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Baculovirus Molecular Biology
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Baculovirus Molecular Biology
Copyright © 2008
George Rohrmann
Table of Contents
Preface
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
1 Introduction to the baculoviruses and their taxonomy
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
The discovery of baculoviruses
The definition is not in the name: Naming baculoviruses
What defines a baculovirus?
Baculovirus Diversity
Related viruses: the nudiviruses
References
2 Structural proteins of baculovirus occlusion bodies and virions
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
Occlusion body evolution
Occlusion body proteins
Polyhedron associated proteins
Baculovirus envelope proteins
Nucleocapsid Structure
BV and ODV Nucleocapsid associated proteins encoded by all baculoviruses
Proteins associated with ODV that are also likely to be components of BV
Other virion associated proteins: ODV associated proteins identified by proteomic analysis
References
3 The baculovirus replication cycle: Effects on cells and insects
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
The insect midgut
Two types of virions
From occlusion bodies to susceptible midgut cells
Entry into nuclei
Viruses that cause systemic infections (for virus infections restricted to the midgut, see below)
Viral proteins involved in the infection cycle
Budded versus cell-associated virus, is there a transition?
Occlusion, the final stage in virus infection
Virus dispersal
The cytopathology of GVs
Viruses that are confined to the midgut; hymenopteran and dipteran NPVs
Persistence/latent baculovirus infections
References
4 Early events in infection: Virus transcription
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
Transcriptional activators, enhancers and the host RNA polymerase
Baculovirus infection: selective effects on host cell gene expression
The baculovirus transcription cascade: the evolution of a novel strategy
Transcriptional enhancers
Baculovirus enhancers;
hrs
(homologous regions)
A major transcriptional activator of early genes, immediate early gene 1 (IE1, Ac147)
Binding of IE1 to
hr
sequences
RNA polymerase II signals regulating early virus gene transcription
Genome-wide analysis of baculovirus promoters
How are baculovirus early genes activated?
Caveats and qualifications
References
5 DNA replication and genome processing
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
Identification of origins of viral DNA replication
Genes required for DNA synthesis
Additional genes that influence DNA replication
Baculovirus DNA replication genes: What's missing?
Location of baculovirus DNA replication; development of the virogenic stroma
Additional baculovirus genes: hints of DNA repair
Genes involved in nucleotide biosynthesis
How are baculovirus genomes replicated?
Implications of recombination-dependent replication: Multiple replication origins, a covalently closed circular genome, and multiple nucleocapsids per envelope
Processing and packaging of genome-size DNA
More unanswered questions
References
6 Baculovirus late transcription
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
Activation of baculovirus late genes
Baculovirus late promoter elements
Insect virus RNA polymerases and occlusion body protein hyperexpression
The baculovirus RNA polymerase
The categories of RNA polymerases
The relationship of baculovirus RNA polymerase to other RNA polymerases
In vitro transcription assays
Termination of late mRNAs
Very late gene expression
Other genes involved in late transcription
References
7 Baculovirus infection: The cell cycle and apoptosis
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
Baculovirus infection and the cell cycle
Viral synthetic pathways: Induction of a 'pseudo' or ‘viral’ S phase environment
Apoptosis and baculovirus infections
References
8 Host resistance and susceptibility
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
The insect immune system: hemocytes, melanization and encapsulation
Other host pathways that limit virus infection
Host resistance to baculovirus infection in the midgut
Other factors influencing Baculovirus host range
Investigations on BmNPV and AcMNPV host range in
B. mori
and
S. frugiperda
cells
References
9 Baculoviruses as insecticides: Three examples
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
An NPV of the velvet bean caterpillar,
Anticarsia gemmatalis
: Application in Brazil.
A granulovirus of the codling moth,
Cydia pomonella
: Application in North America and Europe.
An NPV of the cotton bollworm,
Helicoverpa armigera
: Application in China
References
10 The evolution of high levels of baculovirus gene expression
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
Initiating infection: environmental stability and the insect midgut
Evolution of a biphasic replication cycle that allowed exploitation of the biosynthetic capacity of insect systems
Optimizing the cellular environment: The viral RNA polymerase and the shut down of most viral and host genes late in infection
Very late gene (p10 and polyhedrin) activation and transcription
A role for gene copy number and nonencapsidated viral DNA
Baculovirus gene expression and biotechnology
Summary and conclusions
References
11 The AcMNPV genome: Gene content, conservation, and function
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
Adjustments to the AcMNPV genome sequence: There are 'about' 150 orfs.
Annotation of the AcMNPVgenome
References
12 Selected baculovirus genes not present in the AcMNPV genome: Conservation and function
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
References
Glossary
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
References
Sequenced Baculovirus Genomes
1
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
Lepidopteran NPVs
Granuloviruses
Hymenopteran NPVs
Dipteran NPV
Common names of insect hosts of baculoviruses that have had their genomes sequenced
George Rohrmann, PhD
Initial Posting: November 1, 2008
List of Figures
Copyright © 2008
George Rohrmann
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