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Immunology and Evolution of Infectious Disease
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Immunology and Evolution of Infectious Disease
2002
© 2002
Steven A. Frank
Table of Contents
Book Information
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction
Part I Background
Chapter 2 Vertebrate Immunity
Nonspecific Immunity
Specific Immunity: Antigens and Epitopes
B Cells and Antibodies
T Cells and MHC
Summary
Chapter 3 Benefits of Antigenic Variation
Extend Length of Infection
Infect Hosts with Prior Exposure
Infect Hosts with Genetically Variable Resistance
Vary Attachment Characters
Antigenic Interference
Problems for Future Research
Part II Molecular Processes
Chapter 4 Specificity and Cross-Reactivity
Antigens and Antibody Epitopes
Antibody Paratopes
Antibody Affinity Maturation
Natural Antibodies—Low-Affinity Binding to Diverse Antigens
Affinity versus Specificity
Cross-Reaction of Polyclonal Antibodies to Divergent Antigens
T Cell Epitopes
Every Host Differs
Problems for Future Research
Chapter 5 Generative Mechanisms
Mutation and Hypermutation
Stochastic Switching between Archival Copies
New Variants by Intragenomic Recombination
Mixing between Genomes
Problems for Future Research
Part III Individual Interactions
Chapter 6 Immunodominance within Hosts
Antibody Immunodominance
CTL Immunodominance
Sequence of Exposure to Antigens: Original Antigenic Sin
Problems for Future Research
Chapter 7 Parasite Escape within Hosts
Natural Selection of Antigenic Variants
Pathogen Manipulation of Host Immune Dynamics
Sequence of Variants in Active Switching from Archives
Ecological Coexistence of Variants within a Host
Problems for Future Research
Part IV Population Consequences
Chapter 8 Genetic Variability of Hosts
Polymorphisms in Specificity
Polymorphisms in Immune Regulation
Problems for Future Research
Chapter 9 Immunological Variability of Hosts
Immunological Memory
Kinds of Parasites
Immunodominance of Memory
Cross-Reactivity and Interference
Distribution of Immune Profiles among Hosts
Problems for Future Research
Chapter 10 Genetic Structure of Parasite Populations
Kinds of Genetic Structure
Pattern and Process
Genome-wide Linkage Disequilibrium
Antigenic Linkage Disequilibrium
Population Structure: Hosts as Islands
Problems for Future Research
Part V Studying Evolution
Chapter 11 Classifications by Antigenicity and Phylogeny
Immunological Measures of Antigenicity
Phylogeny
Hypothetical Relations between Immunology and Phylogeny
Immunology Matches Phylogeny over Long Genetic Distances
Immunology-Phylogeny Mismatch with Radiations into New Hosts
Short-Term Phylogenetic Diversification Driven by Immunological Selection
Discordant Patterns of Phylogeny and Antigenicity Created by Within-Host Immune Pressure
Problems for Future Research
Chapter 12 Experimental Evolution: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Overview of Antigenicity and Structure
Antibody Escape Mutants
Cell Binding and Tropism
Fitness Consequences of Substitutions
Problems for Future Research
Chapter 13 Experimental Evolution: Influenza
Overview of Antigenicity and Structure
Antibody Escape Mutants
Cell Binding and Tropism
Fitness Consequences of Substitutions
Experimental Evolution of Other Pathogens
Problems for Future Research
Chapter 14 Experimental Evolution: CTL Escape
Cleavage and Transport of Peptides
MHC Binding
TCR Binding
Functional Consequences of Escape
Kinetics of Escape
Problems for Future Research
Chapter 15 Measuring Selection with Population Samples
Kinds of Natural Selection
Positive Selection to Avoid Host Recognition
Phylogenetic Analysis of Nucleotide Substitutions
Predicting Evolution
Problems for Future Research
Part VI Discussion
Chapter 16 Recap of Some Interesting Problems
Population-Level Explanation for Low Molecular Variability
Molecular-Level Explanation for Population Dynamics
Binding Kinetics and the Dynamics of Immunodominance
Diversity and Regulation of Archival Repertoires
Final Note
References
List of Figures
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Copyright © 2002
Steven A. Frank
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