- ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12, organism-specific biosystemCo-activation of P2Y1 and P2Y12 is necessary for complete platelet activation. P2Y1 is coupled to Gq and helps trigger the release of calcium from internal stores, leading to weak and reversible plat...
- Activation of GABAB receptors, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Activation of GABAB receptors, organism-specific biosystemGABA B receptors are metabotropic receptors that are functionally linked to C type G protein coupled receptors.? GABA B receptors are activated upon ligand binding. The GABA B1 subunit binds ligand a...
- Adenylate cyclase inhibitory pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Adenylate cyclase inhibitory pathway, organism-specific biosystemGuanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) alpha (Gi-alpha) inhibits adenylate cyclase, thus inhibiting the production of cAMP from ATP and ultimately decreasing the activity of cAMP-dependent protein k...
- Alcoholism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Alcoholism, organism-specific biosystemAlcoholism, also called dependence on alcohol (ethanol), is a chronic relapsing disorder that is progressive and has serious detrimental health outcomes. As one of the primary mediators of the reward...
- Alcoholism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Alcoholism, conserved biosystemAlcoholism, also called dependence on alcohol (ethanol), is a chronic relapsing disorder that is progressive and has serious detrimental health outcomes. As one of the primary mediators of the reward...
- Axon guidance, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Axon guidance, organism-specific biosystemAxon guidance represents a key stage in the formation of neuronal network. Axons are guided by a variety of guidance factors, such as netrins, ephrins, Slits, and semaphorins. These guidance cues are...
- Axon guidance, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Axon guidance, conserved biosystemAxon guidance represents a key stage in the formation of neuronal network. Axons are guided by a variety of guidance factors, such as netrins, ephrins, Slits, and semaphorins. These guidance cues are...
- CXCR3-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
CXCR3-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
CXCR3-mediated signaling events
- Calcium Regulation in the Cardiac Cell, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Calcium Regulation in the Cardiac Cell, organism-specific biosystemCalcium is a common signaling mechanism, as once it enters the cytoplasm it exerts allosteric regulatory affects on many enzymes and proteins. Calcium can act in signal transduction after influx resu...
- Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), organism-specific biosystemTrypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease. The parasite life cycle involves hematophagous reduviid bugs as vectors. Once parasites enter the host body, they ...
- Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), conserved biosystemTrypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease. The parasite life cycle involves hematophagous reduviid bugs as vectors. Once parasites enter the host body, they ...
- Chemokine signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Chemokine signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemInflammatory immune response requires the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of inflammation upon foreign insult. Chemokines are small chemoattractant peptides that provide directional cues for th...
- Chemokine signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Chemokine signaling pathway, conserved biosystemInflammatory immune response requires the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of inflammation upon foreign insult. Chemokines are small chemoattractant peptides that provide directional cues for th...
- Cholinergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Cholinergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemAcetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as lear...
- Circadian entrainment, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Circadian entrainment, organism-specific biosystemCircadian entrainment is a fundamental property by which the period of the internal biological clock is entrained by recurring exogenous signals, such that the organism's endocrine and behavioral rhy...
- Circadian entrainment, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Circadian entrainment, conserved biosystemCircadian entrainment is a fundamental property by which the period of the internal biological clock is entrained by recurring exogenous signals, such that the organism's endocrine and behavioral rhy...
- Cocaine addiction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Cocaine addiction, organism-specific biosystemDrug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder in which compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior persists despite serious negative consequences.There is strong evidence that the dopaminergic...
- Cocaine addiction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Cocaine addiction, conserved biosystemDrug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder in which compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior persists despite serious negative consequences.There is strong evidence that the dopaminergic...
- Dopaminergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Dopaminergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemDopamine (DA) is an important and prototypical slow neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, where it controls a variety of functions including locomotor activity, motivation and reward, learning an...
- Dopaminergic synapse, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Dopaminergic synapse, conserved biosystemDopamine (DA) is an important and prototypical slow neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, where it controls a variety of functions including locomotor activity, motivation and reward, learning an...
- EGF receptor (ErbB1) signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
EGF receptor (ErbB1) signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
EGF receptor (ErbB1) signaling pathway
- Estrogen signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Estrogen signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemEstrogens are steroid hormones that regulate a plethora of physiological processes in mammals, including reproduction, cardiovascular protection, bone integrity, cellular homeostasis, and behavior. E...
- Estrogen signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Estrogen signaling pathway, conserved biosystemEstrogens are steroid hormones that regulate a plethora of physiological processes in mammals, including reproduction, cardiovascular protection, bone integrity, cellular homeostasis, and behavior. E...
- G Protein Signaling Pathways, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
G Protein Signaling Pathways, organism-specific biosystemG proteins, short for guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins involved in second messenger cascades. G proteins are so called because they function as "molecular switches". They...
- G alpha (i) signalling events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
G alpha (i) signalling events, organism-specific biosystemThe classical signalling mechanism for G alpha (i) is inhibition of the cAMP dependent pathway through inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Decreased production of cAMP from ATP results in decreased act...
- G alpha (s) signalling events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
G alpha (s) signalling events, organism-specific biosystemThe general function of the G alpha (s) subunit (Gs) is to activate adenylate cyclase, which in turn produces cAMP, leading to the activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinases (often referred to col...
- G alpha (z) signalling events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
G alpha (z) signalling events, organism-specific biosystemThe heterotrimeric G protein Gz, is a member of the Gi family. Unlike other Gi family members it lacks an ADP ribosylation site cysteine four residues from the carboxyl terminus and is thus pertussis...
- G-protein activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
G-protein activation, organism-specific biosystemReceptor activated heterotrimeric G proteins consist of the Galpha and the tightly associated Gbeta-gamma subunits. When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, it stabilises a conformation ...
- G-protein mediated events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
G-protein mediated events, organism-specific biosystemWhen dissociated Galpha-GTP and Gbeta-gamma can activate or inhibit different signalling cascades and effector proteins. The precise pathways depends on the identity of the alpha and beta/gamma subty...
- GABA B receptor activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
GABA B receptor activation, organism-specific biosystemFunctional GABA B receptors are heteromers of GABA B1 and B2 subunits, complexed with G protein alpha-i, 0, beta, and gamma subunits. They function as metabotropic receptors. When GABA is bound to th...
- GABA receptor activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
GABA receptor activation, organism-specific biosystemGamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are the major inhibitory receptors in human synapses. They are of two types. GABA A receptors are fast-acting ligand gated chloride ion channels that mediate ...
- GABAergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
GABAergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemGamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). When released in the synaptic cleft, GABA binds to three major classes o...
- GABAergic synapse, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
GABAergic synapse, conserved biosystemGamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). When released in the synaptic cleft, GABA binds to three major classes o...
- GPCR downstream signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
GPCR downstream signaling, organism-specific biosystemG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are classically defined as the receptor, G-protein and downstream effectors, the alpha subunit of the G-protein being the primary signaling molecule. However, it h...
- Gap junction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Gap junction, organism-specific biosystemGap junctions contain intercellular channels that allow direct communication between the cytosolic compartments of adjacent cells. Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of two 'hemichannels'...
- Gap junction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Gap junction, conserved biosystemGap junctions contain intercellular channels that allow direct communication between the cytosolic compartments of adjacent cells. Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of two 'hemichannels'...
- Gastric acid secretion, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Gastric acid secretion, organism-specific biosystemGastric acid is a key factor in normal upper gastrointestinal functions, including protein digestion and calcium and iron absorption, as well as providing some protection against bacterial infections...
- Gastric acid secretion, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Gastric acid secretion, conserved biosystemGastric acid is a key factor in normal upper gastrointestinal functions, including protein digestion and calcium and iron absorption, as well as providing some protection against bacterial infections...
- Glutamatergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Glutamatergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synap...
- Glutamatergic synapse, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Glutamatergic synapse, conserved biosystemGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synap...
- Hemostasis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Hemostasis, organism-specific biosystemHemostasis is a physiological response that culminates in the arrest of bleeding from an injured vessel. Under normal conditions the vascular endothelium supports vasodilation, inhibits platelet adhe...
- Inhibition of adenylate cyclase pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Inhibition of adenylate cyclase pathway, organism-specific biosystemGABA B receptors are G protein coupled receptors that are activated by GABA binding to the B1 subunit and B2 subunit alters the activity of adenylate cyclase by interacting with the G alpha i/alpha 0...
- LPA receptor mediated events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
LPA receptor mediated events, organism-specific biosystem
LPA receptor mediated events
- Leukocyte transendothelial migration, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Leukocyte transendothelial migration, organism-specific biosystemLeukocyte migaration from the blood into tissues is vital for immune surveillance and inflammation. During this diapedesis of leukocytes, the leukocytes bind to endothelial cell adhesion molecules (C...
- Leukocyte transendothelial migration, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Leukocyte transendothelial migration, conserved biosystemLeukocyte migaration from the blood into tissues is vital for immune surveillance and inflammation. During this diapedesis of leukocytes, the leukocytes bind to endothelial cell adhesion molecules (C...
- Long-term depression, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Long-term depression, organism-specific biosystemCerebellar long-term depression (LTD), thought to be a molecular and cellular basis for cerebellar learning, is a process involving a decrease in the synaptic strength between parallel fiber (PF) and...
- Long-term depression, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Long-term depression, conserved biosystemCerebellar long-term depression (LTD), thought to be a molecular and cellular basis for cerebellar learning, is a process involving a decrease in the synaptic strength between parallel fiber (PF) and...
- Melanogenesis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Melanogenesis, organism-specific biosystemCutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory cont...
- Melanogenesis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Melanogenesis, conserved biosystemCutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory cont...
- Morphine addiction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Morphine addiction, organism-specific biosystemMorphine is an alkaloid from the plant extracts of opium poppy. Although morphine is highly effective for the treatment of pain, it is also known to be intensely addictive. We now know that the most ...
- Morphine addiction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Morphine addiction, conserved biosystemMorphine is an alkaloid from the plant extracts of opium poppy. Although morphine is highly effective for the treatment of pain, it is also known to be intensely addictive. We now know that the most ...
- Neuronal System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Neuronal System, organism-specific biosystemThe human brain contains at least 100 billion neurons, each with the ability to influence many other cells. Clearly, highly sophisticated and efficient mechanisms are needed to enable communication a...
- Neurotransmitter Receptor Binding And Downstream Transmission In The Postsynaptic Cell, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Neurotransmitter Receptor Binding And Downstream Transmission In The Postsynaptic Cell, organism-specific biosystemThe neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft released by the pre-synaptic neuron binds specific receptors located on the post-synaptic terminal. These receptors are either ion channels or G protein cou...
- Opioid Signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Opioid Signalling, organism-specific biosystemOpioids are chemical substances similar to opiates, the active substances found in opium (morphine, codeine etc.). Opioid action is mediated by the receptors for endogenous opioids; peptides such as...
- PLC beta mediated events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
PLC beta mediated events, organism-specific biosystemThe phospholipase C (PLC) family of enzymes is both diverse and complex. The isoforms beta, gamma and delta (each have subtypes) make up the members of this family. PLC hydrolyzes phosphatidylinosito...
- Pertussis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Pertussis, organism-specific biosystemPertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by a bacteria called Bordetella Pertussis. The characteristic symptoms are paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whe...
- Pertussis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Pertussis, conserved biosystemPertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by a bacteria called Bordetella Pertussis. The characteristic symptoms are paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whe...
- Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation, organism-specific biosystemPlatelet activation begins with the initial binding of adhesive ligands and of the excitatory platelet agonists (released or generated at the sites of vascular trauma) to cognate receptors on the pla...
- Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, organism-specific biosystemXenopus oocytes are naturally arrested at G2 of meiosis I. Exposure to either insulin/IGF-1 or the steroid hormone progesterone breaks this arrest and induces resumption of the two meiotic division c...
- Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, conserved biosystemXenopus oocytes are naturally arrested at G2 of meiosis I. Exposure to either insulin/IGF-1 or the steroid hormone progesterone breaks this arrest and induces resumption of the two meiotic division c...
- Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, organism-specific biosystemEndogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) serve as retrograde messengers at synapses in various regions of the brain. The family of endocannabinoids includes at least five derivatives of arachidonic...
- Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, conserved biosystemEndogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) serve as retrograde messengers at synapses in various regions of the brain. The family of endocannabinoids includes at least five derivatives of arachidonic...
- S1P1 pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
S1P1 pathway, organism-specific biosystem
S1P1 pathway
- S1P2 pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
S1P2 pathway, organism-specific biosystem
S1P2 pathway
- S1P3 pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
S1P3 pathway, organism-specific biosystem
S1P3 pathway
- S1P4 pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
S1P4 pathway, organism-specific biosystem
S1P4 pathway
- S1P5 pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
S1P5 pathway, organism-specific biosystem
S1P5 pathway
- Serotonergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Serotonergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemSerotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays important roles in physiological functions such as learning and memory, emotion, sleep, pain, motor function and endoc...
- Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystemSignal transduction is a process in which extracellular signals elicit changes in cell state and activity. Transmembrane receptors sense changes in the cellular environment by binding ligands, such a...
- Signal Transduction of S1P Receptor, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Signal Transduction of S1P Receptor, organism-specific biosystemMetabolism of sphingomyelin by the sphingomyelinase, ceramidase (Cer'ase) and the sphingosine kinase (SK) enzymes results in formation of S1P and receptor activation. Autocrine and paracrine modes of...
- Signal amplification, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signal amplification, organism-specific biosystemIn the initial response to injury, platelets adhere to damaged blood vessels, responding to the exposure of collagen from the vascular epithelium. Once adhered they degranulate, releasing stored seco...
- Signaling by GPCR, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signaling by GPCR, organism-specific biosystemG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs; 7TM receptors; seven transmembrane domain receptors; heptahelical receptors; G protein-linked receptors [GPLR]) are the largest family of transmembrane receptors i...
- Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) pathway, organism-specific biosystem
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) pathway
- TSH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
TSH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemHuman thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is a glycoprotein secreted by the anterior part of the pituitary gland (1). TSH plays an important physiological role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pit...
- Tight junction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Tight junction, organism-specific biosystemEpithelial tight junctions (TJs) are composed of at least three types of transmembrane protein -occludin, claudin and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs)- and a cytoplasmic 'plaque' consisting of ma...
- Tight junction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Tight junction, conserved biosystemEpithelial tight junctions (TJs) are composed of at least three types of transmembrane protein -occludin, claudin and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs)- and a cytoplasmic 'plaque' consisting of ma...
- Toxoplasmosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Toxoplasmosis, organism-specific biosystemToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is prevalent worldwide. The tachyzoite form acquired by oral ingestion downmodulates proinflammatory signaling pathways via various mechan...
- Toxoplasmosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Toxoplasmosis, conserved biosystemToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is prevalent worldwide. The tachyzoite form acquired by oral ingestion downmodulates proinflammatory signaling pathways via various mechan...
- Transmission across Chemical Synapses, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses, organism-specific biosystemChemical synapses are specialized junctions that are used for communication between neurons, neurons and muscle or gland cells. The synapse involves a pre-synaptic neuron and a post-synaptic neuron,...