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Clinical Methods
Walker
H. Kenneth
Hall
W. Dallas
Hurst
J. Willis
Butterworths
0-409-90077-X
1990
© 1990 Butterworth Publishers
Medicine
History
Physical
Symptoms
Signs
Examination
Table of Contents
Contributors
Preface
Part I Introduction
The Case of Richard Cabot
Charles Stewart Roberts
References
Chapter 1 The Origins of the History and Physical Examination
H. Kenneth Walker
Hippocrates: A Rational Profession 460–370 b.c
Vesalius: Establishment of an Accurate Anatomy, 1543
Sydenham: The Nosology of Disease, 1666
Morgagni: The Foundation of Pathologic Anatomy, 1761
Auenbrugger: The Discovery of Percussion, 1761
Laennec: The Stethoscope, 1816
Pierre Louis: The French School, 1800–1850
Johannes Mueller: The German School, 1830–1900
Helmholtz: The Ophthalmoscope, 1850
Carl Wunderlich: The Thermometer, 1871
Erb and Westphal: The Reflex Hammer, 1875
Riva Rocci: The Sphygmomanometer, 1896
The Clinical History
Clinical Methods in the United States
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Collecting and Analyzing Data: Doing and Thinking
David A. Nardone
Problem Identification
Hypothesis Generation
Hypothesis Evaluation
Hypothesis Analysis
Hypothesis Assembling
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 The Medical Interview
Peter R. Lichstein
Nature and Goals of the Interview
Conducting the Interview
Diagnosing and Solving Problems in the Interview
A Review of Common Problems
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 The Physical Examination
Earl W. Campbell JR and Christopher K. Lynn
Definition
The Context
The Physician–Patient Interaction
The Materials
The Examination
Conclusion
Chapter 5 Use of the Laboratory
Craig Kaplan
The Probabilistic Nature of Diagnosis
Operating Characteristics of Laboratory Tests
Purposes for Ordering Laboratory Tests
The Normal Test Result and Its Meaning
Test Ordering Strategies and Their Misuse
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value
David Simon and John R. Boring III
Clinical Decision Making
Characteristics of Diagnostic Tests
Use of Likelihood Ratios
Caveats
References
Part II The Cardiovascular System
Herrick and Heart Disease
Charles Stewart Roberts
References
Chapter 7 An Overview of the Cardiovascular System
Joel M. Felner
History
Physical Examination
Conclusion
Chapter 8 Exercise Capacity
Robert E. Goldstein
Definition
Techniques
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 9 Chest Pain or Discomfort
David H. Hickam
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 10 Palpitations
David M. Mirvis
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 11 Dyspnea, Orthopnea, and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
Vaskar Mukerji
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 12 Syncope
Wishwa N. Kapoor
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 13 Claudication
Robert B. Smith III
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 14 History of Cardiovascular Disease
Harry R. Gibbs
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 15 Family History of Heart Disease
Mark E. Silverman
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 16 Blood Pressure
Walter A. Brzezinski
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 17 Pulse
John F. Moran
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 18 Bruits and Hums of the Head and Neck
Kenneth J. Kurtz
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 19 The Jugular Venous Pressure and Pulse Contour
Mark M. Applefeld
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 20 The Carotid Pulse
Douglas C. Morris
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 21 Precordial Impulses
Howard S. Rosman
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 22 The First Heart Sound
Joel M. Felner
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 23 The Second Heart Sound
Joel M. Felner
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 24 The Third Heart Sound
Mark E. Silverman
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 25 The Fourth Heart Sound
Eric S. Williams
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 26 Systolic Murmurs
Martin A. Alpert
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 27 Diastolic Murmurs
I. Sylvia Crawley
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 28 Ejection Clicks
William R. Jacobs
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 29 Edema
Kenneth R. Phelps
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 30 Examination of the Extremities: Pulses, Bruits, and Phlebitis
R. Dean Hill and Robert B. Smith III
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 31 Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and Associated Lipoproteins
Rafael A. Cox and Mario R. García-Palmieri
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 32 Creatine Kinase
C. Daniel Cabaniss
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 33 Electrocardiography
R. Joe Noble, J Stanley Hillis, and Donald A. Rothbaum
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 34 Chest Roentgenography for Cardiovascular Evaluation
Eric Manheimer
Definition and Basic Science
Technique and Clinical Significance
References
Part III The Pulmonary System
Trudeau at Lake Saranac
Charles Stewart Roberts
References
Chapter 35 An Overview of the Pulmonary System
Eric Honig
History
Physical Examination
Additional Evaluation
Chapter 36 Dyspnea
John B. Bass JR.
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 37 Wheezing and Asthma
Henry Gong JR.
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 38 Cough and Sputum Production
Sattar Farzan
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 39 Hemoptysis
Ralph Corey
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 40 Tobacco Use
Mohamed S. Al-Ibrahim and Joyce Y. Gross
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 41 Environmental Inhalation
James P Whalen and Ruy V LourenÇo
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
Appendix: Inhalational Exposure Resources
References
Chapter 42 Past Pulmonary Disease
P. Bailey Francis
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 43 Respiratory Rate and Pattern
Sheldon R. Braun
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 44 Clubbing
Stephen J. McPhee
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 45 Cyanosis
H. L. Snider
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 46 Chest Examination
Peter G. Tuteur
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 47 Skin Testing for Tuberculosis
Clifford C. Dacso
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 48 Chest Roentgenography for Pulmonary Evaluation
Michael Boyars
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 49 Arterial Blood Gases
E. P. Trulock III
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Part IV The Neurologic System
Weir Mitchell of Philadelphia
Charles Stewart Roberts
References
Chapter 50 An Overview of the Nervous System
H. Kenneth Walker
History
Neurologic Examination
Chapter 51 Episodic Neurologic Symptoms
David C. Good
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 52 Pain and Sensory Perversions
Reynolds G. Jarvis
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 53 Muscle Cramps
Lawrence Z. Stern and Charles Bernick
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 54 Headache
G. Kim Bigley
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 55 Cerebrovascular Disease
David C. Good
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 56 Epilepsy
Charles M. Epstein
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 57 Level of Consciousness
Suzie C. Tindall
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 58 The Pupils
Robert H. Spector
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 59 Cranial Nerve I: The Olfactory Nerve
H. Kenneth Walker
Definitions
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 60 Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI: The Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens Nerves
Part 1: Conjugate Gaze
Part 2: Brainstem Nuclei and Peripheral Nerves
Chapter 61 Cranial Nerve V: The Trigeminal Nerve
H. Kenneth Walker
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 62 Cranial Nerve VII: The Facial Nerve and Taste
H. Kenneth Walker
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 63 Cranial Nerves IX and X: The Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves
H. Kenneth Walker
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 64 Cranial Nerve XI: The Spinal Accessory Nerve
H. Kenneth Walker
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 65 Cranial Nerve XII: The Hypoglossal Nerve
H. Kenneth Walker
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 66 Speech and Other Lateralizing Cortical Functions
H. Kenneth Walker
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 67 Sensation
G. Kim Bigley
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 68 The Motor System and Gait
Lawrence Z. Stern and Charles Bernick
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 69 The Cerebellum
H. Kenneth Walker
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 70 Involuntary Movements
H. Kenneth Walker
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 71 The Suck, Snout, Palmomental, and Grasp Reflexes
H. Kenneth Walker
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 72 Deep Tendon Reflexes
H. Kenneth Walker
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 73 The Plantar Reflex
H. Kenneth Walker
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 74 Cerebrospinal Fluid
Rafael Jurado and H. Kenneth Walker
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Part V The Autonomic Nervous System
Cannon of Harvard
Charles Stewart Roberts
References
Chapter 75 An Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System
W. Dallas Hall
History
Physical Examination
Chapter 76 Clinical Evidence of Dysautonomia
Michael J. Reichgott
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 77 Sleep Disturbances
René E Cormier
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 78 Bedside Evaluation of the Autonomic System
Anthony L. Barbato
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 79 Laboratory Evaluation of the Autonomic System
Norman G. Soler
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Part VI The Gastrointestinal System
William Beaumont, the Man and the Opportunity
Charles Stewart Roberts
References
Chapter 80 An Overview of the Gastrointestinal System
Charles M. Ferguson
History
Physical Examination
Chapter 81 The Nutritional History
Thomas E. Edes
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 82 Dysphagia
Douglas C. Wolf
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 83 Indigestion and Heartburn
Howard Schachter
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 84 Nausea and Vomiting
William F. Maule
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 85 Hematemesis, Melena, and Hematochezia
I. Dodd Wilson
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 86 Abdominal Pain
Roger Sherman
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 87 Jaundice
Alfred E. Stillman
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 88 Diarrhea
Timothy A. Woods
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 89 Constipation
Marshall Sparberg
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 90 Abdominal Gas
René E Cormier
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 91 The Alcohol Drinking History
Michael Phillips
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 92 History of Past Gastrointestinal Diseases
Eapen Thomas
Definition
Technique and Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 93 Inspection, Auscultation, Palpation, and Percussion of the Abdomen
Charles M. Ferguson
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 94 Evaluation of the Size, Shape, and Consistency of the Liver
Douglas C. Wolf
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 95 Auscultation of the Liver
Joseph E. Hardison
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 96 Inguinal Canal and Hernia Examination
J. Richard Amerson
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 97 The Rectal Examination
Michael J. McFarlane
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 98 Tests for Fecal Occult Blood
J. Donald Ostrow
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 99 Aminotransferases
David H. Vroon and Zafar Israili
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 100 Alkaline Phosphatase and Gamma Glutamyltransferase
David H. Vroon and Zafar Israili
Alkaline Phosphatase
Gamma Glutamyltransferase
References
Chapter 101 Serum Albumin and Globulin
Janice T. Busher
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 102 Abdominal Roentgenography
Richard M. Gore
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Part VII The Skin and Appendages
Goldberger and the Mal de la Rosa
Charles Stewart Roberts
References
Chapter 103 An Overview of the Skin and Appendages
Marilynne McKay
Principles of Cutaneous Diagnosis (What to Look for)
History
Physical Examination
Summary
Chapter 104 The Dermatologic History
Marilynne McKay
Definition
Technique
Basic Science and Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 105 Skin
Christopher M. Papa
Definition
Technique
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 106 Urticaria and Angioedema
James R. Bonner
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 107 Hair
Christopher M. Papa
Definition
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
Technique
References
Chapter 108 Nails
Mark Holzberg
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 109 Office Techniques for Dermatologic Diagnosis
Marilynne McKay
Manipulative Techniques
Wood's Light Evaluation
Microscopic Evaluation
Other Diagnostic Tests
Reference
Part VIII The Eye
The Eye
Charles Stewart Roberts
The Doctors Friedenwald
References
Chapter 110 An Overview of the Ocular System
Alan Kozarsky
History
Ophthalmic Examination
Chapter 111 Visual Acuity Change
Jeffrey H. Levenson and Alan Kozarsky
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 112 Eye Pain
Alan Kozarsky
Definition
Technique
Basic Science and Clinical Significance
Chapter 113 Diplopia
Robert H. Spector
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 114 The External Eye Examination
Frank C. Bell
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 115 Visual Acuity
Jeffrey H. Levenson and Alan Kozarsky
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 116 Visual Fields
Robert H. Spector
Definition
Technique
Basic Science and Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 117 The Funduscopic Examination
Henry Schneiderman
Definitions
Technique
Problems and Solutions
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 118 Tonometry
Patrick C. Alguire
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Part IX The Ear, Nose, Mouth, and Throat
IX. The Ear, Nose, Mouth, and Throat
Charles Stewart Roberts
Horace Green of Vermont
References
Chapter 119 An Overview of the Head and Neck
John S. Turner JR.
History
Physical Examination
Chapter 120 Auditory Dysfunction: Hearing Loss
John S. Turner JR. and John H. Per-Lee
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 121 Auditory Dysfunction: Tinnitus
John S. Turner JR.
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 122 Otalgia and Otorrhea
John S. Turner JR.
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 123 Vertigo and Associated Symptoms
Horst R. Konrad
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 124 Epistaxis
William J. Grist
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 125 Hoarseness
William J. Grist
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 126 The Ear and Auditory System
John S. Turner JR.
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 127 Vertigo and Disequilibrium
Horst R. Konrad
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
Reference
Chapter 128 The Nose
John S. Turner JR.
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
Reference
Chapter 129 The Oral Cavity and Associated Structures
William B. Walker
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 130 The Tongue
Charles M. Huguley JR.
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 131 The Salivary Glands
William J. Grist
Definition
Technique
Basic Science and Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 132 The Tonsils and Pharynx
William J. Grist
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 133 Audiometry
Anne Z. Saunders, Andrea Vallen Stein, and Nancy Lite Shuster
Definition
Technique
Basic Science and Clinical Significance
References
Part X The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System
Charles Stewart Roberts
Fuller Albright
References
Chapter 134 An Overview of the Endocrine System
Victor Silverman
History
Physical Examination
Conclusion
Chapter 135 Thyroid Disease
John S. Melish
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 136 Diabetes Mellitus
Mark E. Molitch
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 137 Body Size and Habitus
Steven L. Zinn
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 138 Neck and Thyroid Examination
Terry J. Smith
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 139 Glucosuria
Steven L. Cowart and Max E. Stachura
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 140 Ketonuria
John P. Comstock and Alan J. Garber
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 141 Blood Glucose
J. Michael McMillin
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 142 Thyroid Function Tests
Dickson B. Dunlap
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 143 Serum Calcium
David A. Goldstein
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 144 Abbreviated Tests of Endocrine Function
Louis F. Amorosa
Definition and Technique
Serum Prolactin
Serum Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Testosterone, and Estradiol
Serum Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Serum Growth Hormone, Somatomedin C
Serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Test
Plasma ACTH and Serum Cortisol, Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test, Cortrosyn Stimulation Test, Overnight Metyrapone Challenge Test
Part XI The Hematopoietic System
The Hematopoietic System
Charles Stewart Roberts
The Castle Approach
References
Chapter 145 An Overview of the Hematopoietic System
Charles M. Huguley JR.
History
Physical Examination
Chapter 146 Excessive Bleeding and Bruising
R. L. Palmer
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 147 Anemia
Marcel E. Conrad
Definition
Technique
Basic Science and Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 148 Pica
Bruce E. Johnson
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 149 Lymphadenopathy
Michael Karpf
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 150 Spleen
James O. Armitage
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 151 Hemoglobin and Hematocrit
Henny H. Billett
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 152 Red Cell Indices
P. Ravi Sarma
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 153 The White Blood Cell and Differential Count
Martin S. Blumenreich
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 154 Platelets
Patrick J. Stiff
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 155 Peripheral Blood Smear
Edward C. Lynch
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 156 Reticulocytes
J. David Bessman
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 157 Coagulation Tests
Martin N. Raber
Tests of the Vascular Platelet Phase of Hemostasis
Tests of the Coagulation Cascade
Tests of Fibrinolysis and the Mechanisms That Control Hemostasis
References
Part XII The Musculoskeletal System
The Musculoskeletal System
Charles Stewart Roberts
Hench at the Mayo Clinic
References
Chapter 158 An Overview of the Musculoskeletal System
Stephen B. Miller
History
Physical Examination
Chapter 159 Rheumatic Pain
Joe G. Hardin
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 160 Arthralgia
Joe G. Hardin
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 161 Regional (Nonarticular) Rheumatism
Joe G. Hardin
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 162 Temporomandibular Joint Pain
Roger A. Meyer
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 163 The Temporomandibular Joint Examination
Roger A. Meyer
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 164 The Musculoskeletal Examination
Colon H. Wilson
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 165 Uric Acid
Walter G. Barr
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 166 Joint Fluid
Alice Faryna and Kim Goldenberg
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 167 Immunologic Tests
Deborah A. Wilson
Acute Phase Reactants
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
C-Reactive Protein
Immunoglobulins and Cryoglobulins
Rheumatoid Factor
Antinuclear Antibodies
The Complement System
Immune Complexes
The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Human Leukocyte Antigens
Part XIII Female Genitalia and Breasts
Female Genitalia and Breasts
Charles Stewart Roberts
The Collaboration of Kelly and Broedel
References
Chapter 168 An Overview of the Female Genitalia and Breasts
W. Newton Long
Chapter 169 Breast Pain
R. Waldo Powell
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 170 Breast Lump
Michael C. Perry
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 171 Pelvic Pain
W. Newton Long
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
Reference
Chapter 172 Vaginal Discharge
Gene B. Bishop
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 173 Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
W. Newton Long
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
Reference
Chapter 174 Birth Control
Robert A. Hatcher and Deborah Kowal
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 175 Nipple Discharge
Michele Barry
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 176 Breast Examination
R. Waldo Powell
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 177 Pelvic Examination
W. Newton Long
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 178 Pap Test
Zuher M. Naib
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 179 Tests on Vaginal Discharge
Karen G. Kelly
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Part XIV The Genitourinary System
The Genitourinary System
Charles Stewart Roberts
On the Autobiography of Hugh Young
References
Chapter 180 An Overview of the Genitourinary System
J. Maxwell White JR
History
Physical Examination
Chapter 181 Dysuria, Frequency, and Urgency
Keith Wrenn
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 182 Flank Pain
Anton J. Bueschen
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 183 Nocturia
Leonard L. Vertuno and Gregory A. Kozeny
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 184 Hematuria
Wanda G. Kirkpatrick
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 185 Incontinence and Stream Abnormalities
J. Maxwell White JR and David P. O'Brien III
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 186 Testicular Pain
Stanley L. Wiener
Definition
Technique
Basic Science and Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 187 Organic Impotence
Jack Ende
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 188 History of Genitourinary Disease
Arthur Greenberg
Urinary Tract Infection
Past History of Stones
Family History of Genitourinary Disease
Chapter 189 External Male Genitalia
J. Maxwell White JR and David P. O'Brien III
Definition
Technique
Basic Science and Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 190 Prostate Examination
J. Maxwell White JR and David P. O'Brien III
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 191 Urinalysis
David M. Roxe
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 192 Proteinuria
Leon G. Fine and Saleh Salehmoghaddam
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 193 BUN and Creatinine
Adrian O. Hosten
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 194 Serum Sodium
George L. Ackerman
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 195 Serum Potassium
Asghar Rastegar
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 196 Serum Total Carbon Dioxide
Robert M. Centor
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 197 Serum Chloride
Gail Morrison
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 198 Serum Inorganic Phosphorus
Vinod K. Bansal
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Part XV The Psychiatric System
The Psychiatric System
Charles Stewart Roberts
The Interpersonal Theory of Harry Stack Sullivan
References
Chapter 199 An Overview of the Psychiatric System
John B. Griffin JR
General Principles
Psychiatric Evaluation
Diagnosis and Prognosis
Chapter 200 Previous Psychiatric Problems
John B. Griffin JR.
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 201 Interpersonal Relationships
John B. Griffin JR.
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 202 Anxiety
John B. Griffin JR.
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 203 Depression
John B. Griffin JR.
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 204 Loss of Control
John B. Griffin JR.
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 205 Psychological Disturbances of Vegetative Function
John B. Griffin JR.
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 206 Substance Abuse
John B. Griffin JR.
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 207 The Mental Status Examination
David C. Martin
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 208 Frequently Performed Psychological Tests
Wade Silverman
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Part XVI The General Examination
The General Examination
Charles Stewart Roberts
Osler and the Case Study
References
Chapter 209 An Overview of the General Examination
W. Dallas Hall
References
Chapter 210 Weight Change
Kim Goldenberg
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 211 Fever, Chills, and Night Sweats
Lawrence Dall and James F. Stanford
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 212 Dizziness
Brendan M. Reilly
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 213 Weakness and Fatigue
John H. Holbrook
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 214 Allergic Drug Reactions
James R. Philp
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 215 The Family History
Charles E. Driscoll
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 216 The Sexual History
Malcolm G. Freeman
Introduction
Frequency of Intercourse
Masturbation
Premature Ejaculation
Ejaculatory Incompetence
Erectile Difficulty (Impotence)
Frigidity
Anorgasmia
Dyspareunia and Vaginismus
Chapter 217 General Appearance
Steven L. Berk and Abraham Verghese
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 218 Temperature
Victor E. Del Bene
Definition
Technique
Basic Science
Clinical Significance
References
Chapter 219 Special Screening Tests
David T. Lush
Definition
Proctosigmoidoscopy
Stool Occult Blood Testing
Mammography
Pap Smear
Cholesterol Screening
References
Chapter 220 Laboratory Evaluation of Infectious Disease Emergencies
Stephen G. Baum
Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Central Nervous System Infection
Analysis of Sputum in Respiratory Tract Infection
Analysis of Urine in Urinary Tract Infection
Analysis of Blood in Bacteremia
Part XVII Special Patient Groups
Special Patient Groups
Charles Stewart Roberts
Engel and the Concept of Disease
References
Chapter 221 An Overview of Special Patient Groups
Robert W. Putsch III
References
Chapter 222 Growth and Development
Albert Rauber
Assessment of Growth
Normal Growth Rates
Stages of Development
Conclusion
References
Chapter 223 The Adolescent Patient
H. Verdain Barnes
The Pubertal Process
An Approach to the Adolescent Patient
The Medical History
The Physical Examination
Laboratory Evaluation
Preventive Health Care
Conclusion
References
Chapter 224 The Well Adult
Ruth B. Hoppe
The Modern Era of Periodic Well-Adult Examinations
Current Recommendations
What Is Actually Performed
Conclusion
References
Chapter 225 The Elderly Patient
Paul Beck
Approach to Clinical Assessment
Conclusion
Geriatric Review of Systems (GeriROS)
References
Chapter 226 The Contagious Patient
Jack D. McCue
Transmission of Infectious Diseases
Nosocomial Infections
Protection of Health Care Workers from Infectious Diseases
References
Chapter 227 The Traveling Patient
Jonas A. Shulman and Allan Morrison JR.
Pretravel Education
Immunizations
Additional Important Considerations in Travel Medicine
Posttravel Assessment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 228 The "Difficult" Medical Patient
Steven A. Cohen-Cole
Problems with a Data-Gathering Approach
The Three-Function Model of the Medical Interview
Varieties of Difficult Patients
Conclusion
References
Chapter 229 Dealing with Patients from Other Cultures
Robert W. Putsch III and Marlie Joyce
Methodology in Cross-Cultural Care
Language in Cross-Cultural Care
List of Figures
Copyright © 1990 Butterworth Publishers
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