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Regions of the neural crest. The cranial neural crest migrates into the branchial arches and the face to form the bones and cartilage of the face and neck. It also produces pigment and cranial nerves. The vagal neural crest (near somites 1–7) and the sacral neural crest (posterior to somite 28) form the parasympathetic nerves of the gut. The cardiac neural crest cells arise from the neural crest by somites 1–3; they are critical in making the division beeween the aorta and the pulmonary artery. Neural crest cells of the trunk (about somite 6 through the tail) make the sympathetic neurons, and a subset of these (at the level of somites 18–24) form the medulla portion of the adrenal gland. (After Le Douarin 1982.)