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Medical Microbiology
4th
Baron
Samuel
University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
0-9631172-1-1
1996
© 1996
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
infectious diseases
microbiology
Table of Contents
About this Book
Authors
Preface
Section 1 Bacteriology
Chapter 1 Immunology Overview
Armond S. Goldman and Bellur S. Prabhakar
Evolution of the Immune System
Organization/Components/Functions
Molecular Communications in the Immune System
Cells of the Immune System
Immunoglobulin Supergene Family
Generation of Antibody Diversity
TcR
TcR α/β
CD3 Complex
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
Recognition of Self and Immune Tolerance
The Complement System
Defense against Infections
Diseases Due to Immune Responses to Infectious Agents
Ontogeny of Immunity
Maternal Immunologic Agents Transferred to the Recipient Infant
Immune Deficiencies
Acquired Defects
References
Introduction to Bacteriology
Chapter 2 Structure
Milton R.J. Salton and Kwang-Shin Kim
Introduction
The Nucleoid
Surface Appendages
Surface Layers
Intracellular Components
References
Chapter 3 Classification
Ellen Jo Baron
Introduction
Definitions
Approaches to Taxonomy
Phenotypic Characteristics Useful in Classification and Identification
Classification Below and Above the Species Level
Designation of New Species and Nomenclatural Changes
Assessing Newly Described Bacteria
Role of the Clinical Laboratory
Interfacing with Public Health Laboratories
Hazards of Clinical Laboratory Work
References
Chapter 4 Bacterial Metabolism
Peter Jurtshuk Jr.
Introduction
Heterotrophic Metabolism
Respiration
Fermentation
Krebs Cycle
Glyoxylate Cycle
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Mitchell or Proton Extrusion Hypothesis
Bacterial Photosynthesis
Autotrophy
Anerobic Respiration
The Nitrogen Cycle
References
Chapter 5 Genetics
Randall K. Holmes and Michael G. Jobling
Introduction
Genetic Information in Microbes
Genome Organization
Mutation and Selection
Exchange of Genetic Information
Recombination DNA and Gene Cloning
Regulation of Gene Expression
References
Chapter 6 Normal Flora
Charles Patrick Davis
Introduction
Significance of the Normal Flora
Normal Flora of Skin
Urogenital Flora
References
Chapter 7 Bacterial Pathogenesis
Johnny W. Peterson
Introduction
Host Susceptibility
Pathogenic Mechanisms
Specific Virulence Factors
Biologic Activity of Endotoxin
Detection of Endotoxin in Medical Solutions
Epilogue
References
Chapter 8 Specific Acquired Immunity
John B. Robbins, Rachel Schneerson, and Shousun C. Szu
Introduction
Basis of Acquired Resistance
Primary vs Opportunistic Pathogens
Protective Antigens
Immune Mechanisms
Preventive Immunity
References
Chapter 9 Epidemiology
Philip S. Brachman
Introduction
Chain of Infection
Epidemiologic Methods
Epidemic Investigation
References
Chapter 10 Principles of Diagnosis
John A. Washington
Introduction
Manifestations of Infection
Microbial Causes of Infection
Specimen Selection, Collection and Processing
Microbiologic Examination
Microbial Identification
Serodiagnosis
Antimicrobial Susceptibility
References
Chapter 11 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
Harold C. Neu and Thomas D. Gootz
Introduction
Biochemical Basis of Antimicrobial Action
Inhibition of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis
Antibiotics that Affect the Function of Cytoplasmic Membranes
Antibiotics that Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Antimicrobial Inhibitors of Ribosome Function
Drugs that Inhibit Other Biochemical Targets
Antibacterial Agents that Affect Mycobacteria
Bacterial Resistance
Combinations of Antimicrobial Agents
Toxicology of Antimicrobial Agents
Mechanism to Reduce Bacterial Resistance
References
Chapter 12 Staphylococcus
Timothy Foster
Introduction
Taxonomy
Identification of Staphylococci in the Clinical laboratory
Epidemiology of Staphylococcus Aureus Infections
Clinical Manifestations of
S Aureus
Pathogenesis of
S Aureus
Infections
Adherence
Avoidance of Host Defenses
Damage to the Host
Other Extracellular Proteins
Enzymes
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci
Resistance of Staphylococci to Antimicrobial Drugs
Future Prospects
References
Chapter 13 Streptococcus
Maria Jevitz Patterson
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Classification, Antigenic Types and Extracellular Growth Products
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 14 Neisseria, Moraxella, Kingella and Eikenella
Stephen A. Morse
Introduction
Nesseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis
References
Chapter 15 Bacillus
Peter C. B. Turnbull
Introduction
Clinical Manifestions
Structure and Classification
Pathogenisis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 16 Miscellaneous Pathogenic Bacteria
Herbert Hof
Introduction
Listeria Monocytogenes
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae
Propionibacterium Acnes
Streptobacillus Moniliformis
Calymmatobacterium Granulomatis
References
Chapter 17 Anaerobes: General Characteristics
David J. Hentges
Introduction
Oxygen Toxicity
Pathogenic Anaerobes
Processing of Clinical Specimens
References
Chapter 18 Clostridia: Sporeforming Anaerobic Bacilli
Carol L. Wells and Tracy D. Wilkins
Introduction
Gas Gangrene and Related Clostridial Wound Infections
Tetanus and
Clostribium Tetani
Botulism and Clostridium Botulinum
Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea, Pseudomembranous Colitis, and Clostridium Difficile
Other Pathogenic Clostridia Food Poisoning and Clostridium perfringens
References
Chapter 19 Anaerobic Cocci
Carol L. Wells and Tracy D. Wilkins
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure, Classification and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 20 Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli
Sydney M. Finegold
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 21 Salmonella
Ralph A. Giannella
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 22 Shigella
Thomas L. Hale and Gerald T. Keusch
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defense
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Control
References
Chapter 23
Campylobacter
and
Helicobacter
Guillermo I. Perez-Perez and Martin J. Blaser
Introduction
Campylobacter Jejuni
and other Enteric Campylobacters
Classification and Antigenic Types
Other Pathogenic
Campylobacter
Species
Helicobacter Pylori
and other Gastric
Helicobacter
-Like Organisms
Other Pathogenic Helicobacter Species
References
Chapter 24 Cholera,
Vibrio cholerae
O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios
Richard A. Finkelstein
Introduction
Vibrio Cholerae
References
Chapter 25
Escherichia Coli
in Diarrheal Disease
Doyle J. Evans Jr. and Dolores G. Evans
Introduction
Noninflammatory Diarrheas Caused by Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia Coli
Inflammatory Diarrheas Caused by Enteroinvasive, Cytotoxic, and Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli
References
Chapter 26
Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter,
and
Proteus
M. Neal Guentzel
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Distinctive Properties
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 27 Pseudomonas
Barbara H. Iglewski
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 28 Brucella
G.G. Alton and J.R.L. Forsyth
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 29
Pasteurella, Yersinia,
and
Francisella
Frank M. Collins
Introduction
Pasteurella
Clinical Manifestations
Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Diagnosis
Control
Yersinia
Clinical Manifestations
Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis
Yersinia enterocolitica
Francisella
Clinical Manifestations
Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 30
Haemophilus
Species
Daniel M. Musher
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 31 Bordetella
Horst Finger and Carl Heinz Wirsing von Koenig
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 32 Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
John R. Murphy
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Colonization
Diphtheria Toxin Production
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
Other Corynebacterium Species
Redesigning of Diphtheria Toxin for the Development of Eukaryotic Cell-Receptor Specific Cytotoxins
References
Chapter 33 Mycobacteria and Nocardia
David N. McMurray
Introduction
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Mycobacterium leprae
Nocardia
References
Chapter 34
Actinomyces, Propionibacterium propionicus,
and
Streptomyces
Geroge H.W. Bowden
Introduction
Actinomycosis
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
Streptomyces
Clinical Manifestations
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 35 Leptospira
Russell C. Johnson
Introduction
Leptospira
Borrelia
Spirillum
References
Chapter 36 Treponema
Justin D. Radolf
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure and Biology
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
Other Treponematoses
References
Chapter 37 Mycoplasmas
Shmuel Razin
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types
Phylogeny
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 38 Rickettsiae
David H. Walker
Introduction
Rickettsiae of the Spotted Fever and Typhus Groups
Clinical Manifestations
Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Control
Orientia (Rickettsia) tsutsugamushi and Scrub Typhus
Clinical Manifestations
Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
Ehrlichia
Coxiella burnetii
and Q Fever
Clinical Manifestations
Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Type
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
Bartonella
References
Chapter 39 Chlamydia
Yechiel Becker
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure
Classification, and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 40 Legionella
Washington C. Winn Jr
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Section 2 Virology
Introduction to Virology
Chapter 41 Structure and Classification of Viruses
Hans R. Gelderblom
Structure and Function
Classification of Viruses
Virus Classification
References
Chapter 42 Multiplication
Bernard Roizman
Initiation of Infection
Attachment
Penetration
Uncoating
The Strategies of Viral Multiplication
Single-stranded RNA viruses
Double-stranded RNA viruses
DNA virus genomes
Variability in Viral Genomes and Viral Multiplication
References
Chapter 43 Viral Genetics
W. Robert Fleischmann Jr
Introduction
Genetic Change in Viruses
Mutations
Recombination
References
Chapter 44 Effects on Cells
Thomas Albrecht, Michael Fons, Istvan Boldogh, and Alan S. Rabson
Introduction
Cytocidal Infections
Effects on Cell Physiology
Persistent Infections
Transforming Infections
References
Chapter 45 Viral Pathogenesis
Samuel Baron, Michael Fons, and Thomas Albrecht
Introduction
Cellular Pathogenesis
Tissue Tropism
Sequence of Virus Spread in the Host
Dissemination from the Portal of Entry
Incubation Period
Multiplication in Target Organs
Shedding of Virus
Congenital Infections
References
Chapter 46 Persistent Viral Infections
Istvan Boldogh, Thomas Albrecht, and David D. Porter
Introduction
Classification
Models of Virus Persistence in Vitro
Pathogenesis of Persistent Virus Infections
Reactivation of Persistent Viruses
Persistent Infections by Organ System
Control of Persistent Infections
References
Chapter 47 Tumor Viruses
Joan C. M. Macnab and David Onions
Causation of Tumors
Human Oncogenic RNA Viruses (Retroviruses)
Oncovirus Groups
Replication
Oncogenic Transformation
Oncogenic DNA Viruses
Herpesviruses
Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus
Virus Cofactors
Human Papillomaviruses
Vaccines in the Prevention of Virus-Associated Cancers
References
Chapter 48 Epidemiology and Evolution
Frank Fenner
Introduction
Portals of Entry and Exit
Viral Zoonoses
Epidemiologic Features of Viral Infections
References
Chapter 49 Nonspecific Defenses
Ferdinando Dianzani and Samuel Baron
Introduction
Defense Mechanisms that Precede Infection
Defense Mechanisms Evoked by Infection
Viral Interference and Interferon
Conclusion
References
Chapter 50 Immune Defenses
Gary R. Klimpel
Introduction
Viral Activation of Immunity
Virus-Induced Immunopathology
Roles of Immune functions During Viral Infections
References
Chapter 51 Control of Viral Infections and Diseases
Karen L. Goldenthal, Karen Midthun, and Kathryn C. Zoon
Introduction
Immunoprophylaxis
Sanitation and Vector Control
Antiviral Chemotherapy
References
Chapter 52 Chemotherapy of Viral Infections
Erik De Clercq
Introduction
Basic Mechanisms
Approved Antiviral Drugs
Future Antiviral Drugs
Main Targets for Antiviral Drugs
Limitations of Antiviral Drugs
References
Chapter 53 Picornaviruses
Marguerite Yin-Murphy and Jeffrey W. Almond
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure and Replication
Classification and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
Enteroviruses
References
Chapter 54 Alphaviruses (Togaviridae) and Flaviviruses (Flaviviridae)
Alan L. Schmaljohn and David McClain
Introduction
Alphaviruses
Flaviviruses
References
Chapter 55 Togaviruses: Rubella Virus
Paul D. Parkman
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 56 Bunyaviruses
Robert E. Shope
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Multiplication
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 57 Arenaviruses
Charles J. Pfau
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Multiplication
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 58 Orthomyxoviruses
Robert B. Couch
Introduction
Clinical Manifestation
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Multiplication
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 59 Paramyxoviruses
Gisela Enders
Introduction
Parainfluenza Viruses
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Mumps Virus
Measles Virus
References
Chapter 60 Coronaviruses
David A.J. Tyrrell and Steven H. Myint
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Multiplication
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 61 Rhabdoviruses: Rabies Virus
Charles E. Rupprecht
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Multiplication
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 62 Human Retroviruses
Miles W. Cloyd
Introduction
Types of Endogenous and Exogenous Retroviruses
Human T-Cell Leukemia Viruses
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
References
Chapter 63 Rotaviruses, Reoviruses, Coltiviruses, and Orbiviruses
Albert Z. Kapikian and Robert E. Shope
Introduction
Rotaviruses
Reoviruses
Coltiviruses and Orbiviruses
References
Chapter 64 Parvoviruses
John R. Pattison and Gary Patou
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Multiplication
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 65 Norwalk Virus and Other Caliciviruses
Neil R. Blacklow
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Multiplication
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 66 Papovaviruses
Janet S. Butel
Introduction
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Virus Multiplication and Cell Transformation
Polyomaviruses
Control
Papillomaviruses
References
Chapter 67 Adenoviruses
Walter Doerfler
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure
Multiplication
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 68 Herpesviruses
Richard J. Whitley
Introduction
General Biologic Properties
Structure
Classification
Replication and Latency
Diagnosis
Herpes Simplex Viruses
Mucocutaneous Infections
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein-Barr Virus
Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7
Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus
B-Virus
Control of Herpesvirus Infection
References
Chapter 69 Poxviruses
Derrick Baxby
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Multiplication
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 70 Hepatitis Viruses
Arie J. Zuckerman
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis C
References
Chapter 71 Subacute Spongiform Unconventional Virus Encephalopathies
Clarence J. Gibbs and David M. Asher
Introduction
Unconventional Viruses
Scrapie
Kuru
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Gerstmann-Straussler-Schenker Syndrome
Genetics
Fatal Familial Insomnia
Concluding Comments
References
Chapter 72 Filoviruses
Heinz Feldmann and Hans-Dieter Klenk
Introduction
Clinical Manifestation
Classification
Virus Structure
Virus Replication
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Diagnosis
Patient Management, Therapy, and Control
References
Section 3 Mycology
Introduction to Mycology
General Concepts of Mycology
Michael R. McGinnis and Stephen K. Tyring
General Concepts
Clinical Presentation
Structure
Classification
Multiplication
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
Introduction to Mycology
Michael R. McGinnis and Stephen K. Tyring
Introduction
Physiology
Structure
Morphology
Propagules (Spores and Conidia)
Classification
References
Chapter 73 Basic Biology of Fungi
Garry T. Cole
Introduction
Cell Walls
Filamentous Fungi and Filamentous Bacteria
Hyphal and Yeast Morphogenesis
Reproduction
References
Chapter 74 Disease of Mechanisms of Fungi
George S. Kobayashi
Introduction
Entry
Adaptation and Propagation
References
Chapter 75 Spectrum of Mycoses
Thomas J. Walsh and Dennis M. Dixon
Introduction
Current magnitude and problems of mycoses
Concepts of classification
Superficial and Cutaneous Mycoses
Subcutaneous Mycoses
Deep Mycoses
References
Chapter 76 Antifungal Agents
Dennis M. Dixon and Thomas J. Walsh
Introduction
Polyene Antifungal Drugs
Azole Antifungal Drugs
5-Fluorocytosine
Other Antifungal Agents
Selection of Antifungal Agents
References
Section 4 Parasitology
Introduction to Parasitology
Chapter 77 Protozoa: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development
Robert G. Yaeger
Introduction
Structure
Classification
Life Cycle Stages
Reproduction
Nutrition
References
Chapter 78 Protozoa: Pathogenesis and Defenses
John Richard Seed
Introduction
Pathology
Immune Escape
References
Chapter 79 Intestinal Protozoa: Amebas
William A. Sodeman Jr
Introduction
Entamoeba Histolytica
References
Chapter 80 Other Intestinal Protozoa and
Trichomonas Vaginalis
Ernest A. Meyer
Introduction
Giardia Lamblia
Trichomonas Vaginalis
Other Trichomonads
Dientamoeba Fragilis
Chilomastic mesnil
Balantidium coli
Isospora
Cryptosporidium
References
Chapter 81 Free-Living Amebas:
Naegleria, Acanthamoeba
and
Balamuthia
Augusto Julio Martinez
Introduction
Naegleria Fowleri
Acanthamoeba/B Mandrillaris (Family Leptomyxidae)
Clinical Manifestations
References
Chapter 82 Hemoflagellates
Rodrigo A. Zeledón
Introduction
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)
African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)
Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar)
References
Chapter 83 Malaria
James M. Crutcher and Stephen L. Hoffman
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Classification
Structure and Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 84 Toxoplasma Gondii
J. P. Dubey
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure, Multiplication, and Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 85 Pneumocystis Carinii
Walter T. Hughes
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure
Classification and Antigenic Types
Multiplication
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 86 Helminths: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development
Gilbert A. Castro
Introduction
Flukes (Trematodes)
Tapeworms (Cestodes)
Roundworms (Nematodes)
References
Chapter 87 Helminths: Pathogenesis and Defenses
Derek Wakelin
Introduction
Infection
Parasite Factors Influencing Susceptibility
Pathogenesis
Defenses Against Infection
References
Chapter 88 Schistosomes and Other Trematodes
Barbara L. Doughty
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Structure and Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
Diagnosis
Control
References
Chapter 89 Cestodes
Donald Heyneman
Introduction
Taenia saginata
, The Beef Tapeworm
Taenia solium
, The Pork Tapeworm
Taenia multiceps
, The Coenurus Tapeworm
Echinococcus granulosus
, The Hydatid Tapeworm
Echinococcus multilocularis
, The Multiloculate or Alveolar Hydatid Tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana
, The Dwarf Tapeworm
Hymenolepis diminuta,
The Rat Tapeworm
Dipylidium caninum
, The Double-Pored Tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum
, The Broad Fish Tapeworm
References
Chapter 90 Enteric Nematodes of Humans
John H. Cross
Introduction
Ascaris Lumbricoides
Hookworms
Strongyloides Stercoralis
Trichuris Trichura
Enterobius Vermicularis
References
Chapter 91 Enteric Nematodes of Lower Animals Transmitted to Humans: Zoonoses
Doris S. Kelsey
Introduction
Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans
Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Trichinosis
References
Chapter 92 Filarial Nematodes
John H. Cross
Introduction
Lymphatic Filariae Wuchereria Bancrofti
and
Brugia Malayi
Onchocerca Volvulus
References
Section 5 Introduction to Infectious Diseases
Introduction to Infectious Diseases
Chapter 93 Infections of the Respiratory System
Purushothama V. Dasaraju and Chien Liu
Upper Respiratory Infections
Common Cold
Pharyngitis
Epiglottitis and Laryngotracheitis
Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis
References
Chapter 94 Microbiology of the Circulatory System
Lawrence L. Pelletier Jr.
Introduction
Clinical Syndromes
Blood Cultures
References
Chapter 95 Microbiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Sherwood L. Gorbach
Composition and Distribution of the Microflora
Metabolic Activites of the Microflora
The Intestinal Microflora and Infection
Bacterial Diarrheas
Viral Diarrheas
Parasitic Diarrheas
Clinical Diagnosis of Diarrheal Disease
References
Chapter 96 Microbiology of the Nervous System
Richard T. Johnson
Introduction
Gross Anatomy
Blood-Brain Barrier
Immune System
Cellular Structure
Meningitis
Infection of the Brain Parenchyma
Encephalitis
Slow and Chronic Infection and Chronic Neurologic Disease
Retroviruses
Conventional Viruses
Unconventional Agents
Parasites
References
Chapter 97 Microbiology of the Genitourinary System
Allan Ross Ronald and Michelle J. Alfa
Introduction
Urethritis and Epididymitis
Microbiologic Diagnosis
Vaginitis, Cervicitis, Endometritis, and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Genital Ulcer Disease
Urinary Tract Infections
References
Chapter 98 Microbial Infections of Skin and Nails
Raza Aly
Introduction
Skin Infections
Methods for Laboratory Diagnosis
Bacterial Skin Infections
Treatment of the Pyodermas
Viral Skin Diseases
Fungal Skin Diseases
Nail
Treatment of Nail Diseases
References
Chapter 99 Microbiology of Dental Decay and Periodontal Disease
Walter J. Loesche
Introduction
Dental Caries (Decay)
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Sucrose in the diet
Clinical Manifestation
Microbiologic Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
Fluoride as an Antimicrobial Agent in Plaque
Sucrose Substitutes that Aid in Caries Control
Periodontal Disease
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Gingivitis
Localized Juvenile Periodontitis (LJP)
Early-Onset Periodontitis (EOP) and Adult Periodontitis (AP)
Clinical Manifestations
Microbiological Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
References
Chapter 100 Bone, Joint, and Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
Jon T. Mader and Jason Calhoun
Introduction
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
Crepitant Anaerobic Cellulitis
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Nonclostridial Myonecrosis
Clostridial Myonecrosis
Fungal Necrotizing Cellulitis
Joint Infections
Gonococcal Arthritis
Nongonococcal Arthritis
Diagnosis of Bacterial Arthritis
Granulomatous Arthritis
Bone Infections
Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
Contiguous-Focus Osteomyelitis
Chronic Osteomyelitis
Diagnosis of Bacterial Osteomyelitis
Skeletal Tuberculosis
Fungal Osteomyelitis
References
Copyright © 1996
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
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