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Basic Neurochemistry
Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects
6th
Siegel
George J
Agranoff
Bernard W
Fisher
Stephen K
Albers
R Wayne
Uhler
Michael D
1
Maywood, Illinois
2
Ann Arbor, Michigan
3
Ann Arbor, Michigan
4
Bethesda, Maryland
Lippincott-Raven Publishers
0-397-51820-X
1999
© 1999
American Society for Neurochemistry
neuroscience
Table of Contents
Book Information
Acknowledgments
Preface
Part One Cellular Neurochemistry and Neural Membranes
Chapter 1 Neurocellular Anatomy
Cedric S Raine
Understanding Neuroanatomy is Necessary to Study Neurochemistry
Characteristics of the Neuron
Characteristics of Neuroglia
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Cell Membrane Structures and Functions
R Wayne Albers
Phospholipid Bilayers
Membrane Proteins
Membrane Dynamics
References
Chapter 3 Lipids
Bernard W Agranoff, Joyce A Benjamins, and Amiya K Hajra
Properties of Brain Lipids
Complex Lipids
Analysis of Brain Lipids
Brain Lipid Biosynthesis
Lipids in the Cellular Milieu
References
General References
Chapter 4 Myelin Formation, Structure and Biochemistry
Pierre Morell and Richard H Quarles
The Myelin Sheath
Characteristic Composition of Myelin
Developmental Biology of Myelin
Synthesis and Metabolism of Myelin
Molecular Architecture of Myelin
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 Membrane Transport
R Wayne Albers and George J Siegel
Transport Processes
The ATP-Dependent Na
+
,K
+
Pump
ATP-Dependent Ca
2+
Pumps
Other P-Type Cation Transporters
Mitochondrial and Vacuolar Atpases
ATP-Binding Cassette Proteins
Secondary Transport Systems
Uncoupled Transporters
References
Chapter 6 Electrical Excitability and Ion Channels
Bertil Hille and William A Catterall
Electrical Phenomena in Excitable Cells
The Ionic Hypothesis and Rules of Ionic Electricity
Electrically Excitable Cells
Functional Properties of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
Molecular Components of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
Other Channels
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Cell Adhesion Molecules
David R Colman and Marie T Filbin
Overview
The Immunoglobulin Gene Superfamily
The Integrin Family
The Cadherin Family
Cell Adhesion Molecules and Axonal Outgrowth
Cell Adhesion Molecules in Myelination
Summary
References
Chapter 8 Cytoskeleton of Neurons and Glia
Laura L Kirkpatrick and Scott T Brady
Molecular Components of the Neuronal Cytoskeleton
Ultrastructure and Molecular Organization of Neurons and Glia
Cytoskeletal Structures in the Neuron Have Complementary Distributions and Functions
Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Intracellular Trafficking
Thomas C Südhof
Intracellular Membrane Traffic
The Synaptic Vesicle Cycle in the Nerve Terminal
Composition of Synaptic Vesicles
Characteristics of Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis
Proteins that Function in Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis
Characteristics and Proteins of Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis
Implications for Intracellular Trafficking
References
Part Two Intercellular Signaling
Chapter 10 Synaptic Transmission and Cellular Signaling: An Overview
Ronald W Holz and Stephen K Fisher
Synaptic Transmission
Cellular Signaling Mechanisms
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11 Acetylcholine
Palmer Taylor and Joan Heller Brown
Chemistry of Acetylcholine
Organization of the Cholinergic Nervous System
Functional Aspects of Cholinergic Neurotransmission
Synthesis, Storage and Release of Acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase and the Termination of Acetylcholine Action
Nicotinic Receptors
Muscarinic Receptors
References
Chapter 12 Catecholamines
Michael J Kuhar, Pastor R Couceyro, and Philip D Lambert
Biosynthesis of Catecholamines
Storage and Release of Catecholamines
Anatomy of Catecholaminergic Systems
Catecholamine Receptors
Dopamine Receptors
α- and β-Adrenergic Receptors
Dynamics of Catecholamine Receptors
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Serotonin
Alan Frazer and Julie G Hensler
Serotonin
Serotonin Receptors
Serotonin Involvement in Physiological Function and Behavior
Serotonin Neurons and Receptors as Drug Targets
References
Chapter 14 Histamine
Lindsay B Hough
Histamine: A Messenger Molecule Within and Outside of the Nervous System
Histaminergic Cells of the Central Nervous System: Anatomy and Morphology
Dynamics of Histamine in the Brain
Molecular Sites of Histamine Action
Histamine Actions in the Central Nervous System
Significance of Brain Histamine for Drug Action
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15 Glutamate and Aspartate
Raymond Dingledine and Chris J McBain
Three Classes of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor
Metabotropic Receptors Modulate Synaptic Transmission
Glutamate and Aspartate Are the Major Excitatory Transmitters in the Brain
Glutamate Transporters
Excessive Glutamate Receptor Activation and Neurological Disorders
Future Prospects
References
Chapter 16 GABA and Glycine
Richard W Olsen and Timothy M DeLorey
GABA Synthesis, Uptake and Release
GABA Receptor Physiology and Pharmacology
Cloning GABA Receptors
Glycine Receptors
Glycine Receptor Physiology and Pharmacology
Cloning Glycine Receptors
GABA and Glycine are the Major Rapidly Acting Inhibitory Neurotransmitters in Brain
References
Chapter 17 Purinergic Systems
Joel M Linden
Purine Release and Metabolism
Purinergic Receptors
Effects of Purines in the Nervous System
References
Chapter 18 Peptides
Richard E Mains and Betty A Eipper
The Neuropeptides
Neuropeptide Receptors
Neuropeptide Functions and Regulation
Peptidergic Systems in Disease
References
Chapter 19 Growth Factors
Gary E Landreth
Growth Factors Are Essential for Nervous System Development and Function
Classes of Growth Factors Acting in the Nervous System
Growth Factors Act Combinatorially and Sequentially to Regulate Nervous System Development
References
Part Three Intracellular Signaling
Chapter 20 G Proteins
Eric J Nestler and Ronald S Duman
Heterotrimeric G Proteins
Small G Proteins
Other Features of G Proteins
References
Chapter 21 Phosphoinositides
Stephen K Fisher and Bernard W Agranoff
Background
Chemistry of the Inositol Lipids and Phosphates
The Inositol Phosphates
Diacylglycerol
Functional Correlates of Phosphoinositide-Linked Receptors in the Nervous System
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 22 Cyclic Nucleotides
Ronald S Duman and Eric J Nestler
The Second-Messenger Hypothesis
Adenylyl Cyclases
Guanylyl Cyclase
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases
Functional Roles for
c
AMP and
c
GMP
Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 23 Calcium
James W Putney Jr.
The Concept of Ca
2+
as a Cellular Signal
Measurement of Cellular Ca
2+
Concentrations and Movements
Ca
2+
Regulation at the Plasma Membrane
Ca
2+
Stores and Ca
2+
Pools
Ca
2+
Signaling
Ca
2+
-Regulated Processes
References
Chapter 24 Serine and Threonine Phosphorylation
Eric J Nestler and Paul Greengard
Protein Phosphorylation is of Fundamental Importance in Biological Regulation
Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
Protein Serine-Threonine Phosphatases
Neuronal Phosphoproteins
Cellular Signals Converge at the Level of Protein Phosphorylation Pathways
Protein Phosphorylation Mechanisms in Disease
References
Chapter 25 Tyrosine Phosphorylation
Lit-fui Lau and Richard L Huganir
Tyrosine Phosphorylation in the Nervous System
Protein Tyrosine Kinases
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
Role of Tyrosine Phosphorylation in the Nervous System
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 26 Transcription Factors in the Central Nervous System
James Eberwine
The Transcriptional Process
Regulation of Transcription by Transcription Factors
Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors as Transcription Factors
cAMP Regulation of Transcription
Transcription as a Target for Drug Development
References
Part Four Growth, Development and Differentiation
Chapter 27 Development
Jean de Vellis and Ellen Carpenter
Fundamental Concepts Unifying Developmental Diversity
General Development of the Nervous System
Developmental Processes: Environmental Forces Molding Genetic Potential
Molecular Mechanisms of Development
Cell Lineages of the Nervous System
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 28 Axonal Transport
David L Stenoien and Scott T Brady
Neuronal Organelles in Motion
Discovery and Conceptual Development of Fast and Slow Axonal Transport
Fast Axonal Transport
Slow Axonal Transport
Molecular Motors: Kinesin, Dynein and Myosin
Axonal Transport and Neuropathology
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 29 Axon Sprouting and Regeneration
Carl W Cotman
Introduction
Axon Sprouting and Reactive Synaptogenesis
Regeneration
Brain and Spinal Cord Transplants
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 30 Biochemistry of Aging
Caleb E Finch and George S Roth
Overview on Aging
Cell Numbers
Plasticity and Aging
Neurotransmitters and Receptors
Aging Pigments and Membranes
Energy Metabolism
Instability in the Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genomes
Gene Expression
Proteins
Experimental Manipulations of Brain Aging
Neuroendocrinology and Sleep During Aging
Mammals Are Not the Only Animal Models for Aging
Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Part Five Metabolism
Chapter 31 Circulation and Energy Metabolism of the Brain
Donald D Clarke and Louis Sokoloff
Intermediary Metabolism
Differences Between
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Brain Metabolism
Cerebral Energy Metabolism
In Vivo
Regulation of Cerebral Metabolic Rate
Substrates of Cerebral Metabolism
Age and Development Influence Cerebral Energy Metabolism
Cerebral Metabolic Rate in Various Physiological States
Cerebral Energy Metabolism in Pathological States
References
Chapter 32 Blood—Brain—Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers
John Laterra, Richard Keep, Lorris A Betz, and Gary W Goldstein
Constancy of the Internal Environment of the Brain
Membrane Transport Processes
Blood—Brain Barrier
Blood—Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier
Cerebrospinal Fluid—Brain interface
Bypassing the Barriers with Drugs
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 33 Nutrition and Brain Function
Gary E Gibson and John P Blass
Nutrition and Functional Neurochemistry
Nutrition and Structural Aspects of the Brain
Nutrition and Brain Development
Nutrition and Aging of the Nervous System
Nutrition and the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disease
Nutrition and Genetics
Neuronal Control of Food Intake
Summary
References
Chapter 34 Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury and Oxidative Stress
Laura L Dugan and Dennis W Choi
Hypoxia-Ischemia and Brain infarction
Microvascular injury in Hypoxia-Ischemia
Excitotoxic injury in Hypoxia-Ischemia
Zn
2+
and Hypoxia-Ischemia
Ischemic Apoptosis
Free Radicals in Hypoxia-Ischemia
References
Chapter 35 Eicosanoids, Platelet-Activating Factor and Inflammation
Nicolas G Bazan
Sources of Bioactive Lipids
Phospholipases a
2
Eicosanoids
Platelet-Activating Factor
Cyclooxygenases
Lipid Signaling Pathways and Neuroinflammation
References
Chapter 36 Neuropathy
David E Pleasure
Regeneration in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
Examples of Peripheral Nervous System-Specific Diseases
Diseases Affecting Both the Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems
Diseases of the Enteric Nervous System
References
Chapter 37 Epileptic Seizures and Epilepsy
Brian Meldrum and Astrid Chapman
Epilepsies Are Disorders Characterized by Spontaneous, Recurrent Seizures
Epileptogenesis
Epilepsy Models
Basic Electrophysiology
Changes in Neurotransmitter Systems Underlying Epilepsy
Anticonvulsant Drug Mechanisms
Metabolic Consequences of Seizures
Pathological Changes Secondary to Seizures or Related to Epileptogenesis
References
Chapter 38 Metabolic Encephalopathies
Roger F Butterworth
Brain Energy Metabolism
Hypoglycemic Encephalopathy
Hypoxic Encephalopathy
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Hypercapnic Encephalopathy
Uremic and Dialysis Encephalopathies
References
Chapter 39 Diseases Involving Myelin
Richard H Quarles, Pierre Morell, and Henry F McFarland
General Classification
Acquired Disorders of Myelin
Genetic Disorders of Myelin
Toxic and Nutritional Disorders of Myelin
Disorders Primarily Affecting Neurons with Secondary Involvement of Myelin
Remyelination
References
Part Six Inherited and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Chapter 40 Genetics of Inherited Diseases
Kunihiko Suzuki
Genetic Neurological Disorders
Nature of Mutations in Genetic Disorders
Gene Transfer and Expression
Unique Nature of Genetic Disorders Affecting the Brain
References
Chapter 41 Lysosomal and Peroxisomal Diseases
Kunihiko Suzuki and Marie T Vanier
The Lysosome
The Peroxisome
Molecular Genetics
Diagnosis and Treatment
Animal Models
Lysosomal Disease
Peroxisomal Disease
Update Added in Proof
References
Chapter 42 Diseases of Carbohydrate, Fatty Acid and Mitochondrial Metabolism
Salvatore diMauro and Darryl C De Vivo
Diseases of Carbohydrate and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Muscle
Diseases of Carbohydrate and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Brain
Diseases of Mitochondrial Metabolism
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 43 Disorders of Muscle Excitability
Robert L Barchi
Muscle Fibers Are Organized in Repeating Units
Membrane Systems Couple Nerve Excitation to Muscle Contraction
Defects in Neuromuscular Transmission Can Interrupt Normal Muscle Function
Toxins and Diseases Can Also Block Transmission at the Postsynaptic Level
Abnormal Excitability of the Sarcolemma Can Affect Muscle Function
Defects at the Triad Can Also Affect Muscle Function
References
Chapter 44 Diseases of Amino Acid Metabolism
Marc Yudkoff
Biochemistry of Amino Acid Disorders
Pathogenesis of Clinical Features
Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism
Disorders of Organic Acid Metabolism
Organic Acid Metabolism
Phenylalanine Metabolism: Phenylketonuria
Glycine Metabolism: Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia
Sulfur Amino Acid Metabolism: Homocystinuria
Urea Cycle
Biotin Metabolism
Glutathione Metabolism
GABA Metabolism
N
-Acetylaspartate Metabolism: Canavan's Disease
References
Chapter 45 Neurotransmitters and Disorders of the Basal Ganglia
J Sian, MBH Youdim, P Riederer, and M Gerlach
Biochemical Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia and Associated Neural Systems
Parkinson's Disease
MPTP-Induced Parkinsonian Syndrome
Drug- Or Toxin-Induced Movement Disorders
Hepatolenticular Degeneration: Wilson's Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis—Parkinsonism—Dementia of Guam
Huntington's Disease
Kernicterus
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 46 Biochemistry of Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases
Dennis J Selkoe and Peter J Lansbury Jr
Alzheimer's Disease Is the Most Common Neurodegenerative Disorder
Prion Diseases
References
Part Seven Neural Processing and Behavior
Chapter 47 Molecular Biology of Vision
Hitoshi Shichi
Physiological Background
Photoreceptor Membranes and Visual Pigments
Phototransduction
Color Blindness
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
References
Chapter 48 Molecular Biology of Olfaction and Taste
Stuart J Firestein, Robert F Margolskee, and Sue Kinnamon
Olfaction
Taste
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 49 Endocrine Effects on the Brain and Their Relationship to Behavior
Bruce S McEwen
Behavioral Control of Hormonal Secretion
Classification of Hormonal Effects
Biochemistry of Steroid and Thyroid Hormone Actions
Intracellular Steroid Receptors: Properties and Topography
Identification of Membrane Steroid Receptors
Biochemistry of Thyroid Hormone Actions on Brain
Diversity of Steroid Hormone Actions on the Brain
References
Chapter 50 Learning and Memory
Bernard W Agranoff, Carl W Cotman, and Michael D Uhler
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
Synaptic Plasticity as a Model for Learning and Memory Research
Invertebrate Learning and Memory
Studies of Learning and Memory in Vertebrates
Studies of Learning and Memory in Humans
Remaining Questions and Future Directions
References
General References
Chapter 51 Neurochemistry of Schizophrenia
Herbert Y Meltzer and Ariel Y Deutch
Clinical Aspects of Schizophrenia
Etiology
Cellular and Pharmacological Studies
References
Chapter 52 Biochemical Hypotheses of Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Jack D Barchas and Margaret Altemus
Depression and Manic-Depressive Illness: Two Major Categories of Mood Disorders
Biological Concomitants of Mood Disorders
Monoamine Hypotheses of Mood Disorders
Acetylcholine Mechanisms Have Been Implicated in Mood Disorders
Receptor Hypotheses of Mood Disorders
Li
+
and Anticonvulsants are Important in the Treatment of Mood Disorders
Endocrine, Circadian and Behavioral Processes in Mood Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Biochemical Aspects of Anxiety
References
Chapter 53 Neurochemical Bases of Drug Abuse
George R Uhl
General Principles
Molecular Targets for Drug Reward
Brain Circuits Activated by Rewarding Drugs
Cellular Changes Exerted by Abused Substances
Individual Differences
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 54 Positron Emission Tomography
Kirk A Frey
Methods in Positron Emission Tomography
Physiological and Biochemical Measurements Using Positron Emission Tomography
Clinical Applications of Cerebral Positron Emission Tomography
Acknowledgments
References
Glossary
Amino Acids in Proteins
Copyright © 1999
American Society for Neurochemistry
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