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    ADAR adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific [ Homo sapiens ]

    Gene ID: 103, updated on 19-May-2012
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    Summary

    Official Symbol
    ADARprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    adenosine deaminase, RNA-specificprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:225
    Locus tag
    RP11-61L14.5
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000160710; HPRD:07528; MIM:146920; Vega:OTTHUMG00000037261
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    DSH; G1P1; IFI4; P136; ADAR1; DRADA; DSRAD; IFI-4; K88DSRBP
    Summary
    This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for RNA editing by site-specific deamination of adenosines. This enzyme destabilizes double-stranded RNA through conversion of adenosine to inosine. Mutations in this gene have been associated with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]
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    Genomic context

    Location :
    1q21.3
    Sequence :
    Chromosome: 1; NC_000001.10 (154554533..154600456, complement)
    See ADAR in Epigenomics, MapViewer

    Chromosome 1 - NC_000001.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 1 Neighboring gene cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, beta 2 (neuronal) Neighboring gene potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 3 Neighboring gene phosphomevalonate kinase

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    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Go to nucleotideGraphics FASTA GenBank

    Go to reference sequence details
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    Bibliography

    Related articles in PubMed

    1. RNA editing catalyzed by ADAR1 and its function in mammalian cells. Wang Q. Biochemistry (Mosc), 2011 Aug. PMID 22022963.
    2. Identification of two novel splice mutations of the ADAR1 gene in two Chinese families with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria. Liu H, et al. Clin Exp Dermatol, 2011 Oct. PMID 21933234.
    3. Protein kinase PKR and RNA adenosine deaminase ADAR1: new roles for old players as modulators of the interferon response. Pfaller CK, et al. Curr Opin Immunol, 2011 Oct. PMID 21924887.
    4. Systematic and quantitative assessment of the ubiquitin-modified proteome. Kim W, et al. Mol Cell, 2011 Oct 21. PMID 21906983.
    5. A proteome-wide, quantitative survey of in vivo ubiquitylation sites reveals widespread regulatory roles. Wagner SA, et al. Mol Cell Proteomics, 2011 Oct. PMID 21890473.

    See all (119) citations in PubMed

    See citations in PubMed for homologs of this gene provided by HomoloGene

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions What's a GeneRIF?

    1. ADAR1 and not ADAR2 is required for cell survival. [review]
      Title: RNA editing catalyzed by ADAR1 and its function in mammalian cells.
    2. ADAR1 acts as a suppressor of PKR and displays proviral properties. (Review)
      Title: Protein kinase PKR and RNA adenosine deaminase ADAR1: new roles for old players as modulators of the interferon response.
    3. Two aberrant splice products were confirmed with RT-PCR and DNA direct sequence analysis; these novel findings further extend our understanding of the role of ADAR1 in dyschromatosis symmetrica.
      Title: Identification of two novel splice mutations of the ADAR1 gene in two Chinese families with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria.
    4. In conclusion, we have reported an insertion-deletion mutation of ADAR1 involved in dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria.
      Title: A novel complex insertion-deletion mutation in ADAR1 gene in a Chinese family with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria.
    5. ADAR1 enhances replication of RNA viruses through two mechanisms: RNA editing and inhibition of RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR).
      Title: Enhancement of replication of RNA viruses by ADAR1 via RNA editing and inhibition of RNA-activated protein kinase.
    6. The editing sites of ADAR1 or ADAR2 in dsRNA are dictated by the catalytic domain.
      Title: Predicting sites of ADAR editing in double-stranded RNA.
    7. investigation of plasma activity of total ADA, ADA1, and ADA2 in menses, follicular, and luteal phases of menstrual cycle: significant correlation between monocyte number and ADA activities
      Title: Adenosine deaminase activity during menses, follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.
    8. A joint study by NECS, SICS, JCS amd AJCS indicated relationship between ADAR and longevity.[review]
      Title: [Perspective of longevity genes].
    9. ADAR1 mRNA is expressed broadly in larynx carcinoma.
      Title: [Detection of ADAR1 mRNA expression in larynx carcinoma tissues].
    10. These results demonstrated that ADAR1 isoforms showed different expression patterns, suggesting that they might play different roles in pediatric leukemias.
      Title: Abnormal expression of ADAR1 isoforms in Chinese pediatric acute leukemias.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all (72)
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    Phenotypes

    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria

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    HIV-1 protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env HIV-1 gp120 inhibits adenosine deaminase (ADA) binding to CD26 (dipeptidyl-peptidase 4) in both CD4+ and CD4- cells; this effect requires the interaction of gp120 with CD4 or CXCR4 PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Protein Interaction Database

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    Interactions

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description
    P55265 P55265 ADAR    HPRD  PubMed  
    P55265 Q00341 HDLBP    HPRD  PubMed  
    P55265 O14980 XPO1    HPRD  PubMed  
    BioGRID:106617 BioGRID:115331 HDAC5    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS 
    BioGRID:106617 BioGRID:109319 HDLBP    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:106617 BioGRID:113188 SUMO1    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:106617 BioGRID:112497 SUMO2    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS 
    BioGRID:106617 BioGRID:113164 UBC    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-MS 
    BioGRID:106617 BioGRID:113348 XPO1    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:106617 BioGRID:1205541 tat    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
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    General gene information

    Markers

    Genotypes

    Homology

    Pathways from BioSystems

    • C6 deamination of adenosine, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      C6 deamination of adenosine, organism-specific biosystemHydrolytic deamination of adenosine leads to inosine. Ammonia is presumed to be released during this reaction.
    • Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystemCytokines are small proteins that regulate and mediate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. They are secreted in response to immune stimuli, and usually act briefly, locally, at very low concen...
    • Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, organism-specific biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting foreign DNA from invading microbes or host cells and generating innate immune responses. DAI is the first identified s...
    • Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, conserved biosystemSpecific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting foreign DNA from invading microbes or host cells and generating innate immune responses. DAI is the first identified s...
    • Formation of editosomes by ADAR proteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Formation of editosomes by ADAR proteins, organism-specific biosystemIt is still unclear how ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 proteins form the editosomes with the target RNA. Other components of these editosomes for A to I editing are unknown.
    • Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystemGene Expression covers the pathways by which genomic DNA is transcribed to yield RNA, the regulation of these transcription processes, and the pathways by which newly-made RNA Transcripts are process...
    • Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Immune System, organism-specific biosystemHumans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, through contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Our ability to avoid infection depends on the adaptive immune system and during the first crit...
    • Influenza A, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Influenza A, organism-specific biosystemInfluenza is a contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza virus infection. Influenza A virus is responsible for both annual seasonal epidemics and periodic worldwide pandemics. Novel strains ...
    • Influenza A, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Influenza A, conserved biosystemInfluenza is a contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza virus infection. Influenza A virus is responsible for both annual seasonal epidemics and periodic worldwide pandemics. Novel strains ...
    • Interferon Signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Interferon Signaling, organism-specific biosystemInterferons (IFNs) are cytokines that play a central role in initiating immune responses, especially antiviral and antitumor effects. There are three types of IFNs:Type I (IFN-alpha, -beta and others...
    • Interferon alpha/beta signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Interferon alpha/beta signaling, organism-specific biosystemType I interferons (IFNs) are composed of various genes including IFN alpha (IFNA), beta (IFNB), omega, epsilon, and kappa. In humans the IFNA genes are composed of more than 13 subfamily genes, wher...
    • Measles, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Measles, organism-specific biosystemMeasles virus (MV) is highly contagious virus that leads infant death worldwide. Humans are the unique natural reservoir for this virus. It causes severe immunosuppression favouring secondary bacteri...
    • Measles, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Measles, conserved biosystemMeasles virus (MV) is highly contagious virus that leads infant death worldwide. Humans are the unique natural reservoir for this virus. It causes severe immunosuppression favouring secondary bacteri...
    • mRNA Editing, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      mRNA Editing, organism-specific biosystemAfter transcription, some RNA molecules are altered to contain bases not encoded in the genome. Most often this involves the editing or modification of one base to another, but in some organisms can ...
    • mRNA Editing: A to I Conversion, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      mRNA Editing: A to I Conversion, organism-specific biosystemIn humans the deamination of adenosines to inosines is the most common editing event. It is particularly prevalent in the brain, where it leads to amino acid changes that affect the conductance of se...

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    DNA binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase activity NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    double-stranded RNA binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    hydrolase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    metal ion binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    adenosine to inosine editing TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    base conversion or substitution editing IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    cytokine-mediated signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    gene expression TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    gene silencing by RNA IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    mRNA modification TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    mRNA processing IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    negative regulation of apoptotic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    cytoplasm TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    intracellular IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    nucleolus IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    nucleoplasm TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    nucleus IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    nucleus TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
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    General protein information

    Preferred Names
    double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase
    Names
    double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase
    dsRNA adenosine deaminase
    interferon-induced protein 4
    interferon-inducible protein 4
    adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1-A
    136 kDa double-stranded RNA-binding protein
    NP_001020278.1
    NP_001102.2
    NP_001180424.1
    NP_056655.2
    NP_056656.2
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    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_011844.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      4982..50905
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001025107.2 → NP_001020278.1  double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform d

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and uses a downstream start codon, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (d) is shorter at the N-terminus, compared to isoform a. Both variants 4 and 5 encode the same isoform.
      Source sequence(s)
      AA449679, AL592078, BX538232, BX640741, CD108625, DA507408
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS30879.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P55265
      Related
      ENSP00000357456, OTTHUMP00000035373, ENST00000368471, OTTHUMT00000090692
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      cd00048
      Location:208 – 274
      Blast Score: 178
      DSRM; Double-stranded RNA binding motif. Binding is not sequence specific but is highly specific for double stranded RNA. Found in a variety of proteins including dsRNA dependent protein kinase PKR, RNA helicases, Drosophila staufen protein, E. coli RNase III, ...
      cl02661
      Location:544 – 927
      Blast Score: 1358
      A_deamin; Adenosine-deaminase (editase) domain
      cl00054
      Location:320 – 369
      Blast Score: 124
      DSRM; Double-stranded RNA binding motif. Binding is not sequence specific but is highly specific for double stranded RNA. Found in a variety of proteins including dsRNA dependent protein kinase PKR, RNA helicases, Drosophila staufen protein, E. coli RNase III, ...
      cl02659
      Location:1 – 63
      Blast Score: 225
      z-alpha; Adenosine deaminase z-alpha domain

    2. NM_001111.4 → NP_001102.2  double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform a

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longest isoform (a, also referred to as ADAR-a).
      Source sequence(s)
      AA449679, AL592078, CD108625, CR982397, U10439
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS1071.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P55265
      Related
      ENSP00000357459, OTTHUMP00000035372, ENST00000368474, OTTHUMT00000090691
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      cd00048
      Location:503 – 569
      Blast Score: 179
      DSRM; Double-stranded RNA binding motif. Binding is not sequence specific but is highly specific for double stranded RNA. Found in a variety of proteins including dsRNA dependent protein kinase PKR, RNA helicases, Drosophila staufen protein, E. coli RNase III, ...
      cl02661
      Location:839 – 1222
      Blast Score: 1353
      A_deamin; Adenosine-deaminase (editase) domain
      cl00054
      Location:615 – 664
      Blast Score: 125
      DSRM; Double-stranded RNA binding motif. Binding is not sequence specific but is highly specific for double stranded RNA. Found in a variety of proteins including dsRNA dependent protein kinase PKR, RNA helicases, Drosophila staufen protein, E. coli RNase III, ...
      cl02659
      Location:295 – 358
      Blast Score: 232
      z-alpha; Adenosine deaminase z-alpha domain

    3. NM_001193495.1 → NP_001180424.1  double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform d

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (5) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and uses a downstream start codon, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (d) is shorter at the N-terminus, compared to isoform a. Both variants 4 and 5 encode the same isoform.
      Source sequence(s)
      AA449679, AL592078, AL606500, CD108625, X79448
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS30879.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P55265
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      cd00048
      Location:208 – 274
      Blast Score: 178
      DSRM; Double-stranded RNA binding motif. Binding is not sequence specific but is highly specific for double stranded RNA. Found in a variety of proteins including dsRNA dependent protein kinase PKR, RNA helicases, Drosophila staufen protein, E. coli RNase III, ...
      cl02661
      Location:544 – 927
      Blast Score: 1358
      A_deamin; Adenosine-deaminase (editase) domain
      cl00054
      Location:320 – 369
      Blast Score: 124
      DSRM; Double-stranded RNA binding motif. Binding is not sequence specific but is highly specific for double stranded RNA. Found in a variety of proteins including dsRNA dependent protein kinase PKR, RNA helicases, Drosophila staufen protein, E. coli RNase III, ...
      cl02659
      Location:1 – 63
      Blast Score: 225
      z-alpha; Adenosine deaminase z-alpha domain

    4. NM_015840.3 → NP_056655.2  double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform b

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the central coding region, compared to variant 1, resulting in an isoform (b, also referred to as ADAR-b) that is shorter than isoform a. There are no publicly available full-length transcripts representing this variant; it is represented based on data in PMID:9020165 and annotation on DNA accession U75503.1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AA449679, AL592078, CD108625, CR982397, U10439
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P55265
      Related
      ENSP00000431794, OTTHUMP00000231779, ENST00000529168, OTTHUMT00000387579
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      cd00048
      Location:503 – 569
      Blast Score: 180
      DSRM; Double-stranded RNA binding motif. Binding is not sequence specific but is highly specific for double stranded RNA. Found in a variety of proteins including dsRNA dependent protein kinase PKR, RNA helicases, Drosophila staufen protein, E. coli RNase III, ...
      cl02661
      Location:813 – 1196
      Blast Score: 1352
      A_deamin; Adenosine-deaminase (editase) domain
      cl00054
      Location:615 – 664
      Blast Score: 125
      DSRM; Double-stranded RNA binding motif. Binding is not sequence specific but is highly specific for double stranded RNA. Found in a variety of proteins including dsRNA dependent protein kinase PKR, RNA helicases, Drosophila staufen protein, E. coli RNase III, ...
      cl02659
      Location:295 – 358
      Blast Score: 232
      z-alpha; Adenosine deaminase z-alpha domain

    5. NM_015841.3 → NP_056656.2  double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform c

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) uses two alternate in-frame splice sites in the central coding region, compared to variant 1, resulting in an isoform (b, also referred to as ADAR-c) that is shorter than isoform a. There are no publicly available full-length transcripts representing this variant; it is represented based on data in PMID:9020165 and annotation on DNA accession U75503.1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AA449679, AL592078, CD108625, CR982397, U10439
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P55265
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      cd00048
      Location:503 – 569
      Blast Score: 179
      DSRM; Double-stranded RNA binding motif. Binding is not sequence specific but is highly specific for double stranded RNA. Found in a variety of proteins including dsRNA dependent protein kinase PKR, RNA helicases, Drosophila staufen protein, E. coli RNase III, ...
      cl02661
      Location:794 – 1177
      Blast Score: 1351
      A_deamin; Adenosine-deaminase (editase) domain
      cl00054
      Location:615 – 664
      Blast Score: 125
      DSRM; Double-stranded RNA binding motif. Binding is not sequence specific but is highly specific for double stranded RNA. Found in a variety of proteins including dsRNA dependent protein kinase PKR, RNA helicases, Drosophila staufen protein, E. coli RNase III, ...
      cl02659
      Location:295 – 358
      Blast Score: 232
      z-alpha; Adenosine deaminase z-alpha domain

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: Build 37.3

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh37.p5 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000001.10 Reference GRCh37.p5 Primary Assembly

      Range
      154554533..154600456, complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate HuRef

    Genomic

    1. AC_000133.1 Alternate HuRef

      Range
      125917984..125963676, complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
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    Related Sequences

    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    genomic AL592078.10 CAI16183.1
      CAI16185.1
    genomic AL606500.8 CAH71907.1
      CAH71908.1
    genomic AL691488.3 CAI17375.1
      CAI17376.1
    genomic CH471121.2 EAW53183.1
      EAW53184.1
      EAW53185.1
      EAW53186.1
      EAW53187.1
      EAW53188.1
      EAW53189.1
      EAW53190.1
    genomic U75503.1 AAB97116.1
      AAB97117.1
      AAB97118.1
    mRNA AA449679.1 None
    mRNA AB209891.1 BAD93128.1
    mRNA AF084516.1 None
    mRNA AK097241.1 None
    mRNA AK304153.1 BAH14119.1
    mRNA BC017853.1 None
    mRNA BC038227.1 AAH38227.1
    mRNA BE886208.1 None
    mRNA BU430287.1 None
    mRNA BX538232.1 CAD98075.1
    mRNA BX640741.1 CAE45853.1
    mRNA CD108625.1 None
    mRNA CR982397.1 None
    mRNA DA507408.1 None
    mRNA DR158819.1 None
    mRNA EF190448.1 ABM73519.1
    mRNA EF190449.1 ABM73520.1
    mRNA EF190450.1 None
    mRNA EF190452.1 None
    mRNA EF190453.1 None
    mRNA U10439.1 AAB06697.1
    mRNA U18121.1 AAC13782.1
    mRNA X79448.1 CAA55967.1
    mRNA X79449.1 CAA55968.1
    mRNA X98559.1 CAA67169.1
      CAA67170.1
    mRNA X98563.1 None
    other-genetic EU176459.1 ABW03910.1
    other-genetic EU176799.1 ABW03600.1
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    P55265.4 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P55265
    Q59EC0 GenPept UniProtKB/TrEMBL:Q59EC0
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    Additional Links

    Additional Links

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

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