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    CSF2 colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage) [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 1437, updated on 13-Jun-2013
    Official Symbol
    CSF2provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)provided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:2434
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000164400; HPRD:00734; MIM:138960; Vega:OTTHUMG00000059637
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    GMCSF
    Summary
    The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes and macrophages. The active form of the protein is found extracellularly as a homodimer. This gene has been localized to a cluster of related genes at chromosome region 5q31, which is known to be associated with interstitial deletions in the 5q- syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. Other genes in the cluster include those encoding interleukins 4, 5, and 13. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
    Location :
    5q31.1
    Sequence :
    Chromosome: 5; NC_000005.9 (131409485..131411863)
    See CSF2 in Epigenomics, MapViewer

    Chromosome 5 - NC_000005.9Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 6 Neighboring gene interleukin 3 (colony-stimulating factor, multiple) Neighboring gene prolyl 4-hydroxylase, alpha polypeptide II Neighboring gene PDZ and LIM domain 4

    Go to nucleotideGraphics FASTA GenBank

    Go to reference sequence details

    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. Jostins L, et al. Nature, 2012 Nov 1. PMID 23128233.
    2. Cutting edge: suppression of GM-CSF expression in murine and human T cells by IL-27. Young A, et al. J Immunol, 2012 Sep 1. PMID 22837488.
    3. Oncogenic Kras-induced GM-CSF production promotes the development of pancreatic neoplasia. Pylayeva-Gupta Y, et al. Cancer Cell, 2012 Jun 12. PMID 22698407.
    4. Tumor-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor regulates myeloid inflammation and T cell immunity in pancreatic cancer. Bayne LJ, et al. Cancer Cell, 2012 Jun 12. PMID 22698406.
    5. IL-12 and GM-CSF in DNA/MVA immunizations against HIV-1 CRF12_BF Nef induced T-cell responses with an enhanced magnitude, breadth and quality. Rodríguez AM, et al. PLoS One, 2012. PMID 22655069.

    See all (228) citations in PubMed

    See citations in PubMed for homologs of this gene provided by HomoloGene

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions What's a GeneRIF?

    1. This study demonistrated that GMCSF is downregulation in brain in patient with Alzheimer's disease.
      Title: Distribution of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor and its receptor α-subunit in the adult human brain with specific reference to Alzheimer's disease.
    2. IL-27 suppresss GM-CSF production under nonpolarizing and T helper (Th)1 cell, but not T helper (Th)17 cell conditions, in both murine and human cultures.
      Title: Cutting edge: suppression of GM-CSF expression in murine and human T cells by IL-27.
    3. Data indicate that an enhanced GM-CSF production was observed in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions.
      Title: Oncogenic Kras-induced GM-CSF production promotes the development of pancreatic neoplasia.
    4. Data show that pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) tumor cells prominently expressed GM-CSF in vivo.
      Title: Tumor-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor regulates myeloid inflammation and T cell immunity in pancreatic cancer.
    5. The expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and its receptors (GM-CSF.R) in 20 human brain gliomas with different tumor gradings, were studied.
      Title: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as an autocrine survival-growth factor in human gliomas.
    6. Data indicate that infection may disturb both GM-CSF-dependent physiologic processes and suggest GM-CSF-based therapeutic approaches.
      Title: Paracrine inhibition of GM-CSF signaling by human cytomegalovirus in monocytes differentiating to dendritic cells.
    7. Results provide evidence that TNF-alpha is an excellent readout of vaccinia specificity and that other cytokines such as GM-CSF can be used to evaluate the reactivity of CD4+ T cells in response to vaccinia antigens.
      Title: GM-CSF production allows the identification of immunoprevalent antigens recognized by human CD4+ T cells following smallpox vaccination.
    8. Differences in protein expression induced by TNFalpha were limited and did not show discriminatory power in a principal component analysis, whereas the profile induced by GM-CSF did
      Title: GM-CSF and TNFα modulate protein expression of human neutrophils visualized by fluorescence two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis.
    9. Monocytes differentiated with GM-CSF and IL-15 initiate Th17 and Th1 responses that are contact-dependent and mediated by IL-15.
      Title: Monocytes differentiated with GM-CSF and IL-15 initiate Th17 and Th1 responses that are contact-dependent and mediated by IL-15.
    10. Potential paracrine interactions between human primary eosinophils and glioblastoma cells focus on the cytokine GM-CSF, which may play a functional role in certain tumor immune responses.
      Title: GM-CSF production by glioblastoma cells has a functional role in eosinophil survival, activation, and growth factor production for enhanced tumor cell proliferation.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all (143)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Env, gp160, envelope glycoprotein env The aberrant activation of AP-1 by HIV-1 gp160 in CD4+ T cells is hypothesized to upregulate cytokines containing AP-1 sites (e.g. IL-3 and colony stimulating factor) and lead to T cell unresponsiveness by inhibiting interleukin-2 secretion PubMed
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env HIV-1 gp120 stimulates monocytes to release TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and granulocyte-macrophage-CSF, and this effect can be blocked with soluble CD4 PubMed
    Gag, Pr55 gag HIV-1 Gag virus-like particles expressed by recombinant baculoviruses activate human PBMC to release GM-CSF and MIP-1alpha in a dose-and time-dependent manner PubMed
    Nef, p27 nef IL-12 and GM-CSF increase the magnitude of the specific immune response with higher breadth by targeting HIV-1 Nef peptides (amino acids 9-23, 11-26, 140-155, 179-193, and 181-195) PubMed
    Tat, p14 tat HIV-1 Tat upregulates GM-CSF production in uninfected mononuclear cells and synergizes with PMA+PHA to induce GM-CSF in Raji B-cells and Jurkat T-cells PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Protein Interaction Database

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description
    P04141 P04141 CSF2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P04141 P15509 CSF2RA    HPRD  PubMed  
    P04141 P32927 CSF2RB    HPRD  PubMed  
    P04141 P26951 IL3RA    HPRD  PubMed  
    P04141 P21583 KITLG    HPRD  PubMed  
    P04141 P13727 PRG2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P04141 P34741 SDC2    HPRD  PubMed  
    BioGRID:107824 BioGRID:107824 CSF2    BioGRID  PubMed Co-crystal Structure 
    BioGRID:107824 BioGRID:107825 CSF2RA    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:107824 BioGRID:116149 HNRNPA0    BioGRID  PubMed Protein-RNA 
    BioGRID:107824 BioGRID:109420 HNRNPA1    BioGRID  PubMed Protein-RNA 
    BioGRID:107824 BioGRID:109422 HNRNPA2B1    BioGRID  PubMed Protein-RNA 
    BioGRID:107824 BioGRID:109821 ILF2    BioGRID  PubMed Protein-RNA 
    BioGRID:107824 BioGRID:109822 ILF3    BioGRID  PubMed Protein-RNA 
    BioGRID:107824 BioGRID:117939 PABPC1    BioGRID  PubMed Protein-RNA 
    BioGRID:107824 BioGRID:112285 SDC2    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:107824 BioGRID:115755 SYNCRIP    BioGRID  PubMed Protein-RNA 
    • Amoebiasis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Amoebiasis, organism-specific biosystemEntamoeba histolytica, an extracellular protozoan parasite is a human pathogen that invades the intestinal epithelium. Infection occurs on ingestion of contaminated water and food. The pathogenesis o...
    • Amoebiasis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Amoebiasis, conserved biosystemEntamoeba histolytica, an extracellular protozoan parasite is a human pathogen that invades the intestinal epithelium. Infection occurs on ingestion of contaminated water and food. The pathogenesis o...
    • Calcineurin-regulated NFAT-dependent transcription in lymphocytes, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Calcineurin-regulated NFAT-dependent transcription in lymphocytes, organism-specific biosystem
      Calcineurin-regulated NFAT-dependent transcription in lymphocytes
    • Calcium signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Calcium signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      Calcium signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway
    • Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystemCytokines are small proteins that regulate and mediate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. They are secreted in response to immune stimuli, and usually act briefly, locally, at very low concen...
    • Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, organism-specific biosystemCytokines are soluble extracellular proteins or glycoproteins that are crucial intercellular regulators and mobilizers of cells engaged in innate as well as adaptive inflammatory host defenses, cell ...
    • Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, conserved biosystemCytokines are soluble extracellular proteins or glycoproteins that are crucial intercellular regulators and mobilizers of cells engaged in innate as well as adaptive inflammatory host defenses, cell ...
    • Cytokines and Inflammatory Response, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Cytokines and Inflammatory Response, organism-specific biosystemInflammation is a protective response to infection by the immune system that requires communication between different classes of immune cells to coordinate their actions. Acute inflammation is an imp...
    • Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemFc epsilon RI-mediated signaling pathways in mast cells are initiated by the interaction of antigen (Ag) with IgE bound to the extracellular domain of the alpha chain of Fc epsilon RI. The activation...
    • Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, conserved biosystemFc epsilon RI-mediated signaling pathways in mast cells are initiated by the interaction of antigen (Ag) with IgE bound to the extracellular domain of the alpha chain of Fc epsilon RI. The activation...
    • Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network, organism-specific biosystem
      Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network
    • HTLV-I infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      HTLV-I infection, organism-specific biosystemHuman T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic retrovirus that is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). It is also strongly implicated in non-neoplastic chronic inflammato...
    • HTLV-I infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      HTLV-I infection, conserved biosystemHuman T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic retrovirus that is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). It is also strongly implicated in non-neoplastic chronic inflammato...
    • Hematopoietic cell lineage, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Hematopoietic cell lineage, organism-specific biosystemBlood-cell development progresses from a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), which can undergo either self-renewal or differentiation into a multilineage committed progenitor cell: a common lymphoid proge...
    • Hematopoietic cell lineage, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Hematopoietic cell lineage, conserved biosystemBlood-cell development progresses from a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), which can undergo either self-renewal or differentiation into a multilineage committed progenitor cell: a common lymphoid proge...
    • Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Immune System, organism-specific biosystemHumans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, through contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Our ability to avoid infection depends on the adaptive immune system and during the first crit...
    • Interleukin receptor SHC signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Interleukin receptor SHC signaling, organism-specific biosystemPhosphorylation of Shc at three tyrosine residues, 239, 240 (Gotoh et al. 1996) and 317 (Salcini et al. 1994) involves unidentified tyrosine kinases presumed to be part of the activated receptor comp...
    • Interleukin-2 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Interleukin-2 signaling, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine that is produced by T cells in response to antigen stimulation. Originally, IL-2 was discovered because of its potent growth factor activity on activated T cells in...
    • Interleukin-3, 5 and GM-CSF signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Interleukin-3, 5 and GM-CSF signaling, organism-specific biosystemThe Interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-5 and Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptors form a family of heterodimeric receptors that have specific alpha chains but share a common beta...
    • Jak-STAT signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Jak-STAT signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is one of a handful of pleiotropic cascades used to transduce a multitude of signals for development and homeost...
    • Jak-STAT signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Jak-STAT signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is one of a handful of pleiotropic cascades used to transduce a multitude of signals for development and homeost...
    • Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, organism-specific biosystemNatural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are involved in early defenses against both allogeneic (nonself) cells and autologous cells undergoing various forms of stre...
    • Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, conserved biosystemNatural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are involved in early defenses against both allogeneic (nonself) cells and autologous cells undergoing various forms of stre...
    • Regulation of retinoblastoma protein, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Regulation of retinoblastoma protein, organism-specific biosystem
      Regulation of retinoblastoma protein
    • Rheumatoid arthritis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Rheumatoid arthritis, organism-specific biosystemRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune joint disease where persistent inflammation affects bone remodeling leading to progressive bone destruction. In RA, abnormal activation of the immune...
    • Rheumatoid arthritis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Rheumatoid arthritis, conserved biosystemRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune joint disease where persistent inflammation affects bone remodeling leading to progressive bone destruction. In RA, abnormal activation of the immune...
    • Salmonella infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Salmonella infection, organism-specific biosystemSalmonella infection usually presents as a self-limiting gastroenteritis or the more severe typhoid fever and bacteremia. The common disease-causing Salmonella species in human is a single species, S...
    • Salmonella infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Salmonella infection, conserved biosystemSalmonella infection usually presents as a self-limiting gastroenteritis or the more severe typhoid fever and bacteremia. The common disease-causing Salmonella species in human is a single species, S...
    • Signaling by Interleukins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Signaling by Interleukins, organism-specific biosystemInterleukins are low molecular weight proteins that bind to cell surface receptors and act in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion. They were first identified as factors produced by leukocytes but a...
    • Syndecan-2-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      Syndecan-2-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
      Syndecan-2-mediated signaling events
    • T cell receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      T cell receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemActivation of T lymphocytes is a key event for an efficient response of the immune system. It requires the involvement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) as well as costimulatory molecules such as CD28. En...
    • T cell receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      T cell receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystemActivation of T lymphocytes is a key event for an efficient response of the immune system. It requires the involvement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) as well as costimulatory molecules such as CD28. En...
    • Transcriptional misregulation in cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Transcriptional misregulation in cancer, organism-specific biosystem
      Transcriptional misregulation in cancer
    • Transcriptional misregulation in cancer, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Transcriptional misregulation in cancer, conserved biosystem
      Transcriptional misregulation in cancer

    Markers

    Genotypes

    Homology

    Clone Names

    • MGC131935, MGC138897

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    cytokine activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    growth factor activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    cellular response to lipopolysaccharide IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    dendritic cell differentiation IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    embryonic placenta development IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    epithelial fluid transport IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    immune response IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    macrophage activation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    myeloid dendritic cell differentiation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    negative regulation of cytolysis IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    positive regulation of DNA replication IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    positive regulation of cell proliferation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of gene expression IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    positive regulation of interleukin-23 production IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    positive regulation of podosome assembly IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    extracellular region TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    extracellular space IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Preferred Names
    granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
    Names
    granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
    CSF
    molgramostin
    sargramostim

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_033024.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5001..7379
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_000758.3 → NP_000749.2  granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor precursor

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      BC108724, M11220
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS4150.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P04141
      Related
      ENSP00000296871, OTTHUMP00000065962, ENST00000296871, OTTHUMT00000132636
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd00040
      Location:27 – 138
      Blast Score: 542
      CSF2; Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) is a member of the large family of polypeptide growth factors called cytokines. It stimulates a wide variety of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cell types via binding to members of the cytokine ...

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: Homo sapiens Annotation Release 104

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh37.p10 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000005.9 Reference GRCh37.p10 Primary Assembly

      Range
      131409485..131411863
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate HuRef

    Genomic

    1. AC_000137.1 Alternate HuRef

      Range
      126601846..126604224
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate CHM1_1.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_018916.1 Alternate CHM1_1.0

      Range
      131685006..131687384
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    genomic ABBA01068814.1 (21911..24289) None
    genomic AC004511.1 AAC08707.1
    genomic AC034228.6 (2470..4844) None
    genomic AF373868.2 AAK51563.1
    genomic AMYH01015612.1 (545559..547937) None
    genomic CH471062.2 EAW62353.1
    genomic CS401638.1 CAL40350.1
    genomic HC025839.1 CBH19850.1
    genomic HI574012.1 CBX47495.1
    genomic M13207.1 AAA98768.1
    genomic X03021.1 CAA26822.1
    mRNA AF510855.1 AAM44054.1
    mRNA AY720441.1 AAU21240.1
    mRNA BC108724.1 AAI08725.1
    mRNA BC113924.1 AAI13925.1
    mRNA BC113999.1 AAI14000.1
    mRNA M10663.1 AAA52121.1
    mRNA M11220.1 AAA52578.1
    mRNA M11734.1 AAA52122.1
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    P04141.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P04141

    Additional Links

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

    Chemical Information
    Medical
    Molecular Biology Databases
    Research Materials
    Tools
    Miscellaneous

      Supplemental Content

      Table of contents

      Related information

      • Order cDNA clone
        Order cDNA clone
      • 3D structures
        3D structure of a gene
      • BioAssay
        Related PubChem BioAssays
      • BioProjects
        BioProjects related to a gene
      • BioSystems
        BioSystems
      • CCDS
        Links from Gene to CCDS are established if a gene encodes a protein sequence that is a member of a Consensus CDS (CCDS).
      • Conserved Domains
        Conserved Domain Database Links between Entrez Gene and Conserved Domain Database (CDD) are calculated from the domains annotated by the CDD group on Reference Sequence proteins.
      • dbVar
        Link from Gene to dbVar
      • Full text in PMC
        PMC links
      • Full text in PMC_nucleotide
        Full text in PubMedCentral identified from shared sequence links
      • Genome
        Genome records having the gene annotated on corresponding genomic reference sequence.
      • GEO Profiles
        Related GEO
      • HomoloGene
        Links between HomoloGene and Gene are provided by the HomoloGene group when a gene is included in a HomoloGene record.
      • Map Viewer
        These links are maintained by the Map Viewer group and are provided when a GeneID is annotated on a map for the same species.
      • Nucleotide
        Link to related Nucleotide entry
      • OMIM
        Links between OMIM and Gene are calculated by Gene based on MIM numbers included in the summary and phenotype sections of the Gene record.
      • Probe
        Related Probe entry
      • Protein
        Link to related protein entry
      • PubChem Compound
        PubChem Compounds
      • PubChem Substance
        PubChem Substances
      • PubMed
        Links between Gene and PubMed are the result of the following: 1. Manual curation within NCBI. Part of the process of generating a REVIEWED RefSeq is an analysis of the current literature. Papers that are seminal in defining the gene, its sequence, and its function are added to the record at that time. Alert users point out gaps or errors in papers associated with a Gene record. These messages are reviewed and implemented as required. 2. Integration of information from other public databases. Gene integrates gene-citation from resources external to NCBI such as model organism-specific databases, Gene Ontology (GO), groups curating interactions, and sequence databases. The assumption in using these source is that they report citations specific to a gene in a known species. Gene does not process citations from OMIM automatically, because many of citations in OMIM refer to studies of genes in species other than human.
      • PubMed (GeneRIF)
        GeneRIF -- Gene Reference Into Function Staff of the Index Section in the National Library of Medicine review the current literature. When they find articles focused on the structure and function of a gene, they write a brief summary of the impact of the paper and make the connection between the citation (PubMed) and Gene. An interface exists for interested users to submit such data as well. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/GeneRIF/GeneRIFhelp.html
      • PubMed (OMIM)
        Links are provided when Gene has a link to a record in OMIM, and OMIM explicitly cites these publications in PubMed.
      • PubMed(nucleotide/PMC)
        Citations in PubMed identified from shared sequence and PMC links.
      • RefSeq Proteins
        Link to Protein RefSeqs
      • RefSeq RNAs
        Link to Nucleotide RefSeq RNAs
      • RefSeqGene
        Link to Nucleotide RefSeqGenes
      • SNP
        Related SNP records
      • SNP: GeneView
        SNPs linked from GeneView
      • SNP: Genotype
        Gene Genotype Report
      • Taxonomy
        Link to related taxonomy entry
      • UniGene
        Links are provided between Gene and UniGene when both databases calculate links to the same mRNA record (gi).
      • UniSTS
        Related UniSTS records

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