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Hepatitis C Viruses
Genomes and Molecular Biology
Seng-Lai
Tan
Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, USA
horizon bioscience
ISBN-10: 1-904933-20-3
ISBN-13: 978-1-904933-20-5
2006
Copyright © 2006
Horizon Bioscience
, an imprint of Horizon Scientific Press
Table of Contents
Contributors
Preface
Seng-Lai Tan, Ph.D.
Introduction
David R. Gretch
Chapter 1 HCV Genome and Life Cycle
Stéphane Chevaliez and Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
HCV Genome Organization and Function
HCV Genome Structure and Organization
Characteristics and Functions of HCV Proteins
The HCV Lifecycle
Structure of HCV Virions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 HCV 5′ and 3′UTR: When Translation Meets Replication
Stephanie T. Shi and Michael M. C. Lai
Introduction
Structural and Functional Components of the HCV RNA
HCV Translation
HCV RNA Replication
Regulation of HCV Translation and Replication
Perspectives
References
Chapter 3 Assemble and Interact: Pleiotropic Functions of the HCV Core Protein
Stephen J. Polyak, Kevin C. Klein, Ikuo Shoji, Tatsuo Miyamura, and Jaisri R. Lingappa
Introduction
The Core of the Problem
The Role of HCV Core in Capsid Assembly
Sub-Cellular Targeting of HCV Core
Post-Translational Modifications of HCV Core
HCV Core-Host Interactions
References
Chapter 4 HCV Glycoproteins: Assembly of a Functional E1–E2 Heterodimer
Muriel Lavie, Anne Goffard, and Jean Dubuisson
Introduction
Biogenesis of HCV Envelope Glycoproteins
Role of HCV Envelope Glycoproteins in Virus Entry
Conclusion
Future Trends
References
Chapter 5 HCV NS2/3 Protease
Sarah Welbourn and Arnim Pause
Introduction
NS2/3 Catalytic Cleavage
Role of NS2/3 Cleavage in Viral Replication
Roles of Cleaved NS2
Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 HCV NS3-4A Serine Protease
Chao Lin
Introduction
Biological Functions
Three Dimensional Structures
Assays for the HCV NS3-4A Serine Protease
A Drug Discovery Target
Preclinical Studies and Clinical Development
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 7 HCV Helicase: Structure, Function, and Inhibition
David N. Frick
Introduction
Structure of HCV Helicase
Mechanism of Action
HCV Helicase Inhibitors
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 8 HCV NS4B: From Obscurity to Central Stage
Ella H. Sklan and Jeffrey S. Glenn
Introduction
Proteolytic Generation of NS4B
Subcellular Localization and Topology
NS4B and Lipid Rafts
The Immunological Effects of NS4B
Modulation of Ns5bs' RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Activity
Effects of NS4B on Translation
"Membranous Web" Formation
Modulation of ER Functions
Malignant Transformation
NS4B Features That May Underlie the Mechanisms of the Above Functions
Future Directions
Future Directions
References
Chapter 9 HCV NS5A: A Multifunctional Regulator of Cellular Pathways and Virus Replication
Yupeng He, Kirk A. Staschke, and Seng-Lai Tan
Introduction
Structural Features and Subcellular Localization of NS5A
NS5A Phosphorylation: A Functional Role or Red Herring?
Emerging Role of NS5A in HCV Replication
NS5A as a Viral Interceptor of Cellular Pathways
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 10 Biochemical Activities of the HCV NS5B RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
C. T. Ranjith-Kumar and C. Cheng Kao
Introduction
Expression of NS5B
Structural Features of HCV NS5B
Catalytic Pocket
Activities of NS5B
De novo
Synthesis and Primer Extension
Mutational Analysis
Terminal Nucleotidyl Transferase (TNTase) Activity
Template Switch
Interaction with Other HCV Nonstructural Proteins
Conclusion and Future Trends
References
Chapter 11 HCV Replicon Systems
Keril J. Blight and Elizabeth A. Norgard
Introduction
Development of HCV Replicons
Identification of Adaptive Mutations
Generation of Replicons from Other HCV Isolates
Development of Alternative Replicon Derivatives
Cell Lines Permissive for HCV Replication
Applications of the HCV Replicon System
Inhibition of Replicon Replication
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 12 Animal Models for HCV Study
Linda B. Couto and Alexander A. Kolykhalov
Chimpanzee Model
Transgenic Mouse Models
Xenograft Models
Small Non-Human Primate Models
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 HCV Regulation of Host Defense
D. Spencer Carney and Michael Gale Jr.
Introduction
Innate Intracellular Immune Defenses
ISG Products Have Antiviral Functions
Cross-Talk Between Innate and Adaptive Immune Defenses
IFN-γ Activation of the Antiviral Response
Hepatic Defenses Are Triggered by HCV
Triggering the Host Response to HCV Infection
Regulation and Evasion of the Host Response by HCV
HCV Regulation of IFN Signaling
Regulation of ISG Expression or Function
Viral Genetics Impact the Host Response to HCV Infection
Exogenous Induction of Antiviral Hepatic Defenses
The HCV/Host Interface Model of Viral Evasion
References
Chapter 14 Regulation of Adaptive Immunity by HCV
Xiao-Song He
Introduction
Adaptive Immunity to HCV: A Failure in Most Patients
Dendritic Cells–Are They Infected by HCV?
Interference of Host Cell Functions by HCV
Regulatory T Cells in HCV Infection
Immune Cells and Immune Responses in the Liver
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) and Other Strategies in HCV Vaccine Designs and Immunotherapy
Ayaz M. Majid and Glen N. Barber
Introduction
Classical Strategies in Viral Vaccines
Studies of Recombinant HCV Protein Sub-Units in Chimpanzees
Efficacy of Recombinant DNA Approaches in Generating HCV Immunity
Hepatitis C Virus-like Particles
VSV as a Safe and Potent Vector for Generating Immunity against Viral Pathogens
VSV-HCV Pseudotypes as a Prelude to Recombinant VSV in HCV Immuno-Intervention
Replication Competent and Defective Recombinant VSV as a Vaccine Strategy to Generate Immune Responses
Recombinant VSV Vaccine Studies
VSV Expressing HCV Core, E1 and E2 Structural Proteins as a Potential Vaccine and Immunotherapeutic Strategy against HCV Infection
Conclusions
Future Trends
References
Chapter 16 Development of an Infectious HCV Cell Culture System
Takaji Wakita and Takanobu Kato
Introduction
A Case of Fulminant Hepatitis Associated with HCV
Sequence Analysis of JFH-1
Preferential Processing for Core Protein of JFH-1
Replication Capacity of JFH-1 as a Subgenomic Replicon
Construction of Full-Length JFH-1 cDNA
Replication of Full-Length JFH-1 RNA in Huh7 Cells
Infectivity of Secreted Viral Particles from JFH-1 Transfected Cells
Neutralization of JFH-1 Infectivity by CD81 Antibody and Patient Sera
In Vivo Infectivity of JFH-1 Culture Medium
Permissive Cells for JFH-1 Infection
Summary and Concluding Remarks
References
Copyright © 2006
Horizon Bioscience
, an imprint of Horizon Scientific Press
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