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Overview
A variety of publishing models now exist in the world of scientific publishing. Some journals are published in print format only. Others are published in both print and electronic format, whether simultaneously or with the online publication preceding the print publication. Still other titles are published in an electronic version only, located at the publisher or aggregator website.
To accommodate these various publishing models, the PubMed DTD allows data providers to code their citation files for the appropriate display of different citation types. The use of the PubStatus Attribute determines whether a citation appears to the user as print citation, an electronic citation, or an ahead of print citation.
Using the PubStatus Attribute
The PubStatus Attribute can be used in two places within the XML of an article:
Below are three different ways to use the PubStatus Attribute, followed by the resulting article display in PubMed. Publishers should choose the option that best fits their publishing model for the appropriate citation display.
Print-Only articles must either use the "ppublish" value or no PubStatus attribute in the <PubDate> tag within <Journal>. "ppublish" is the default value assigned to the PubStatus attribute for articles without one.
For example, here is the coding for a Print-Only article from a 1998 issue of Nature.
<JournalTitle>Nature</JournalTitle>
<Issn>0028-0836</Issn>
<Volume>396</Volume>
<Issue>6712</Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus = "ppublish">
<Year>1998</Year>
<Month>Dec</Month>
<Day>17</Day>
</PubDate>
This coding produces the following Publication Date display in the PubMed citation:
Nature. 1998 Dec 17;396(6712)
The same display will result if no PubStatus Attribute is included in the <PubDate> tag within <Journal> because "ppublish" is the default value assigned to the PubStatus attribute for articles without one.
<JournalTitle>Nature</JournalTitle>
<Issn>0028-0836</Issn>
<Volume>396</Volume>
<Issue>6712</Issue>
<PubDate>
<Year>1998</Year>
<Month>Dec</Month>
<Day>17</Day>
</PubDate>
Resulting PubMed display:
Nature. 1998 Dec 17;396(6712)
Online-Only articles must use the "epublish" value in the PubStatus attribute in the <PubDate> tag within <Journal>. These articles must also have an exact PubDate, one that includes completed tags for Year, Month and Day. Articles using the "epublish" value without exact PubDates will be rejected from loading to the database.
For example, here is the coding for a Online-Only article from a recent issue of Journal of Vision.
<JournalTitle>J Vis</JournalTitle>
<Issn>1534-7362</Issn>
<Volume>4</Volume>
<Issue>2</Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus = "epublish">
<Year>2004</Year>
<Month>Mar</Month>
<Day>8</Day>
</PubDate>
This coding produces the following Publication Date display in the PubMed citation:
J Vis. 2004 Mar 08;4(2)
A note about pagination for Online Only Journals: The NLM strongly recommends the use of the letter "E" when paginating Online Only articles. (For example, pages E1-E12) We see using the "E" as a service to the users of PubMed, as many associate "E" page numbers with this special class of journals. Online Only articles that are paginated with a single page number per article (article 1, article 2) are often mistaken by users as single page articles, not research articles of greater substance.
Ahead of Print articles must use the "aheadofprint" value in the PubStatus attribute in the <PubDate> tag within <Journal>. These articles must also have an exact PubDate, one that includes completed tags for Year, Month and Day. Articles using the "aheadofprint" value without exact PubDates will be rejected from loading to the database.
For example, here is the coding for an Ahead of Print article from a 2003 issue of Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry.
<JournalTitle>Biotechnol Appl Biochem</JournalTitle>
<Issn>0885-4513</Issn>
<Volume> </Volume>
<Issue> </Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus = "aheadofprint">
<Year>2003</Year>
<Month>May</Month>
<Day>21</Day>
</PubDate>
This coding produces the following Publication Date display in the PubMed citation:
Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2003 May 21 [Epub ahead of print]
When the final version appears in print, a replacement file with the article containing the final publication date must be sent to update the Ahead of Print (AOP) article. This article should include a PubDate within <Journal> that uses the "ppublish" value, and a PubDate within <History> that uses the "aheadofprint" value and contains the AOP date.
Here is coding from a replacement file for the AOP citation above. It contains the missing bibliographic information (volume, issue, final date of publication), a "ppublish" value in <PubDate>, and a <Replaces> tag with the PMID of the original citation. The Ahead of Print date with "aheadofprint" value has been moved into the <History> tag, so that the resulting citation retains the AOP date as well as the final publication date.
<JournalTitle>Biotechnol Appl Biochem</JournalTitle>
<Issn>0885-4513</Issn>
<Volume>38</Volume>
<Issue>2</Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus = "ppublish">
<Year>2003</Year>
<Month>Oct</Month>
<Day>1</Day>
</PubDate>
</Journal>
<Replaces>12760744</Replaces>
<History>
<PubDate PubStatus = "aheadofprint">
<Year>2003</Year>
<Month>May</Month>
<Day>21</Day>
</PubDate>
</History>
This coding produces the following Publication Date display in the PubMed citation:
Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2003 Oct;38(Pt 2) [Epub 2003 May 21]
NOTE: If this replacement file did not include the AOP date in <History>, the citation would appear without the [Epub] date:
Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2003 Oct;38(Pt 2)
See our All About Ahead of Print page for more information on how to create AOP citations and their replacements.
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