Introduction Approach to the Diagnosis of Possible Seizures
Chapter 1 Electroencephalography in the Diagnosis of Nonepileptic and Epileptic Conditions Warren T. Blume, MD, FRCP(C)
EEG and the Diagnosis of Epilepsy
EEG in Some Epilepsy Mimics
EEG in Evaluation of Ambiguous Disorders: Various Practical Points
References
Chapter 2 Anatomical–Clinical Localization of Ictal Behavior Barbara Jobst, MD and Peter Williamson, MD
Manifestations and Localization of Ictal Behavior in Focal Partial Seizures
Ictal Behavior Originating in the Temporal Lobes
Typical Seizures Originating in the Temporal Lobes
Ictal Behavior Originating in the Parietal Lobes
Ictal Behavior Originating in the Occipital Lobe
Seizures Originating in the Deeper Structures of the Brain
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Curious Epileptic Seizures That Don't Resemble Seizures Monisha Goyal, MD, Paul Zarkowski, MD, and Barbara E. Swartz, MD, PhD
Seizures That Don'T Resemble Seizures in Neonates
Seizures That Don'T Resemble Seizures in Infants
Seizures That Don'T Resemble Seizures in Older Children and Adults (1.0 Motor)
Reflex Epilepsies
Psychic Seizures
Seizures with Psychiatric Symptomatology
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Convulsive Nonepileptic Seizures Don W. King, MD
Convulsive Epileptic Seizures
Convulsive Syncope
Psychogenic Nonepileptic Events
Paroxysmal Dyskinesia
Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep
REM Behavior Disorder
References
Chapter 5 The Role of Serum Prolactin in Seizure Diagnosis Paul B. Pritchard, III, MD
Effects of Drugs on Serum Prolactin Levels
Changes in Serum Prolactin Levels with Pathologic States
Changes in Serum Prolactin with Brain Stimulation
Changes in Serum Prolactin Associated with Epileptic Seizures
Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures
Other Paroxysmal Neurological Conditions
Use of Serum Prolactin as a Diagnostic Tool in Epilepsy: Practice and Pitfalls
References
Chapter 6 Nonepileptic Spells in Neonates and Infants Linda Laux, MD and Douglas R. Nordli, Jr, MD
Neonates (Birth to One Month of Age)
Neonatal Nonepileptic Events
Infants (One Month to One Year of Age)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Nonepileptic Seizures and Similar Phenomena in Children and Adolescents John B.P Stephenson, MA, BM, DM, FRCP, HonFRCPCH and Sameer Zuberi, MB, ChB, MRCPCH, FRCP
Nonepileptic Seizures and Paroxysmal Nonepileptic Events in the Population
Classification of Nonepileptic Seizures and Events
Diagnostic Categories
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Paroxysmal Disturbances Resembling Seizures in the Elderly A. James Rowan, MD
The Aged Person Found Unconsciousness on the Floor
Blackout Spells
Drop Attacks
Syncope
Memory Disturbances
Dementia
Dizziness
Transient Ischemic Attacks
Transient Global Amnesia
Tremor and Clonus
Myoclonic Jerks
Toxic-Metabolic Encephalopathies
Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus
References
Chapter 9 Migraine and Epilepsy Audrey L. Halpern, MD and Stephen D. Silberstein, MD
The Migraine Attack—A Clinical Description
Migraine Variants
Headache and Seizure Occur Together
Migraine-Triggered Epilepsy
Pathophysiology of Migraine
The EEG and Migraine
Pharmacologic Treatment of Migraine—Basic Principles
Neuropharmacology of Migraine Treatment
Some Diagnostic Distinctions among Migraine, Epileptic Seizures and Transient
Global Amnesia
References
Chapter 10 Strange Tastes, Smells, Sounds, Visions and Feelings: Nonepileptic Events that Mimic Simple Partial Seizures Ross FineSmith, MD, Eric B. Geller, MD, and Orrin Devinsky, MD
Nonepileptic Paroxysmal Disorders
Simple Partial Epileptic Seizures and Their Nonepileptic Imitators
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Dizziness or Vestibular Problems Resembling Seizures Martin Gizzi, MD, PhD and Sidney P. Diamond, MD
Anatomy and Physiology of the Vestibular System
The Clinical History
The Neurotologic Examination—Key Elements
Features Suggesting Otologic Causes of Vertigo
Testing of Value in Vertigo
Vertiginous Seizures
Nystagmus in Epilepsy
Vestibulogenic Seizures
Features Suggesting Seizure as the Cause of Vertigo
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Movement Disorders That Imitate Epilepsy Ann Helms, MD and Lisa Shulman, MD
Post-Stroke Epilepsy
Post-Stroke Movement Disorders
Chorea, Athetosis, and Ballismus
Dystonia
Muscle Cramps and Spasms
Myoclonus
Paroxysmal Dyskinesia
Psychogenic Movement Disorders
Tardive Dyskinesia
Tardive Dystonia
Tics
Stereotypies
Hemifacial Spasm
Blepharospasm and Meige's Syndrome
References
Chapter 13 Hyperekplexia and Other Disorders of Startle: Differential Diagnosis with Epilepsy Frederick Andermann, MD, FRCP(C) and Eva Andermann, MD, PhD, FCCMG
Hyperekplexia
Startle Epilepsy
Jumping and Other Culture-Bound Syndromes
References
Chapter 14 Encephalopathy as a Mimic of Seizures Michael Benatar, MBChB, Dphil and Frank W. Drislane, MD
The Anatomy and Physiology of Arousal
Pathophysiology of Encephalopathy
The Clinical Features of Encephalopathy
Electroencephalographic Features of Encephalopathy
Seizures and Related Disorders That Produce an Encephalopathy
Similarities and Differences between Encephalopathy and Ncse
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Neuroendocrine, Metabolic and Toxic Imitators of Epilepsy Robin L. Gilmore
Introduction
Gastrointestinal Disease and Seizures
Toxic or Drug-Related Conditions
MDMA
Vasculitic Encephalopathies
References
Chapter 16 Parasomnias, Sleep Disorders, and Narcolepsy—Sleep-Time Imitators of Epilepsy Carl W. Bazil, MD, PhD
Normal Sleep Physiology
Interactions between Sleep and Epilepsy
Specific Sleep Phenomena and Sleep Disorders Confused with Seizures
Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Cerebrovascular Imitators of Epilepsy Louis R. Caplan, MD
Clinical Features Used to Separate Seizures, Transient Ischemia, and Migraine
Less Common Mimics Attributed to, or Confused with Cerebrovascular Disease
References
Chapter 18 Hyperventilation Syndrome Randolph W. Evans, MD
Epidemiology
Historical Aspects
Diagnosis
Neurologic Manifestations
Psychologic Symptoms
Case Reports
Pathophysiology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
References
Chapter 19 Psychiatric Aspects of Nonepileptic Seizures: Psychogenic NES John R. Gates, MD
Terminology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis and Treatment
Video-EEG Monitoring
Neuropsychological Testing
Treatment of Nonepileptic Seizures
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Coexisting Epilepsy and Nonepileptic Seizures Allan Krumholz, MD and Tricia Ting, MD
