptors and act in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion. They were first identified as factors produced by leukocytes but a...
    • TSLP Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      TSLP Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a type I cytokine member of interleukin-2 cytokine family. TSLP signals through interleukin-7 receptor a chain (IL-7Ra) and the TSLP receptor subunit (TSLPR), h...

    Markers

    Genotypes

    Homology

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    drug binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    interleukin-2 binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    interleukin-2 receptor activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    Notch signaling pathway IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    activation-induced cell death of T cells IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    apoptotic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    cell proliferation TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    cell surface receptor signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    immune response TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    negative regulation of T cell proliferation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    negative regulation of defense response to virus IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    negative regulation of immune response IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    negative regulation of inflammatory response IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of T cell differentiation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of apoptotic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    external side of plasma membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    integral to membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    plasma membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    Preferred Names
    interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha
    Names
    interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha
    p55
    IL2-RA
    IL-2-RA
    TAC antigen
    IL-2R subunit alpha
    IL-2 receptor subunit alpha

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_007403.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      4940..56616
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics), LRG_73

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_000417.2 → NP_000408.1  interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha precursor

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AL137186, AL157395, X01057
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS7076.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P01589
      Related
      ENSP00000369293, OTTHUMP00000019030, ENST00000379959, OTTHUMT00000046627
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd00033
      Location:125 – 184
      Blast Score: 95
      CCP; Complement control protein (CCP) modules (aka short consensus repeats SCRs or SUSHI repeats) have been identified in several proteins of the complement system
      cl00043
      Location:26 – 78
      Blast Score: 79
      CCP; Complement control protein (CCP) modules (aka short consensus repeats SCRs or SUSHI repeats) have been identified in several proteins of the complement system

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: Homo sapiens Annotation Release 104

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh37.p10 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000010.10 Reference GRCh37.p10 Primary Assembly

      Range
      6052657..6104333, complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate HuRef

    Genomic

    1. AC_000142.1 Alternate HuRef

      Range
      5979490..6030662, complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate CHM1_1.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_018921.1 Alternate CHM1_1.0

      Range
      5966860..6017868, complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    genomic ABBA01034769.1 (94100..145272) None
    genomic AL137186.18 (144396..191607) None
    genomic AL157395.17 (1999..6465) None
    genomic AMYH01002002.1 (593491..644499) None
    genomic AY563103.1 AAS55572.1
    genomic BN000945.1 CAK26553.1
    genomic CH471072.2 EAW86412.1
      EAW86413.1
      EAW86414.1
    genomic HI573910.1 CBX47444.1
    genomic JA738831.1 CCF77061.1
    genomic M11066.1 AAA67527.1
    genomic M15864.1 AAA59162.1
    genomic X03131.1 CAA26906.1
    genomic X03138.1 None
    mRNA AF008556.1 AAB63458.1
    mRNA AK223313.1 BAD97033.1
    mRNA AK313847.1 BAG36576.1
    mRNA K03122.1 AAB59535.1
    mRNA M14098.1 AAA59142.1
    mRNA X01057.1 CAA25525.1
    other-genetic BC152889.1 AAI52890.1
    other-genetic BC156627.1 AAI56628.1
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    P01589.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P01589

    Additional Links

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

    Chemical Information
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    Research Materials
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      Supplemental Content

      Table of contents

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        3D structure of a gene
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        BioAssay, by Protein Target
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        BioAssays, RNAi Target,Active
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        BioSystems
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      • ClinVar
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      • Conserved Domains
        Conserved Domain Database Links between Entrez Gene and Conserved Domain Database (CDD) are calculated from the domains annotated by the CDD group on Reference Sequence proteins.
      • dbVar
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        Full text in PubMedCentral identified from shared sequence links
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        Genome records having the gene annotated on corresponding genomic reference sequence.
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        GTR associated with a gene
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        PubChem Compounds
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        PubChem Substances
      • PubMed
        Links between Gene and PubMed are the result of the following: 1. Manual curation within NCBI. Part of the process of generating a REVIEWED RefSeq is an analysis of the current literature. Papers that are seminal in defining the gene, its sequence, and its function are added to the record at that time. Alert users point out gaps or errors in papers associated with a Gene record. These messages are reviewed and implemented as required. 2. Integration of information from other public databases. Gene integrates gene-citation from resources external to NCBI such as model organism-specific databases, Gene Ontology (GO), groups curating interactions, and sequence databases. The assumption in using these source is that they report citations specific to a gene in a known species. Gene does not process citations from OMIM automatically, because many of citations in OMIM refer to studies of genes in species other than human.
      • PubMed (GeneRIF)
        GeneRIF -- Gene Reference Into Function Staff of the Index Section in the National Library of Medicine review the current literature. When they find articles focused on the structure and function of a gene, they write a brief summary of the impact of the paper and make the connection between the citation (PubMed) and Gene. An interface exists for interested users to submit such data as well. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/GeneRIF/GeneRIFhelp.html
      • PubMed (OMIM)
        Links are provided when Gene has a link to a record in OMIM, and OMIM explicitly cites these publications in PubMed.
      • PubMed(nucleotide/PMC)
        Citations in PubMed identified from shared sequence and PMC links.
      • RefSeq Proteins
        Link to Protein RefSeqs
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        Link to Nucleotide RefSeq RNAs
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        Link to Nucleotide RefSeqGenes
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        Gene Genotype Report
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        Related Clinical SNP
      • Taxonomy
        Link to related taxonomy entry
      • UniGene
        Links are provided between Gene and UniGene when both databases calculate links to the same mRNA record (gi).
      • UniSTS
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