- ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 1, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 1, organism-specific biosystemCo-activation of P2Y1 and P2Y12 is necessary for complete platelet activation. P2Y1 is coupled to Gq and helps trigger the release of calcium from internal stores, leading to weak and reversible plat...
- AGE/RAGE pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
AGE/RAGE pathway, organism-specific biosystemAdvanced glycation end products (AGEs) are heterogeneous group of non-enzymatic malliard reaction products of aldose sugar with proteins and lipids. Formation of AGEs is an indicator of one of the ma...
- ATF-2 transcription factor network, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
ATF-2 transcription factor network, organism-specific biosystem
ATF-2 transcription factor network
- Activated TLR4 signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Activated TLR4 signalling, organism-specific biosystemTLR4 is unique among the TLR family in its ability to recruit four adapters to activate two distinct signaling pathways. One pathway is activated by the pair of the adapters Mal or TIRAP (Toll/inter...
- Activation of the AP-1 family of transcription factors, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Activation of the AP-1 family of transcription factors, organism-specific biosystemActivator protein-1 (AP-1) is a collective term referring to a group of transcription factors that bind to promoters of target genes in a sequence-specific manner. AP-1 family consists of hetero- and...
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), organism-specific biosystemAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, lethal, degenerative disorder of motor neurons. The hallmark of this disease is the selective death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord...
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), conserved biosystemAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, lethal, degenerative disorder of motor neurons. The hallmark of this disease is the selective death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord...
- Angiopoietin receptor Tie2-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Angiopoietin receptor Tie2-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem
Angiopoietin receptor Tie2-mediated signaling
- Atypical NF-kappaB pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Atypical NF-kappaB pathway, organism-specific biosystem
Atypical NF-kappaB pathway
- B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe B cell receptor includes membrane ?? heavy chain molecules bound to a light chain and an Ig alpha (CD79A)/Ig beta (CD79B) heterodimer. Activation of the B cell receptor involves phosphorylation o...
- BCR signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
BCR signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
BCR signaling pathway
- BDNF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
BDNF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemBrain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin essential for growth, differentiation, plasticity, and survival of neurons. BDNF is also required for processes such as energy metabolism, b...
- CD40/CD40L signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
CD40/CD40L signaling, organism-specific biosystem
CD40/CD40L signaling
- CDC42 signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
CDC42 signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
CDC42 signaling events
- CDO in myogenesis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
CDO in myogenesis, organism-specific biosystemCDO/Cdon (cell-adhesion-molecule-related/downregulated by oncogenes) is a type I transmembrane multifunctional co-receptor consisting of five immunoglobulin and three fibronectin type III (FNIII) rep...
- CXCR3-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
CXCR3-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
CXCR3-mediated signaling events
- Cardiac Progenitor Differentiation, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Cardiac Progenitor Differentiation, organism-specific biosystemFactors involved in the induction of cardiac differentiation in vitro and in vivo. This model was based on the below two review articles.
- Cell-Cell communication, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cell-Cell communication, organism-specific biosystemCell-to-Cell communication is crucial for multicellular organisms because it allows organisms to coordinate the activity of their cells. Some cell-to-cell communication requires direct cell-cell cont...
- Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), organism-specific biosystemTrypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease. The parasite life cycle involves hematophagous reduviid bugs as vectors. Once parasites enter the host body, they ...
- Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), conserved biosystemTrypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease. The parasite life cycle involves hematophagous reduviid bugs as vectors. Once parasites enter the host body, they ...
- DSCAM interactions, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
DSCAM interactions, organism-specific biosystemDSCAM (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule) is one of the members of the Ig superfamily CAMs with a domain architecture comprising 10 Ig domains, 6 fibronectin type III (FN) repeats, a single transm...
- Destabilization of mRNA by KSRP, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Destabilization of mRNA by KSRP, organism-specific biosystemKSRP binds to AU-rich sequences in the 3' untranslated regions of mRNAs. KSRP causes the bound mRNA to be targeted for hydrolysis by recruiting exonucleases and decapping enzymes. The activity of KSR...
- Developmental Biology, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Developmental Biology, organism-specific biosystemAs a first step towards capturing the array of processes by which a fertilized egg gives rise to the diverse tissues of the body, examples of three kinds of processes have been annotated. These are a...
- Dopaminergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Dopaminergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemDopamine (DA) is an important and prototypical slow neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, where it controls a variety of functions including locomotor activity, motivation and reward, learning an...
- Dopaminergic synapse, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Dopaminergic synapse, conserved biosystemDopamine (DA) is an important and prototypical slow neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, where it controls a variety of functions including locomotor activity, motivation and reward, learning an...
- EGFR1 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
EGFR1 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe androgen receptor is a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand activated transcription factors. These receptors bind to steroid hormones, thyroid hormone, retinoids and vitamin D among ot...
- EPO signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
EPO signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
EPO signaling pathway
- ERK/MAPK targets, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
ERK/MAPK targets, organism-specific biosystemERK/MAPK kinases have a number of targets within the nucleus, usually transcription factors or other kinases. The best known targets, ELK1, ETS1, ATF2, MITF, MAPKAPK2, MSK1, RSK1/2/3 and MEF2 are ann...
- Endothelins, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Endothelins, organism-specific biosystem
Endothelins
- Energy Metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Energy Metabolism, organism-specific biosystemThe PPARGC1A protein is a transcriptional coactivator that regulates the genes involved in energy metabolism. This protein interacts with the nuclear receptor PPARG, which permits the interaction of ...
- Epithelial cell signaling in Helicobacter pylori infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Epithelial cell signaling in Helicobacter pylori infection, organism-specific biosystemTwo major virulence factors of H. pylori are the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) and the cag type-IV secretion system (T4SS) and its translocated effector protein, cytotoxin-associated antigen A (CagA)....
- Epithelial cell signaling in Helicobacter pylori infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Epithelial cell signaling in Helicobacter pylori infection, conserved biosystemTwo major virulence factors of H. pylori are the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) and the cag type-IV secretion system (T4SS) and its translocated effector protein, cytotoxin-associated antigen A (CagA)....
- Epstein-Barr virus infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Epstein-Barr virus infection, organism-specific biosystemEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is associated with oncogenesis. EBV infection to primary human B lymphocytes leads to induction of EBV-specific HLA-restricted cytotoxi...
- Epstein-Barr virus infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Epstein-Barr virus infection, conserved biosystemEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is associated with oncogenesis. EBV infection to primary human B lymphocytes leads to induction of EBV-specific HLA-restricted cytotoxi...
- Estrogen signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Estrogen signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemEstrogen receptor refers to a group of receptors which are activated by the hormone 17??-estradiol (estrogen). Two types of estrogen receptor exist: ER which is a member of the nuclear hormone family...
- FAS (CD95) signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
FAS (CD95) signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
FAS (CD95) signaling pathway
- FSH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
FSH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is an anterior pituitary gonadotropin belonging to the family of glycoprotein hormones that includes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Leutinizing Hormone (LH)...
- Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemFc epsilon RI-mediated signaling pathways in mast cells are initiated by the interaction of antigen (Ag) with IgE bound to the extracellular domain of the alpha chain of Fc epsilon RI. The activation...
- Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, conserved biosystemFc epsilon RI-mediated signaling pathways in mast cells are initiated by the interaction of antigen (Ag) with IgE bound to the extracellular domain of the alpha chain of Fc epsilon RI. The activation...
- Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystemGene Expression covers the pathways by which genomic DNA is transcribed to yield RNA, the regulation of these transcription processes, and the pathways by which newly-made RNA Transcripts are process...
- Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network, organism-specific biosystem
Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network
- GnRH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
GnRH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus acts upon its receptor in the anterior pituitary to regulate the production and release of the gonadotropins, LH and FSH. The GnR...
- GnRH signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
GnRH signaling pathway, conserved biosystemGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus acts upon its receptor in the anterior pituitary to regulate the production and release of the gonadotropins, LH and FSH. The GnR...
- Hemostasis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Hemostasis, organism-specific biosystemHemostasis is a physiological response that culminates in the arrest of bleeding from an injured vessel. Under normal conditions the vascular endothelium supports vasodilation, inhibits platelet adhe...
- Hepatitis C, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Hepatitis C, organism-specific biosystemHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease. The HCV employ several strategies to perturb host cell immunity. After invasion, HCV RNA genome functions directly as an mRNA in the...
- Hepatitis C, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Hepatitis C, conserved biosystemHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease. The HCV employ several strategies to perturb host cell immunity. After invasion, HCV RNA genome functions directly as an mRNA in the...
- IL-3 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
IL-3 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-3 belongs to a family of cytokines, which includes IL-5 and GM-CSF. It signals through a receptor complex comprising of an IL-3 specific IL-3 receptor alpha subunit (IL3RA) and a common b...
- IL-4 signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
IL-4 signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-4 belongs to the IL-2 family of cytokines, which includes IL-2, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. It signals through 2 different receptor complexes; Receptor complex 1 comprises of IL-4 recept...
- IL-5 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
IL-5 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-5 belongs to the family of cytokines, which includes IL-3 and GM-CSF. It signals through a receptor complex comprising of an IL-5 receptor alpha subunit (IL5RA), and a common beta chain w...
- IL-6 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
IL-6 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-6 belongs to a family of cytokines which includes IL-11, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotropin-1, cardiotrophin-like cytokine, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Oncostatin M...
- IL12-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
IL12-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
IL12-mediated signaling events
- IL2-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
IL2-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
IL2-mediated signaling events
- IL4-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
IL4-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
IL4-mediated signaling events
- IL6-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
IL6-mediated signaling events, organism-specific biosystem
IL6-mediated signaling events
- Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Immune System, organism-specific biosystemHumans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, through contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Our ability to avoid infection depends on the adaptive immune system and during the first crit...
- Influenza A, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Influenza A, organism-specific biosystemInfluenza is a contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza virus infection. Influenza A virus is responsible for both annual seasonal epidemics and periodic worldwide pandemics. Novel strains ...
- Influenza A, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Influenza A, conserved biosystemInfluenza is a contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza virus infection. Influenza A virus is responsible for both annual seasonal epidemics and periodic worldwide pandemics. Novel strains ...
- Innate Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Innate Immune System, organism-specific biosystemInnate immunity encompases the nonspecific part of immunity tha are part of an individual's natural biologic makeup
- Insulin Signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Insulin Signaling, organism-specific biosystemInsulin signaling influences energy metabolism as well as growth. The presence of insulin signals the fed state, and this signal is passed via the AKT branch, which leads to the uptake of glucose fro...
- Integrated Pancreatic Cancer Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Integrated Pancreatic Cancer Pathway, organism-specific biosystemAn integrated pathway model which displays the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) among the relevant proteins for pancreatic cancer. This pathway is a collection of different mechanistic protein pat...
- Leishmaniasis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Leishmaniasis, organism-specific biosystemLeishmania is an intracellular protozoan parasite of macrophages that causes visceral, mucosal, and cutaneous diseases. The parasite is transmitted to humans by sandflies, where they survive and prol...
- Leishmaniasis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Leishmaniasis, conserved biosystemLeishmania is an intracellular protozoan parasite of macrophages that causes visceral, mucosal, and cutaneous diseases. The parasite is transmitted to humans by sandflies, where they survive and prol...
- Leptin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Leptin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemLeptin is a peptide hormone mainly synthesised and secreted from adipocytes. It is also expressed in other tissues including placenta, stomach and skeletal muscle. Leptin mediates its effects by bind...
- Leukocyte transendothelial migration, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Leukocyte transendothelial migration, organism-specific biosystemLeukocyte migaration from the blood into tissues is vital for immune surveillance and inflammation. During this diapedesis of leukocytes, the leukocytes bind to endothelial cell adhesion molecules (C...
- Leukocyte transendothelial migration, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Leukocyte transendothelial migration, conserved biosystemLeukocyte migaration from the blood into tissues is vital for immune surveillance and inflammation. During this diapedesis of leukocytes, the leukocytes bind to endothelial cell adhesion molecules (C...
- MAP kinase activation in TLR cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MAP kinase activation in TLR cascade, organism-specific biosystemThe mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, one of the most ancient and evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways, is involved in many processes of immune responses. The MAP kinases cascad...
- MAPK Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
MAPK Cascade, organism-specific biosystem
MAPK Cascade
- MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
- MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
- MAPK signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
MAPK signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
- MAPK targets/ Nuclear events mediated by MAP kinases, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MAPK targets/ Nuclear events mediated by MAP kinases, organism-specific biosystemMAPKs are protein kinases that, once activated, phosphorylate their specific cytosolic or nuclear substrates at serine and/or threonine residues. Such phosphorylation events can either positively or ...
- MicroRNAs in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
MicroRNAs in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway shows the role of microRNAs in the process of cardiac hypertrophy. MicroRNA targets were predicted by the TargetScan algorithm, and the predicted interactions are shown in red dashed lin...
- Monoamine Transport, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Monoamine Transport, organism-specific biosystem
Monoamine Transport
- MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystemMammalian myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is Toll/interleukin (IL)-1 (TIR)-domain containing adapter protein which plays crucial role in TLR signaling. All TLRs, with only one exception of...
- MyD88 dependent cascade initiated on endosome, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MyD88 dependent cascade initiated on endosome, organism-specific biosystemUpon binding of their ligands, TLR7/8 and TLR9 recruit a cytoplasmic adaptor MyD88 and IRAKs, downstream of which the signaling pathways are divided to induce either inflammatory cytokines or type I ...
- MyD88-independent cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MyD88-independent cascade, organism-specific biosystemMyD88-independent signaling route utilizes TRAM and TRIF adapters, that are essential for production of both type 1 interferons(IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. TRAM is thought to bridge between...
- MyD88:Mal cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MyD88:Mal cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystemThe first known downstream component of TLR4 and TLR2 signaling is the adaptor MyD88. Another adapter MyD88-adaptor-like (Mal; also known as TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein or TIRAP) has also b...
- Myogenesis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Myogenesis, organism-specific biosystemMyogenesis, the formation of muscle tissue, is a complex process involving steps of cell proliferation mediated by growth factor signaling, cell differentiation, reorganization of cells to form myotu...
- NGF signalling via TRKA from the plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
NGF signalling via TRKA from the plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystemTrk receptors signal from the plasma membrane and from intracellular membranes, particularly from early endosomes. Signalling from the plasma membrane is fast but transient; signalling from endosomes...
- NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting various pathogens and generating innate immune responses. The intracellular NOD-like receptor (NLR) family contains mo...
- NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting various pathogens and generating innate immune responses. The intracellular NOD-like receptor (NLR) family contains mo...
- NOD1/2 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
NOD1/2 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemNOD1 is ubiquitously expressed, while NOD2 expression is restricted to monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and intestinal Paneth cells (Inohara et al. 2005). NOD1 and NOD2 activation induces tra...
- Neurotrophin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Neurotrophin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemNeurotrophins are a family of trophic factors involved in differentiation and survival of neural cells. The neurotrophin family consists of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic facto...
- Neurotrophin signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Neurotrophin signaling pathway, conserved biosystemNeurotrophins are a family of trophic factors involved in differentiation and survival of neural cells. The neurotrophin family consists of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic facto...
- Nuclear Events (kinase and transcription factor activation), organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Nuclear Events (kinase and transcription factor activation), organism-specific biosystemAn important function of the kinase cascade triggered by neurotrophins is to induce the phosphorylation and activation of transcription factors in the nucleus to initiate new programs of gene express...
- Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) signaling pathways, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) signaling pathways, organism-specific biosystemThe innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading microorganisms, a broad specificity response characterized by the recruitment and activation of phagocytes and the release of an...
- Oncostatin M Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Oncostatin M Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemOncostatin M (OSM) is a member of the multifunctional cytokine interleukin 6 (IL6) - type cytokine family. It is mainly produced in cell types such as activated T lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes,...
- Osteoclast differentiation, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Osteoclast differentiation, organism-specific biosystemThe osteoclasts, multinucleared cells originating from the hematopoietic monocyte-macrophage lineage, are responsible for bone resorption. Osteoclastogenesis is mainly regulated by signaling pathways...
- Osteoclast differentiation, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Osteoclast differentiation, conserved biosystemThe osteoclasts, multinucleared cells originating from the hematopoietic monocyte-macrophage lineage, are responsible for bone resorption. Osteoclastogenesis is mainly regulated by signaling pathways...
- Oxidative Stress, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Oxidative Stress, organism-specific biosystemOxidative stress represents an imbalance between the production and manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to rep...
- Parkinsons Disease Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Parkinsons Disease Pathway, organism-specific biosystemMost people with Parkinson's disease have idiopathic Parkinson's disease (having no specific known cause). A small proportion of cases, however, can be attributed to known genetic factors. Mutations ...
- Pertussis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Pertussis, organism-specific biosystemPertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by a bacteria called Bordetella Pertussis. The characteristic symptoms are paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whe...
- Pertussis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Pertussis, conserved biosystemPertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by a bacteria called Bordetella Pertussis. The characteristic symptoms are paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whe...
- Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation, organism-specific biosystemPlatelet activation begins with the initial binding of adhesive ligands and of the excitatory platelet agonists (released or generated at the sites of vascular trauma) to cognate receptors on the pla...
- Platelet homeostasis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Platelet homeostasis, organism-specific biosystemUnder normal conditions the vascular endothelium supports vasodilation, inhibits platelet adhesion and activation, suppresses coagulation, enhances fibrin cleavage and is anti-inflammatory in charact...
- Platelet sensitization by LDL, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Platelet sensitization by LDL, organism-specific biosystemPhysiological concentrations (1g/L) of Low density lipoprotein (LDL) enhance platelet aggregation responses initiated by thrombin, collagen, and ADP. This enhancement involves the rapid phosphorylati...
- Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, organism-specific biosystemXenopus oocytes are naturally arrested at G2 of meiosis I. Exposure to either insulin/IGF-1 or the steroid hormone progesterone breaks this arrest and induces resumption of the two meiotic division c...
- Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, conserved biosystemXenopus oocytes are naturally arrested at G2 of meiosis I. Exposure to either insulin/IGF-1 or the steroid hormone progesterone breaks this arrest and induces resumption of the two meiotic division c...
- Prolactin Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Prolactin Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemProlactin (PRL), a pleiotropic polypeptide hormone, mostly secreted by the lactotrophic cells of anterior pituitary gland and to a lesser extent expressed in numerous extra pituitary tissues such as ...
- Prostate Cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Prostate Cancer, organism-specific biosystem
Prostate Cancer
- Proteoglycans in cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Proteoglycans in cancer, organism-specific biosystemMany proteoglycans (PGs) in the tumor microenvironment have been shown to be key macromolecules that contribute to biology of various types of cancer including proliferation, adhesion, angiogenesis a...
- Proteoglycans in cancer, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Proteoglycans in cancer, conserved biosystemMany proteoglycans (PGs) in the tumor microenvironment have been shown to be key macromolecules that contribute to biology of various types of cancer including proliferation, adhesion, angiogenesis a...
- RAC1 signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
RAC1 signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
RAC1 signaling pathway
- RANKL/RANK Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
RANKL/RANK Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemRANKL (Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand), RANK (Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B) and the natural decoy receptor of RANKL, OPG (Osteoprotegerin) are three important mol...
- RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting viral pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Non-self RNA appearing in a cell as a result of intracellular ...
- RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting viral pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Non-self RNA appearing in a cell as a result of intracellular ...
- Rapid glucocorticoid signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Rapid glucocorticoid signaling, organism-specific biosystem
Rapid glucocorticoid signaling
- Regulation of Androgen receptor activity, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Regulation of Androgen receptor activity, organism-specific biosystem
Regulation of Androgen receptor activity
- Regulation of mRNA Stability by Proteins that Bind AU-rich Elements, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulation of mRNA Stability by Proteins that Bind AU-rich Elements, organism-specific biosystemRNA elements rich in adenine and uracil residues (AU-rich elements) bind specific proteins which either target the RNA for degradation or, more rarely, stabilize the RNA. The activity of the AU-eleme...
- Regulation of p38-alpha and p38-beta, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Regulation of p38-alpha and p38-beta, organism-specific biosystem
Regulation of p38-alpha and p38-beta
- Regulation of retinoblastoma protein, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Regulation of retinoblastoma protein, organism-specific biosystem
Regulation of retinoblastoma protein
- Retinoic acid receptors-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Retinoic acid receptors-mediated signaling, organism-specific biosystem
Retinoic acid receptors-mediated signaling
- Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, organism-specific biosystemEndogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) serve as retrograde messengers at synapses in various regions of the brain. The family of endocannabinoids includes at least five derivatives of arachidonic...
- Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, conserved biosystemEndogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) serve as retrograde messengers at synapses in various regions of the brain. The family of endocannabinoids includes at least five derivatives of arachidonic...
- Role of Calcineurin-dependent NFAT signaling in lymphocytes, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Role of Calcineurin-dependent NFAT signaling in lymphocytes, organism-specific biosystem
Role of Calcineurin-dependent NFAT signaling in lymphocytes
- S1P2 pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
S1P2 pathway, organism-specific biosystem
S1P2 pathway
- Salmonella infection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Salmonella infection, organism-specific biosystemSalmonella infection usually presents as a self-limiting gastroenteritis or the more severe typhoid fever and bacteremia. The common disease-causing Salmonella species in human is a single species, S...
- Salmonella infection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Salmonella infection, conserved biosystemSalmonella infection usually presents as a self-limiting gastroenteritis or the more severe typhoid fever and bacteremia. The common disease-causing Salmonella species in human is a single species, S...
- Senescence and Autophagy, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Senescence and Autophagy, organism-specific biosystemSenescense and Autophagy Pathways in Cancer
- Shigellosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Shigellosis, organism-specific biosystemShigellosis, or bacillary dysentery, is an intestinal infection caused by Shigella, a genus of enterobacteria. Shigella are potential food-borne pathogens that are capable of colonizing the intestina...
- Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystemSignal transduction is a process in which extracellular signals elicit changes in cell state and activity. Transmembrane receptors sense changes in the cellular environment by binding ligands, such a...
- Signal amplification, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signal amplification, organism-specific biosystemIn the initial response to injury, platelets adhere to damaged blood vessels, responding to the exposure of collagen from the vascular epithelium. Once adhered they degranulate, releasing stored seco...
- Signaling mediated by p38-alpha and p38-beta, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Signaling mediated by p38-alpha and p38-beta, organism-specific biosystem
Signaling mediated by p38-alpha and p38-beta
- Signalling by NGF, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signalling by NGF, organism-specific biosystemNeurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4/5) play pivotal roles in survival, differentiation, and plasticity of neurons in the peripheral and central nervous system. They are produced, and secreted in mi...
- Signalling to ERKs, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signalling to ERKs, organism-specific biosystemNeurotrophins utilize multiple pathways to activate ERKs (ERK1 and ERK2), a subgroup of the large MAP kinase (MAPK) family, from the plasma membrane. The major signalling pathways to ERKs are via RAS...
- Signalling to RAS, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signalling to RAS, organism-specific biosystemSignalling through Shc adaptor proteins appears to be identical for both NGF and EGF. It leads to a fast, but transient, MAPK/ERK activation, which is insufficient to explain the prolonged activation...
- T cell receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
T cell receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemActivation of T lymphocytes is a key event for an efficient response of the immune system. It requires the involvement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) as well as costimulatory molecules such as CD28. En...
- T cell receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
T cell receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystemActivation of T lymphocytes is a key event for an efficient response of the immune system. It requires the involvement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) as well as costimulatory molecules such as CD28. En...
- TCR Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
TCR Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex is composed of a ligand-binding subunit, the ? and ? chains, and a signaling subunit, namely the CD3?, ? and ? chains and the TCR? chain. This complex partic...
- TGF-beta Receptor Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
TGF-beta Receptor Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem"The TGF beta receptors TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 belong to a subfamily of membrane-bound serine/threonine kinases which are designated as Type I or II based on their structural and functional properties. Th...
- TRAF6 mediated induction of NFkB and MAP kinases upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
TRAF6 mediated induction of NFkB and MAP kinases upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation, organism-specific biosystemTRAF6 mediates NFkB activation via canonical phosphorylation of IKK complex by TAK1. TRAF6 and TAK1 also regulate MAPK cascades leading to the activation of AP-1.
- TRIF-mediated TLR3/TLR4 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
TRIF-mediated TLR3/TLR4 signaling, organism-specific biosystemTRIF was shown to induce IRF3/7 and NF-?B activation and apoptosis through distinct intracellular signaling pathways [Han KJ et al 2004; Kaiser WJ and Offermann MK et al 2005]. TRIF consists of an N...
- TSH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
TSH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemHuman thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is a glycoprotein secreted by the anterior part of the pituitary gland (1). TSH plays an important physiological role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pit...
- TSLP Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
TSLP Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a type I cytokine member of interleukin-2 cytokine family. TSLP signals through interleukin-7 receptor a chain (IL-7Ra) and the TSLP receptor subunit (TSLPR), h...
- TWEAK Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
TWEAK Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemTNF related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a small pleiotropic cytokine of the TNF super family and its gene is located at chromosome 17p13.1. TWEAK has been reported to be expressed in tissues...
- Thromboxane A2 receptor signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Thromboxane A2 receptor signaling, organism-specific biosystem
Thromboxane A2 receptor signaling
- Toll Like Receptor 10 (TLR10) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 10 (TLR10) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemLittle is known about TLR10 ligands. It has been established that the receptor homodimerizes upon binding and signals in an MyD88-dependent manner (Hasan U et al 2005; Nyman T et al 2008). It may als...
- Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR2 is involved in recognition of peptidoglycan from gram-positive bacteria, bacterial lipoproteins, mycoplasma lipoprotein and mycobacterial products. It is quite possible that recognition of at le...
- Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemToll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) as was shown for mammals is expressed on myeloid dendritic cells, respiratory epithelium, macrophages, and appears to play a central role in mediating the antiviral and in...
- Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemToll-like Receptor 4 is a Microbe Associated Molecular Pattern receptor well known for it's sensitivity to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS is assembled within diverse Gram-negative bacteria,...
- Toll Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR5 is the receptor for flagellin, the protein that forms bacterial flagella. Unlike most other Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), flagellin does not undergo any posttranslational modif...
- Toll Like Receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemRNA can serve as a danger signal, both in its double-stranded form (that is associated with viral infection), as well as single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). Specifically, guanosine (G)- and uridine (U)-rich...
- Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemCpG DNA is an unusual Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP). Cytosine methylation exists in mammalian but not bacterial cells, and most (but not all) CpG in the mammalian genome is methylated....
- Toll Like Receptor TLR1:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor TLR1:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR1 is expressed by monocytes. TLR1 and TLR2 cotranslationally form heterodimeric complexes on the cell surface and in the cytosol. The TLR2:TLR1 complex recognizes Neisserial PorB and Mycobacterial...
- Toll Like Receptor TLR6:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor TLR6:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR2 and TLR4 recognize different bacterial cell wall components. While TLR4 is trained onto Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide components, TLR2 - in combination with TLR6 - plays a major role in recog...
- Toll-Like Receptors Cascades, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll-Like Receptors Cascades, organism-specific biosystemIn human, ten members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family (TLR1-TLR10) have been identified (TLR11 has been found in mouse, but not in human). All TLRs have a similar Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) doma...
- Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting microbial pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound receptors id...
- Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting microbial pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound receptors id...
- Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting microbial pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound receptors id...
- Toxoplasmosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Toxoplasmosis, organism-specific biosystemToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is prevalent worldwide. The tachyzoite form acquired by oral ingestion downmodulates proinflammatory signaling pathways via various mechan...
- Toxoplasmosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Toxoplasmosis, conserved biosystemToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is prevalent worldwide. The tachyzoite form acquired by oral ingestion downmodulates proinflammatory signaling pathways via various mechan...
- Trk receptor signaling mediated by the MAPK pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Trk receptor signaling mediated by the MAPK pathway, organism-specific biosystem
Trk receptor signaling mediated by the MAPK pathway
- Tuberculosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Tuberculosis, organism-specific biosystemTuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. About 90% of those infected result in latent...
- Tuberculosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Tuberculosis, conserved biosystemTuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. About 90% of those infected result in latent...
- VEGF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
VEGF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThere is now much evidence that VEGFR-2 is the major mediator of VEGF-driven responses in endothelial cells and it is considered to be a crucial signal transducer in both physiologic and pathologic a...
- VEGF signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
VEGF signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThere is now much evidence that VEGFR-2 is the major mediator of VEGF-driven responses in endothelial cells and it is considered to be a crucial signal transducer in both physiologic and pathologic a...
- VEGFR3 signaling in lymphatic endothelium, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
VEGFR3 signaling in lymphatic endothelium, organism-specific biosystem
VEGFR3 signaling in lymphatic endothelium
- activated TAK1 mediates p38 MAPK activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
activated TAK1 mediates p38 MAPK activation, organism-specific biosystemp38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) belongs to a highly conserved family of serine/threonine protein kinases. The p38 MAPK-dependent signaling cascade is activated by pro-inflammatory or stre...
- p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemp38 MAPKs are members of the MAPK family that are activated by a variety of environmental stresses and inflammatory cytokines. Stress signals are delivered to this cascade by members of small GTPases...
- p38 MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
p38 MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem
p38 MAPK signaling pathway
- p38 signaling mediated by MAPKAP kinases, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
p38 signaling mediated by MAPKAP kinases, organism-specific biosystem
p38 signaling mediated by MAPKAP kinases
- p38MAPK events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
p38MAPK events, organism-specific biosystemNGF induces sustained activation of p38, a member of the MAPK family (Morooka T, Nishida E, 1998). Both p38 and the ERKs appear to be involved in neurite outgrowth and differentiation caused by NGF i...
- p53 pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
p53 pathway, organism-specific biosystem
p53 pathway