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Defining and Defeating the Intolerable Burden of Malaria: III. Progress and Perspectives

J G Breman, M S Alilio, and Nicholas J White

Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Disease Control Priorities Project, Multilateral Initiative on Malaria

American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene2007

Copyright © 2007 The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

The Intolerable Burden of Malaria

Table of Contents

Defining and Defeating the Intolerable Burden of Malaria III. Progress and Perspectives: Objectives and Acknowledgments Joel G. Breman, Martin S. Alilio, and Nicholas J. White
Defining and Defeating the Intolerable Burden of Malaria III. Progress and Perspectives: Foreword Luis Gomez Sambo
Defining and Defeating the Intolerable Burden of Malaria III. Progress and Perspectives: Introduction Roger I. Glass and Anthony S. Fauci
When Is “Malaria” Malaria? the Different Burdens of Malaria Infection, Malaria Disease, and Malaria-like Illnesses K. A. Koram and M. E. Molyneux
- Definitions
- When Accurate Measurement Is Important
- The Overdiagnosis of Malarial Illness
- The Underdiagnosis of Malarial Illness
- Malaria-Attributable Fractions and Threshold Parasite Densities
- Clinical Algorithms
- Malaria “Signatures”
- Conclusions
- References
Over-Diagnosis and Co-Morbidity of Severe Malaria in African Children: A Guide for Clinicians Samson Gwer, Charles R.J.C. Newton, and James A. Berkley
- Introduction
- Search Strategy
- The Problems of Diagnosis
- Over-Diagnosis of Severe Malaria
- Severe Malaria and Invasive Bacterial Infections
- Severe Malaria and HIV
- Severe Malaria and Malnutrition
- Conclusions
- References
Malaria in Pregnancy: Linking Immunity and Pathogenesis to Prevention Stephen J. Rogerson, Victor Mwapasa, and Steven R. Meshnick
- Introduction to Malaria in Pregnancy
- Susceptibility to Malaria in Pregnancy
- Other Malaria Vaccines
- Malaria Prevention and Protective Immunity
- Pre-Term Delivery and Fetal Growth Restriction
- Maternal Nutrition and Malaria
- Anemia: Etiology and Prevention
- Malaria and the Neonate
- Antimalarials in Pregnancy
- Pharmacokinetics
- Drug Resistance
- Toxicity
- Future Directions
- Conclusions
- References
In-Hospital Morbidity and Mortality Due to Severe Malarial Anemia in Western Kenya Charles O. Obonyo, John Vulule, Willis S. Akhwale, and Diederick E. Grobbee
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- References
The Management of Patients with Severe Malaria Nicholas Day and Arjen M. Dondorp
- Introduction
- Initial Assessment and Management
- Antimalarial Treatment
- Supportive Care and Management of Complications
- Other Adjunctive Therapies
- Future Directions
- References
Malaria Surveillance Counts Joel G. Breman and Cherice N. Holloway
- Introduction
- Current Goals, Indicators, and Data
- Conundrums
- What Should Be Done?
- Morbidity and Mortality
- Tracking Malaria Transmission and Control
- Resistance of Parasites to Drugs and Mosquitoes to Insecticides
- Conclusion
- References
Predictions of the Impact of Malaria Control Efforts on All-Cause Child Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa Alexander K. Rowe and Richard W. Steketee
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusions
- References
Malaria Burden among Pregnant Women Living in the Rural District of Boromo, Burkina Faso Sheick Oumar Coulibaly, Sabine Gies, and Umberto D’Alessandro
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- References
Malaria Stratification, Climate, and Epidemic Early Warning in Eritrea Pietro Ceccato, Tewolde Ghebremeskel, Malanding Jaiteh, Patricia M. Graves, Marc Levy, Shashu Ghebreselassie, Andom Ogbamariam, Anthony G. Barnston, Michael Bell, John del Corral, Stephen J. Connor, Issac Fesseha, Eugene P. Brantly, and Madeleine C. Thomson
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- References
Burden of Malaria in India: Retrospective and Prospective View Ashwani Kumar, Neena Valecha, Tanu Jain, and Aditya P. Dash
- Introduction
- Discussion
- References
Vivax Malaria: Neglected and Not Benign Ric N. Price, Emiliana Tjitra, Carlos A. Guerra, Shunmay Yeung, Nicholas J. White, and Nicholas M. Anstey
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathobiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Mixed Infections
- Socio-Economic Burden
- Diagnosis and Management of Vivax Malaria
- Chloroquine Resistance (CQR)
- Management of Resistant P. Vivax.
- Control of Vivax Malaria
- References
Epidemiology of Plasmodium-Helminth Co-Infection in Africa: Populations at Risk, Potential Impact on Anemia, and Prospects for Combining Control Simon Brooker, Willis Akhwale, Rachel Pullan, Benson Estambale, Siân E. Clarke, Robert W. Snow, and Peter J. Hotez
- Introduction
- Predicted Patterns of Co-Distribution
- Epidemiology of Co-Infection
- Immune Consequences of Co-Infection
- Impact of Co-Infection on Anemia
- Combined Control
- Proposed Research Agenda
- Conclusions
- References
Patterns of Age-Specific Mortality in Children in Endemic Areas of Sub-Saharan Africa Salim Abdullah, Kubaje Adazu, Honorati Masanja, Diadier Diallo, Abraham Hodgson, Edith Ilboudo-Sanogo, Ariel Nhacolo, Seth Owusu-Agyei, Ricardo Thompson, Thomas Smith, and Fred N. Binka
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- References
Priority Setting on Malaria Interventions in Tanzania: Strategies and Challenges to Mitigate against the Intolerable Burden Emmanuel A. Makundi, Leonard E. G. Mboera, Hamisi M. Malebo, and Andrew Y. Kitua
- Background Information
- Malaria Control Strategies in Tanzania
- Measuring the Burden of Malaria
- Priority Areas in Addressing the Burden of Malaria in Tanzania
- Challenges
- Way Forward: Revisit Implementation of Existing Measures
- Conclusions
- References
Uncertainty in Malaria Control in Tanzania: Crossroads and Challenges for Future Interventions Leonard E. G. Mboera, Emmanuel A. Makundi, and Andrew Y. Kitua
- Introduction
- Strategies for Malaria Control in Tanzania
- Challenges to the Current Malaria Control Strategies
- Conclusion
- References
A Review of Malaria Diagnostic Tools: Microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) Chansuda Wongsrichanalai, Mazie J. Barcus, Sinuon Muth, Awalludin Sutamihardja, and Walther H. Wernsdorfer
- Introduction
- Malaria Diagnostic Methods
- Conclusions
- References
The Cost-Effectiveness of Parasitologic Diagnosis for Malaria-Suspected Patients in an Era of Combination Therapy Yoel Lubell, Hugh Reyburn, Hilda Mbakilwa, Rose Mwangi, Kini Chonya, Christopher J. M. Whitty, and Anne Mills
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- References
Estimating Trends in the Burden of Malaria at Country Level Richard E. Cibulskis, David Bell, Eva-Maria Christophel, Jeffrey Hii, Charles Delacollette, Nathan Bakyaita, and Maru W. Aregawi
- Why Are Country and Sub-National Level Estimates of Malaria Burden Needed?
- Countries Experience Difficulties in Quantifying Burden: Why?
- How Can We Use and Improve Available Information in Countries?
- How Can We Gather Better Information in the Future?
- Conclusion
- References
Scaling up Malaria Control in Africa: An Economic and Epidemiological Assessment Awash Teklehaimanot, Gordon C. McCord, and Jeffrey D. Sachs
- Introduction
- Derivation of Population at Risk
- Description of Comprehensive Interventions
- Scaling up to Full Coverage in 2008
- Conclusion
- References
How Many Years of Life Could Be Saved If Malaria Were Eliminated from a Hyperendemic Area of Northern Ghana? Ayaga A. Bawah and Fred N. Binka
- Introduction
- Data
- Estimation Procedure
- Data Limitations
- Results
- Discussion
- References
Responding to the Challenge of Antimalarial Drug Resistance by Routine Monitoring to Update National Malaria Treatment Policies Lasse S. Vestergaard and Pascal Ringwald
- Introduction
- Malaria Treatment Failure and Drug Resistance
- Summary of the Epidemiology of Drug-Resistant Malaria
- Tools for Monitoring
- Coordinated Monitoring at National and Regional Level
- Updating National Malaria Treatment Policies
- Future Challenges
- References
Monitoring and Deterring Drug-Resistant Malaria in the Era of Combination Therapy Miriam K. Laufer, Abdoulaye A. Djimdé, and Christopher V. Plowe
- Introduction
- In vitro Susceptibility Assessment
- Molecular Markers for Drug Resistance
- Pharmacokinetics
- Clinical Assessment of Drug Efficacy
- Summary
- References
Intensity of Malaria Transmission and the Spread of Plasmodium falciparum–Resistant Malaria: A Review of Epidemiologic Field Evidence Ambrose O. Talisuna, Paul E. Okello, Annette Erhart, Marc Coosemans, and Umberto D’Alessandro
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- References
Artemisinin-Based Combination Treatment of Falciparum Malaria François Nosten and Nicholas J. White
- Introduction
- Rationale
- Deployment
- Access
- Pharmacology
- Adverse Effects
- The ACTs
- Artesunate–Sulfadoxine–Pyrimethamine
- Artesunate–Amodiaquine
- Artemether–Lumefantrine
- Artesunate–Mefloquine
- Artesunate–Chlorproguanil–Dapsone
- Artesunate–Atovaquone–Proguanil
- Artesunate–Pyronaridine
- Dihydroartemisinin–Piperaquine
- ACTs in Children
- ACTs in Pregnancy
- Plasmodium Vivax
- Effects on Transmission
- Conclusions
- References
A Major Transition in Malaria Treatment: The Adoption and Deployment of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies Andrea Bosman and Kamini N. Mendis
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- References
Microbially Derived Artemisinin: A Biotechnology Solution to the Global Problem of Access to Affordable Antimalarial Drugs Victoria Hale, Jay D. Keasling, Neil Renninger, and Thierry T. Diagana
- Introduction
- ACTs: The Last Line of Defense against a Global Scourge
- References
Medicine Sellers and Malaria Treatment in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Do They Do and How Can Their Practice Be Improved? Catherine Goodman , William Brieger , Alasdair Unwin , Anne Mills , Sylvia Meek , and George Greer
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusions
- References
A Global Subsidy for Antimalarial Drugs Hellen Gelband and Andreas Seiter
- Introduction
- Discussion
- Progress since the Release of Saving Lives, Buying Time
- References
Quick Wins versus Sustainability: Options for the Upscaling of Insecticide-Treated Nets Christian Lengeler, Mark Grabowsky, David McGuire, and Don deSavigny
- Introduction
- ITNs: What Vision?
- ITN Upscaling: Only within an Enabling Environment
- Distribution of Free Nets through Public Channels
- Developing the Commercial Sector for ITNs
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
Broken Promise? Taxes and Tariffs on Insecticide Treated Mosquito Nets Martin Alilio, Halima Mwenesi, Lawrence M. Barat, Roshelle M. Payes, Suzanne Prysor-Jones, Malick Diara, David McGuire, and Willard Shaw
- Introduction
- About This Viewpoint
- Broken Promise?
- Taxes and Tariffs Hamper the Supply of Insecticide Treated Nets in the Region
- Legislative Hurdles Undermine Progress at the Country Level
- Regional Issues Present a Special Problem
- Lack of Effective Advocacy Strategies Lead to Foot Dragging
- The Way Forward?
- References
Transgenic Mosquitoes and the Fight against Malaria: Managing Technology Push in a Turbulent GMO World Bart G. J. Knols, Hervé C. Bossin, Wolfgang R. Mukabana, and Alan S. Robinson
- Introduction
- Technological Challenges
- Transitional Challenges
- Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues
- Future Perspectives
- References
Evaluation of Bednets after 38 Months of Household Use in Northwest Ghana Stephen C. Smith, Uday B. Joshi, Mark Grabowsky, Joel Selanikio, Theresa Nobiya, and Thomas Aapore
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- References
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control? Shobha Sadasivaiah, Yeºim Tozan, and Joel G. Breman
- Introduction
- History
- Trends in Insecticide Use for Vector Control
- Safety
- Insecticide Resistance: Monitoring and Management
- Costs and Cost Effectiveness
- Recent Programs for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa
- Implementation, Monitoring, and Evaluation
- Research Needs
- Discussion
- References
Anopheles Gambiae Exploits the Treehole Ecosystem in Western Kenya: A New Urban Malaria Risk? Francois X. Omlin, John C. Carlson, C. Brandon Ogbunugafor, and Ahmed Hassanali
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- References
New Interventions for Malaria: Mining the Human and Parasite Genomes Francine Ntoumi, Dominic P. Kwiatkowski, Mahamadou Diakité, Theonest K. Mutabingwa, and Patrick E. Duffy
- The Many Manifestations of Malaria
- The Genome Promise and Some Questions
- Mining the Parasite Genome
- The Parasite Genome and Vaccine Discovery
- Human Genomic Analysis of Malaria Resistance
- Genome Science in the Field
- Conclusions
- References
Methods for Determining Vaccine Efficacy and Effectiveness and the Main Barriers to Developing a Fully Deployable Malaria Vaccine Caterina Guinovart and Pedro L. Alonso
- Introduction
- Complexity of Developing a Malaria Vaccine
- Clinical Development Plan to Evaluate a P. FALCIPARUM Candidate Vaccine
- Target Populations
- Trial Endpoints
- Plasmodium Vivax
- Deployment
- Conclusions
- References
Towards an African-Driven Malaria Vaccine Development Program: History and Activities of the African Malaria Network Trust (AMANET) Wen L. Kilama, Roma Chilengi, and Charles L. Wanga
- Introduction
- Birth of the African Malaria Vaccine Testing Network (AMVTN)
- AMVTN Gives Birth to AMANET
- Governance of AMANET
- International Conferences
- Malaria Research Institutions in Africa
- Training Workshops
- Needs Assessment and Selection of Prospective Trial Sites
- Conclusions and Lessons Learned
- References
Two Decades of Commitment to Malaria Vaccine Development: Glaxosmithkline Biologicals W. Ripley Ballou and Conor P. Cahill
- Introduction
- Early Research and Development
- More Recent Research and Development
- Alternative Antigens for Combination and Prime-Boost Strategies
- Toward the Future
- References
Multilateral Initiative on Malaria: Justification, Evolution, Achievements, Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Plans Joas B. Rugemalila, Olumide A. T. Ogundahunsi, Timothy T. Stedman, and Wen L. Kilama
- Justification for International Collaboration to Fight Malaria
- Evolution of the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria
- Implementation of the Review Recommendations
- MIM Constituents and Responsibilities
- Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO (TDR)
- MIM Communication Network (MIMCom)
- Malaria Research and Reference Reagent Resource Center (MR4)
- MIM Challenges, Opportunities, and Achievements
- Future Plans
- References
Research Themes and Advances in Malaria Research Capacity Made by the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria Florence N. Nantulya, Jane F. Kengeya-Kayondo, and Olumide A. T. Ogundahunsi
- Introduction
- Conclusions
- References
Advocacy for Malaria Prevention, Control, and Research in the Twenty-First Century Nicole Bates and James Herrington
- Introduction
- Unprecedented Progress
- Coordinated Efforts
- A New Policy Environment
- A New Advocacy Community
- Elements of Success
- Future Prospects
- References
Building to Collective Impact: The Global Fund Support for Measuring Reduction in the Burden of Malaria Bernard L. Nahlen and Daniel Low-Beer
- Introduction
- Key Malaria Control Goals and Targets
- Conclusion
- References
List of Figures

Copyright © 2007 The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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