Source: Based on Larsen 1992.
 |
| Pharyngeal arch | Skeletal elements (neural crest plus mesoderm) | Arches, arteries (mesoderm) | Muscles (mesoderm) | Cranial nerves (neural tube) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Incus and malleus (from neural crest); mandible, maxilla, and temporal bone regions (from crest dermal mesenchyme) | Maxillary branch of the carotid artery (to the ear, nose, and jaw) | Jaw muscles; floor of mouth; muscles of the ear and soft palate | Maxillary and mandibular divisions of trigeminal nerve (V) |
| 2 | Stapes bone of the middle ear; styloid process of temporal bone; part of hyoid bone of neck (all from neural crest cartilage) | Arteries to the ear region: cortico- tympanic artery (adult); stapedial artery (embryo) | Muscles of facial expression; jaw and upper neck muscles | Facial nerve (VII) |
| 3 | Lower rim and greater horns of hyoid bone (from neural crest) | Common carotid artery; root of internal carotid | Stylopharyngeus (to elevate the pharynx) | Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) |
| 4 | Laryngeal cartilages (from lateral plate mesoderm) | Arch of aorta; right subclavian artery; original spouts of pulmonary arteries | Constrictors of pharynx and vocal cords | Superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X) |
| 6 | Laryngeal cartilages (from lateral plate mesoderm) | Ductus arteriosus; roots of definitive pulmonary arteries | Intrinsic muscles of larynx | Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X) |
Source: Based on Larsen 1992.