- Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes, organism-specific biosystemThe ISG proteins generated by IFN pathways plays key roles in the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses.
- Cell Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cell Cycle, organism-specific biosystem
Cell Cycle
- Cell Cycle, Mitotic, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cell Cycle, Mitotic, organism-specific biosystemThe replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells are controlled by a series of events collectively known as the cell cycle. DNA replication is carried o...
- Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystemCytokines are small proteins that regulate and mediate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. They are secreted in response to immune stimuli, and usually act briefly, locally, at very low concen...
- DNA Replication, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
DNA Replication, organism-specific biosystemStudies in the past decade have suggested that the basic mechanism of DNA replication initiation is conserved in all kingdoms of life. Initiation in unicellular eukaryotes, in particular Saccharomyce...
- Disease, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Disease, organism-specific biosystemBiological processes are captured in Reactome by identifying the molecules (DNA, RNA, protein, small molecules) involved in them and describing the details of their interactions. From this molecular ...
- Export of Viral Ribonucleoproteins from Nucleus, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Export of Viral Ribonucleoproteins from Nucleus, organism-specific biosystemInfluenza genomic RNA (vRNA), synthesized in the nucleus of the infected host cell, is packaged into ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes containing viral polymerase proteins and NP (nucleocapsid). NP ...
- Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystemGene Expression covers the pathways by which genomic DNA is transcribed to yield RNA, the regulation of these transcription processes, and the pathways by which newly-made RNA Transcripts are process...
- Glucose transport, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Glucose transport, organism-specific biosystemCells take up glucose by facilitated diffusion, via glucose transporters (GLUTs) associated with the plasma membrane, a reversible reaction (Joost and Thorens 2001). Four tissue-specific GLUT isoform...
- HIV Infection, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
HIV Infection, organism-specific biosystemThe global pandemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection has resulted in tens of millions of people infected by the virus and millions more affected. UNAIDS estimates around 40 million ...
- HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystemThe life cycle of HIV-1 is divided into early and late phases, shown schematically in the figure. In the early phase, an HIV-1 virion binds to receptors and co-receptors on the human host cell surfac...
- Hexose transport, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Hexose transport, organism-specific biosystemHexoses, notably fructose, glucose, and galactose, generated in the lumen of the small intestine by breakdown of dietary carbohydrate are taken up by enterocytes lining the microvilli of the small in...
- Host Interactions of HIV factors, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Host Interactions of HIV factors, organism-specific biosystemLike all viruses, HIV-1 must co-opt the host cell macromolecular transport and processing machinery. HIV-1 Vpr and Rev proteins play key roles in this co-optation. Efficient HIV-1 replication likewis...
- ISG15 antiviral mechanism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
ISG15 antiviral mechanism, organism-specific biosystemInterferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a member of the ubiquitin-like (Ubl) family. It is strongly induced upon exposure to type I Interferons (IFNs), viruses, bacterial LPS, and other stresses. On...
- Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Immune System, organism-specific biosystemHumans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, through contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Our ability to avoid infection depends on the adaptive immune system and during the first crit...
- Influenza Infection, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Influenza Infection, organism-specific biosystemFor centuries influenza epidemics have plagued man, and influenza was probably the disease described by Hippocrates in 412 BC. Today it remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with...
- Influenza Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Influenza Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystemThe virus particle initially associates with a human host cell by binding to sialic acid-containing receptors on the host cell surface. The bound virus is endocytosed by one of four distinct mechanis...
- Interactions of Rev with host cellular proteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Interactions of Rev with host cellular proteins, organism-specific biosystemIn order to facilitate the transport of incompletely spliced HIV-1 transcripts, Rev shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus using host cell transport mechanisms (reviewed in Li et al. 2005). Nucl...
- Interactions of Vpr with host cellular proteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Interactions of Vpr with host cellular proteins, organism-specific biosystemVpr has been implicated in multiple processes during HIV-1 replication, including nuclear import of the pre-integration complex (PIC)(Heinzinger et al., 1994), apoptosis (Stewart et al., 1997) and in...
- Interferon Signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Interferon Signaling, organism-specific biosystemInterferons (IFNs) are cytokines that play a central role in initiating immune responses, especially antiviral and antitumor effects. There are three types of IFNs:Type I (IFN-alpha, -beta and others...
- Late Phase of HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Late Phase of HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystemThe late phase of the HIV-1 life cycle includes the regulated expression of the HIV gene products and the assembly of viral particles. The assembly of viral particles will be covered in a later relea...
- M Phase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
M Phase, organism-specific biosystemMitosis, or the M phase, involves nuclear division and cytokinesis, where two identical daughter cells are produced. Mitosis involves prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Fin...
- Metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism, organism-specific biosystemMetabolic processes in human cells generate energy through the oxidation of molecules consumed in the diet and mediate the synthesis of diverse essential molecules not taken in the diet as well as th...
- Metabolism of carbohydrates, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism of carbohydrates, organism-specific biosystemThese pathways together are responsible for: 1) the extraction of energy and carbon skeletons for biosyntheses from dietary sugars and related molecules; 2) the short-term storage of glucose in the b...
- Metabolism of non-coding RNA, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism of non-coding RNA, organism-specific biosystemThe term non-coding is commonly employed for RNA that does not encode a protein, but this does not mean that such RNAs do not contain information nor have function. There is considerable evidence tha...
- Mitotic M-M/G1 phases, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Mitotic M-M/G1 phases, organism-specific biosystem
Mitotic M-M/G1 phases
- Mitotic Prometaphase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Mitotic Prometaphase, organism-specific biosystemThe dissolution of the nuclear membrane marks the beginning of the prometaphase. Kinetochores are created when proteins attach to the centromeres. Microtubules then attach at the kinetochores, and ...
- NEP/NS2 Interacts with the Cellular Export Machinery, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
NEP/NS2 Interacts with the Cellular Export Machinery, organism-specific biosystemThe viral RNP complex is exported from the nucleus via the host cell CRM1 export pathway (Fukuda, 1997; Neumann, 2000; reviewed in Buolo, 2006). The vRNP complex does not interact directly with CRM1 ...
- Nuclear import of Rev protein, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Nuclear import of Rev protein, organism-specific biosystemNuclear import of Rev involves the cellular proteins including importin-beta and B23 and is mediated by an arginine-rich nuclear localization signal (NLS) within the RNA binding domain of the Rev pr...
- Nuclear pore complex, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Nuclear pore complex, organism-specific biosystemStructural complex; Genetic information processing; RNA processing
- Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA, organism-specific biosystemCo-transcriptional pre-mRNA splicing is not obligatory. Pre-mRNA splicing begins co-transcriptionally and often continues post-transcriptionally. Human genes contain an average of nine introns per ge...
- RNA transport, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
RNA transport, organism-specific biosystemRNA transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is fundamental for gene expression. The different RNA species that are produced in the nucleus are exported through the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) ...
- RNA transport, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
RNA transport, conserved biosystemRNA transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is fundamental for gene expression. The different RNA species that are produced in the nucleus are exported through the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) ...
- Regulation of Glucokinase by Glucokinase Regulatory Protein, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulation of Glucokinase by Glucokinase Regulatory Protein, organism-specific biosystemGlucokinase (GCK1) is negatively regulated by glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP), which reversibly binds the enzyme to form an inactive complex. Binding is stimulated by fructose 6-phosphate and s...
- Rev-mediated nuclear export of HIV-1 RNA, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Rev-mediated nuclear export of HIV-1 RNA, organism-specific biosystemThe HIV-1 genome contains 9 genes encoded by a single transcript. In order for the virus to replicate, unspliced, singly-spliced and fully spliced viral mRNA must be exported from the nucleus. The H...
- SLC-mediated transmembrane transport, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport, organism-specific biosystemProteins with transporting functions can be roughly classified into 3 categories: ATP-powered pumps, ion channels, and transporters. Pumps utilize the energy released by ATP hydrolysis to power the m...
- Transmembrane transport of small molecules, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transmembrane transport of small molecules, organism-specific biosystem
Transmembrane transport of small molecules
- Transport of Mature Transcript to Cytoplasm, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transport of Mature Transcript to Cytoplasm, organism-specific biosystemTransport of mRNA through the Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) is a dynamic process involving distinct machinery and receptor subsets. The separation of the two compartments and the regulation of this tran...
- Transport of Mature mRNA Derived from an Intronless Transcript, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transport of Mature mRNA Derived from an Intronless Transcript, organism-specific biosystemTransport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is translated into protein, is highly selective and closely coupled to correct RNA processing.
- Transport of Mature mRNA derived from an Intron-Containing Transcript, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transport of Mature mRNA derived from an Intron-Containing Transcript, organism-specific biosystemTransport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is translated into protein, is highly selective and closely coupled to correct RNA processing. This coupling is achieved by the nuclear p...
- Transport of Mature mRNAs Derived from Intronless Transcripts, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transport of Mature mRNAs Derived from Intronless Transcripts, organism-specific biosystemTransport of mature mRNAs derived from intronless transcripts require some of the same protein complexes as mRNAs derived from intron containing complexes, including TAP and Aly/Ref. However a number...
- Transport of Ribonucleoproteins into the Host Nucleus, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transport of Ribonucleoproteins into the Host Nucleus, organism-specific biosystemAn unusual characteristic of the influenza virus life cycle is its dependence on the nucleus. Trafficking of the viral genome into and out of the nucleus is a tightly regulated process with all viral...
- Transport of the SLBP Dependant Mature mRNA, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transport of the SLBP Dependant Mature mRNA, organism-specific biosystemTransport of U7 snRNP and stem-loop binding protein (SLBP) processed mRNA.
- Transport of the SLBP independent Mature mRNA, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transport of the SLBP independent Mature mRNA, organism-specific biosystemTransport of the SLBP independent Mature mRNA through the nuclear pore.
- Vpr-mediated nuclear import of PICs, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Vpr-mediated nuclear import of PICs, organism-specific biosystemVpr appears to function in anchoring the PIC to the nuclear envelope. This anchoring likely involves interactions between Vpr and host nucleoporins.
- snRNP Assembly, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
snRNP Assembly, organism-specific biosystemSmall nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) are crucial for pre-mRNA processing to mRNAs. Each snRNP contains a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and an extremely stable core of seven Sm proteins. The U6 snRNA...