- 1.
Kooij
SJ, Bejerot
S, Blackwell
A, Caci
H, Casas-Brugué
M, Carpentier
PJ, et al.
European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry
2010;10:67. 10.1186/1471-244X-10-67 [
PMC free article: PMC2942810] [
PubMed: 20815868] [
CrossRef]
- 2.
- 3.
McEwen
FS, Stewart
CS, Colvert
E, Woodhouse
E, Curran
S, Gillan
N, et al.
Diagnosing autism spectrum disorder in community settings using the Development and Well-being Assessment: validation in a UK population-based twin sample. J Child Psychol Psychiatr
2016;57:161–70. 10.1111/jcpp.12447 [
PMC free article: PMC4949990] [
PubMed: 26174111] [
CrossRef]
- 4.
Ecker
C, Marquand
A, Mourão-Miranda
J, Johnston
P, Daly
EM, Brammer
MJ, et al.
Describing the brain in autism in five dimensions – magnetic resonance imaging-assisted diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder using a multiparameter classification approach. J Neurosci
2010;30:10612–23. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5413-09.2010 [
PMC free article: PMC6634684] [
PubMed: 20702694] [
CrossRef]
- 5.
Lai
MC, Lombardo
MV, Pasco
G, Ruigrok
AN, Wheelwright
SJ, Sadek
SA, et al.
A behavioral comparison of male and female adults with high functioning autism spectrum conditions. PLOS ONE
2011;6:e20835. 10.1371/journal.pone.0020835 [
PMC free article: PMC3113855] [
PubMed: 21695147] [
CrossRef]
- 6.
Murray
ML, Hsia
Y, Glaser
K, Simonoff
E, Murphy
DGM, Asherson
PJ, et al.
Pharmacological treatments prescribed to people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in primary health care. Psychopharmacology
2014;231:1011–21. 10.1007/s00213-013-3140-7 [
PMC free article: PMC3932167] [
PubMed: 23681164] [
CrossRef]
- 7.
Knapp
M, Romeo
R, Beecham
J. Economic cost of autism in the UK. Autism
2009;13:317–36. 10.1177/1362361309104246 [
PubMed: 19369391] [
CrossRef]
- 8.
McGovern
CW, Sigman
M. Continuity and change from early childhood to adolescence in autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry
2005;46:401–8. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00361.x [
PubMed: 15819649] [
CrossRef]
- 9.
Faraone
SV, Biederman
J, Mick
E. The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med
2006;36:159–65. 10.1017/S003329170500471X [
PubMed: 16420712] [
CrossRef]
- 10.
Levy
A, Perry
A. outcomes in adolescents and adults with autism: a review of the literature. Res Autism Spectr Disord
2011;5:1271–82. 10.1016/j.rasd.2011.01.023 [
CrossRef]
- 11.
Howlin
P, Goode
S, Hutton
J, Rutter
M. Adult outcome for children with autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry
2004;45:212–29. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00215.x [
PubMed: 14982237] [
CrossRef]
- 12.
Barnard
J, Harvey
V, Potter
D, Prior
A. Ignored or Ineligible? The Reality for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders. London: NAS Publications; 2001.
- 13.
Ballaban-Gil
K, Rapin
I, Tuchman
R, Shinnar
S. Longitudinal examination of the behavioral, language, and social changes in a population of adolescents and young adults with autistic disorder. Pediatr Neurol
1996;15:217–23. 10.1016/S0887-8994(96)00219-6 [
PubMed: 8916159] [
CrossRef]
- 14.
Biederman
J, Faraone
SV, Spencer
TJ, Mick
E, Monuteaux
MC, Aleardi
M. Functional impairments in adults with self-reports of diagnosed ADHD: a controlled study of 1001 adults in the community. J Clin Psychiatry
2006;67:524–40. 10.4088/JCP.v67n0403 [
PubMed: 16669717] [
CrossRef]
- 15.
Murphy
K, Barkley
RA. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults: comorbidities and adaptive impairments. Compr Psychiatry
1996;37:393–401. 10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90022-X [
PubMed: 8932963] [
CrossRef]
- 16.
Biederman
J, Petty
CR, Fried
R, Kaiser
R, Dolan
CR, Schoenfeld
S, et al.
Educational and occupational underattainment in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry
2008;69:1217–22. 10.4088/JCP.v69n0803 [
PubMed: 18681752] [
CrossRef]
- 17.
Eakin
L, Minde
K, Hechtman
L, Ochs
E, Krane
E, Bouffard
R, et al.
The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses. J Atten Disord
2004;8:1–10. 10.1177/108705470400800101
[
PubMed: 15669597] [
CrossRef]
- 18.
Barkley
RA, Fischer
M, Smallish
L, Fletcher
K. Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: antisocial activities and drug use. J Child Psychol Psychiatry
2004;45:195–211. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00214.x [
PubMed: 14982236] [
CrossRef]
- 19.
Barkley
R. ADHD in Adults: Diagnosis and Management. St. Louis, MO: Compact Clinicals – Dean Press; 2009.
- 20.
Young
SJ, Adamou
M, Bolea
B, Gudjonsson
G, Müller
U, Pitts
M, et al.
The identification and management of ADHD offenders within the criminal justice system: a consensus statement from the UK Adult ADHD Network and criminal justice agencies. BMC Psychiatry
2011;11:32. 10.1186/1471-244X-11-32 [
PMC free article: PMC3050801] [
PubMed: 21332994] [
CrossRef]
- 21.
National Audit Office. Supporting People with Autism Throughout Adulthood. London: The Stationery Office; 2009.
- 22.
Edwin
F, McDonald
J. Services for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: national survey. Psychiatr Bull
2007;31:286–8. 10.1192/pb.bp.106.012237 [
CrossRef]
- 23.
Marcer
H, Finlay
F, Baverstock
A. ADHD and transition to adult services – the experience of community paediatricians. Child Care Health Dev
2008;34:564–6. 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00857.x [
PubMed: 18796048] [
CrossRef]
- 24.
Able
SL, Johnston
JA, Adler
LA, Swindle
RW. Functional and psychosocial impairment in adults with undiagnosed ADHD. Psychol Med
2007;37:97–107. 10.1017/S0033291706008713 [
PubMed: 16938146] [
CrossRef]
- 25.
Brugha
TS, McManus
S, Bankart
J, Scott
F, Purdon
S, Smith
J, et al.
Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders in adults in the community in England. Arch Gen Psychiatry
2011;68:459–65. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.38 [
PubMed: 21536975] [
CrossRef]
- 26.
Health Services Committee. Provision of NHS Mental Health Services (Fourth Report). London: HMSO; 2000.
- 27.
Lord
C, Rutter
M, Le Couteur
A. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord
1994;24:659–85. 10.1007/BF02172145 [
PubMed: 7814313] [
CrossRef]
- 28.
Xenitidis
K, Thornicroft
G, Leese
M, Slade
M, Fotiadou
M, Philp
H, et al.
Reliability and validity of the CANDID – a needs assessment instrument for adults with learning disabilities and mental health problems. Br J Psychiatry
2000;176:473–8. 10.1192/bjp.176.5.473 [
PubMed: 10912225] [
CrossRef]
- 29.
Green
H, McGinnity
A, Meltzer
H, Ford
T, Goodman
R. Mental Health of Children and Young People in Great Britain, 2004 Report. London: National Statistics Office, Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office; 2005.
- 30.
Bush
K, Kivlahan
DR, McDonell
MB, Fihn
SD, Bradley
KA. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Arch Intern Med
1998;158:1789–95. 10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789 [
PubMed: 9738608] [
CrossRef]
- 31.
Zarit
SH, Reever
KE, Bach-Peterson
J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist
1980;20:649–55. 10.1093/geront/20.6.649 [
PubMed: 7203086] [
CrossRef]
- 32.
Beecham
J, Knapp
M. Costing Psychiatric Interventions. In Thornicroft
G, Brewin
C, Wing
J, editors. Measuring Mental Health Needs. London: Gaskell; 1992. pp. 170–90.
- 33.
Great Britain. Mental Capacity Act 2005. Chapter 9. London: HMSO; 2005.
- 34.
Kooij
S, Francken
M. Diagnostic Interview for ADHD (DIVA) in Adults 2007. URL:
www.divacenter.eu (accessed August 2007).
- 35.
Frazier
TW, Youngstrom
EA, Naugle
RI. The latent structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a clinic-referred sample. Neuropsychology
2007;21:45–64. 10.1037/0894-4105.21.1.45 [
PubMed: 17201529] [
CrossRef]
- 36.
Barkley
RA, Murphy
KR. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. A Clinical Workbook. New York, NY: Guildford Press; 1998.
- 37.
Lewis
G, Pelosi
AJ, Araya
R, Dunn
G. Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community: a standardized assessment for use by lay interviewers. Psychol Med
1992;22:465–86. 10.1017/S0033291700030415 [
PubMed: 1615114] [
CrossRef]
- 38.
Andersen
R. A Behavioral Model of Families’ Use of Health Services. Chicago, IL: Center for Health Administration Studies, University of Chicago; 1968.
- 39.
Andersen
RM. Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: does it matter?
J Health Soc Behav
1995;36:1–10. 10.2307/2137284 [
PubMed: 7738325] [
CrossRef]
- 40.
Andersen
R, Newman
JF. Societal and individual determinants of medical care utilization in the United States. Milbank Mem Fund Q Health Soc
1973;51:95–124. 10.2307/3349613 [
PubMed: 4198894] [
CrossRef]
- 41.
Fosu
GB. Childhood morbidity and health services utilization: cross-national comparisons of user-related factors from DHS data. Soc Sci Med
1994;38:1209–20. 10.1016/0277-9536(94)90186-4 [
PubMed: 8016686] [
CrossRef]
- 42.
- 43.
Singh
SP, Paul
M, Ford
T, Kramer
T, Weaver
T, McLaren
S, et al.
Process, outcome and experience of transition from child to adult mental healthcare: multiperspective study. Br J Psychiatry
2010;197:305–12. 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.075135 [
PubMed: 20884954] [
CrossRef]
- 44.
Barkley
RA, Murphy
KR. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Clinical Workbook (Vol. 2). New York, NY: Guildford Press; 2006.
- 45.
Biederman
J, Faraone
S, Milberger
S, Curtis
S, Chen
L, Marrs
A, et al.
Predictors of persistence and remission of ADHD into adolescence: results from a four-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
1996;35:343–51. 10.1097/00004583-199603000-00016 [
PubMed: 8714323] [
CrossRef]
- 46.
Biederman
J, Monuteaux
MC, Mick
E, Spencer
T, Wilens
TE, Silva
JM, et al.
Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 10-year follow-up study. Psycholog Med
2006;36:167–79. 10.1017/S0033291705006410 [
PubMed: 16420713] [
CrossRef]
- 47.
Lee
SI, Schachar
RJ, Chen
SX, Ornstein
TJ, Charach
A, Barr
C, et al.
Predictive validity of DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry
2008;49:70–8. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01784.x [
PubMed: 17979965] [
CrossRef]
- 48.
Polanczyk
G, de Lima
MS, Horta
BL, Biederman
J, Rohde
LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry
2007;164:942–8. 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942 [
PubMed: 17541055] [
CrossRef]
- 49.
Kennedy
I. Getting it Right for Children and Young People: Overcoming Cultural Barriers in the NHS so as to Meet Their Needs. London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2010.
- 50.
Baron-Cohen
S, Wheelwright
S, Skinner
R, Martin
J, Clubley
E. The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord
2001;31:5–17. 10.1023/A:1005653411471 [
PubMed: 11439754] [
CrossRef]
- 51.
Goodman
R, Ford
T, Richards
H, Gatward
R, Meltzer
H. The Development and Well-Being Assessment: description and initial validation of an integrated assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry
2000;41:645–55. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2000.tb02345.x [
PubMed: 10946756] [
CrossRef]
- 52.
Great Britain. Protection of Children Act 1978. Chapter 37. London: HMSO; 1978.
- 53.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Autism: Recognition, Referral, Diagnosis and Management of Adults on the Autism Spectrum. Clinical Guideline 142. Leicester: NICE; 2012. [
PubMed: 31886984]
- 54.
Simonoff
E, Taylor
E, Baird
G, Bernard
S, Chadwick
O, Liang
H, et al.
Randomized controlled double-blind trial of optimal dose methylphenidate in children and adolescents with severe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disability. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54:527–35. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02569.x [
PubMed: 22676856] [
CrossRef]
- 55.
Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity. Arch Gen Psych
2005;62:1266–74. 10.1001/archpsyc.62.11.1266 [
PubMed: 16275814] [
CrossRef]
- 56.
Charman
T, Pickles
A, Simonoff
E, Chandler
S, Loucas
T, Baird
G. IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders: data from the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Psychol Med
2011;41:619–27. 10.1017/S0033291710000991 [
PubMed: 21272389] [
CrossRef]
- 57.
Cadman
T, Eklund
H, Howley
D, Hayward
H, Clarke
H, Findon
J, et al.
Caregiver burden as people with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder transition into adolescence and adulthood in the United Kingdom. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2012;51:879–88. 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.06.017 [
PubMed: 22917201] [
CrossRef]
- 58.
Simonoff
E, Pickles
A, Charman
T, Chandler
S, Loucas
T, Baird
G. Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity and associated factors
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2008;47:921–9. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f [
PubMed: 18645422] [
CrossRef]
- 59.
Ruble
LA, Heflinger
CA, Renfrew
JW, Saunders
RC. Access and service use by children with autism spectrum disorders in Medicaid Managed Care. J Autism Dev Disord
2005;35:3–13. 10.1007/s10803-004-1026-6 [
PubMed: 15796117] [
CrossRef]
- 60.
Järbrink
K, Fombonne
E, Knapp
M. Measuring the parental, service and cost impacts of children with autistic spectrum disorder: a pilot study. J Autism Dev Disord
2003;33:395–402. 10.1023/A:1025058711465 [
PubMed: 12959418] [
CrossRef]
- 61.
Taylor
JL, Seltzer
MM. Employment and post-secondary educational activities for young adults with autism spectrum disorders during the transition to adulthood. J Autism Dev Disord
2011;41:566–74. 10.1007/s10803-010-1070-3 [
PMC free article: PMC3033449] [
PubMed: 20640591] [
CrossRef]
- 62.
Abbeduto
L, Seltzer
MM, Shattuck
P, Krauss
MW, Orsmond
G, Murphy
MM. Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youths with autism, Down syndrome, or fragile X syndrome. Am J Ment Retard
2004;109:237–54. 10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<237:PWACIM>2.0.CO;2 [
PubMed: 15072518] [
CrossRef]
- 63.
Blacher
J, McIntyre
LL. Syndrome specificity and behavioural disorders in young adults with intellectual disability: cultural differences in family impact. J Intellect Disabil Res
2006;50:184–98. 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00768.x [
PubMed: 16430730] [
CrossRef]
- 64.
Casado
B, Sacco
P. Correlates of caregiver burden among family caregivers of older Korean Americans. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci
2012;67:331–6. 10.1093/geronb/gbr115 [
PubMed: 22042762] [
CrossRef]
- 65.
Yates
ME, Tennstedt
S, Chang
BH. Contributors to and mediators of psychological well-being for informal caregivers. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci
1999;54:P12–22. 10.1093/geronb/54B.1.P12 [
PubMed: 9934391] [
CrossRef]
- 66.
Lawton
MP, Kleban
MH, Moss
M, Rovine
M, Glicksman
A. Measuring caregiving appraisal. J Gerontol
1989;44:P61–71. 10.1093/geronj/44.3.P61 [
PubMed: 2715587] [
CrossRef]
- 67.
Pearlin
LI, Mullan
JT, Semple
SJ, Skaff
MM. Caregiving and the stress process: an overview of concepts and their measures. Gerontologist
1990;30:583–94. 10.1093/geront/30.5.583 [
PubMed: 2276631] [
CrossRef]
- 68.
Theule
J, Wiener
J, Tannock
R, Jenkins
JM. Parenting stress in families of children with ADHD a meta-analysis. J Emot Behav Disord
2013;21:3–17. 10.1177/1063426610387433 [
CrossRef]
- 69.
Lounds
J, Seltzer
MM, Greenberg
JS, Shattuck
PT. Transition and change in adolescents and young adults with autism: longitudinal effects on maternal well-being. Am J Ment Retard
2007;112:401–17. 10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[401:TACIAA]2.0.CO;2 [
PubMed: 17963433] [
CrossRef]
- 70.
Higginson
IJ, Gao
W, Jackson
D, Murray
J, Harding
R. Short-form Zarit Caregiver Burden Interviews were valid in advanced conditions. J Clin Epidemiol
2010;63:535–42. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.014 [
PubMed: 19836205] [
CrossRef]
- 71.
Kooij
JJS. Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults (DIVA 2.0). Adult ADHD Diagnostic Assessment and Treatment. Amsterdam: Pearson Assessment and Information BV; 2010.
- 72.
Kring
SR, Greenberg
JS, Seltzer
MM. Adolescents and adults with autism with and without co-morbid psychiatric disorders: differences in maternal well-being. J Ment Health Res Intellect Disabil
2008;1:53–74. 10.1080/19315860801988228 [
PMC free article: PMC2885815] [
PubMed: 20556237] [
CrossRef]
- 73.
Kring
SR, Greenberg
JS, Seltzer
MM. The impact of health problems on behavior problems in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders: implications for maternal burden. Soc Work Ment Health
2010;8:54–71. 10.1080/15332980902932441 [
PMC free article: PMC2908415] [
PubMed: 20657702] [
CrossRef]
- 74.
Tehee
E, Honan
R, Hevey
D. Factors contributing to stress in parents of individuals with autistic spectrum disorders. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil
2009;22:34–42. 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2008.00437.x [
CrossRef]
- 75.
Anderson
CS, Linto
J, Stewart-Wynne
EG. A population-based assessment of the impact and burden of caregiving for long-term stroke survivors. Stroke
1995;26:843–9. 10.1161/01.STR.26.5.843 [
PubMed: 7740578] [
CrossRef]
- 76.
Frazier
TW, Youngstrom
EA, Glutting
JJ, Watkins
MW. ADHD and achievement: meta-analysis of the child, adolescent, and adult literatures and a concomitant study with college students. J Learn Disabil
2007;40:49–65. 10.1177/00222194070400010401 [
PubMed: 17274547] [
CrossRef]
- 77.
Küpper
T, Haavik
J, Drexler
H, Ramos-Quiroga
JA, Wermelskirchen
D, Prutz
C, et al.
The negative impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on occupational health in adults and adolescents. Int Arch Occup Environ Health
2012;85:837–47. 10.1007/s00420-012-0794-0 [
PubMed: 22752312] [
CrossRef]
- 78.
Mannuzza
S, Klein
RG, Moulton
JL. Lifetime criminality among boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a prospective follow-up study into adulthood using official arrest records. Psychiatry Res
2008;160:237–46. 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.11.003 [
PMC free article: PMC2581455] [
PubMed: 18707766] [
CrossRef]
- 79.
Molina
BS, Pelham
WE. Childhood predictors of adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study of children with ADHD. J Abnorm Psychol
2003;112:497–507. 10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.497 [
PubMed: 12943028] [
CrossRef]
- 80.
Barkley
RA, Murphy
K, Kwasnik
D. Psychological adjustment and adaptive impairments in young adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord
1996;1:41–54. 10.1177/108705479600100104 [
CrossRef]
- 81.
Biederman
J, Mick
E, Faraone
SV. Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type. Am J Psychiatry
2000;157:816–18. 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.816 [
PubMed: 10784477] [
CrossRef]
- 82.
- 83.
Mannuzza
S, Klein
RG, Bessler
A, Malloy
P, LaPadula
M. Adult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry
1993;50:565–76. 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820190067007 [
PubMed: 8317950] [
CrossRef]
- 84.
Biederman
J, Petty
CR, Woodworth
KY, Lomedico
A, Hyder
LL, Faraone
SV. Adult outcome of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 16-year follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry
2012;73:941–50. 10.4088/JCP.11m07529 [
PubMed: 22901345] [
CrossRef]
- 85.
- 86.
Bebbington
P, Brugha
T, Coid
J, Crawford
M, Deverill
C, D’Souza
J, et al.
Adult Psychiatric Morbidity in England, 2007: Results of a Household Survey. London: The Health & Social Care Information Centre, Social Care Statistics; 2009.
- 87.
Chen
W, Zhou
K, Sham
P, Franke
B, Kuntsi
J, Campbell
D, et al.
DSM-IV combined type ADHD shows familial association with sibling trait scores: a sampling strategy for QTL linkage. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet
2008;147B:1450–60. 10.1002/ajmg.b.30672 [
PubMed: 18189238] [
CrossRef]
- 88.
Conners
CK. Conners Rating Scales-Revised Technical Manual. New York, NY: Multi-Health Systems; 1997.
- 89.
Wechsler
D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. New York, NY: Psychological Corporation; 1991.
- 90.
Epstein
JN, Johnson
DE, Varia
IM, Conners
CK. Neuropsychological assessment of response inhibition in adults with ADHD. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol
2001;23:362–71. 10.1076/jcen.23.3.362.1186 [
PubMed: 11404813] [
CrossRef]
- 91.
Deb
S, Burns
J. Neuropsychiatric consequences of traumatic brain injury: a comparison between two age groups. Brain Inj
2007;21:301–7. 10.1080/02699050701253137 [
PubMed: 17453758] [
CrossRef]
- 92.
- 93.
Smith
RA, Berg
JE, Pope
LE, Callahan
JD, Wynn
D, Thisted
RA. Validation of the CNS emotional lability scale for pseudobulbar affect (pathological laughing and crying) in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler
2004;10:679–85. 10.1191/1352458504ms1106oa [
PubMed: 15584494] [
CrossRef]
- 94.
Skirrow
C, Asherson
P. Emotional lability, comorbidity and impairment in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Affect Disord
2013;147:80–6. 10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.011 [
PubMed: 23218897] [
CrossRef]
- 95.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The NICE Guideline on Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults. London: The British Psychological Society and The Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2008.
- 96.
Lara
C, Fayyad
J, de Graaf
R, Kessler
R, Aguilar-Gaxiola
S, Angermeyer
M, et al.
Childhood predictors of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Biol Psychiat
2009;65:46–54. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.005 [
PMC free article: PMC2629074] [
PubMed: 19006789] [
CrossRef]
- 97.
Fayyad
J, De Graaf
R, Kessler
R, Alonso
J, Angermeyer
M, Demyttenaere
K, et al.
Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry
2007;190:402–9. 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034389 [
PubMed: 17470954] [
CrossRef]
- 98.
Lichtenstein
P, Halldner
L, Zetterqvist
J, Sjölander
A, Serlachius
E, Fazel
S, et al.
Medication for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and criminality. N Engl J Med
2012;367:2006–14. 10.1056/NEJMoa1203241 [
PMC free article: PMC3664186] [
PubMed: 23171097] [
CrossRef]
- 99.
Young
S, Amarasinghe
JM. Practitioner review: Non-pharmacological treatments for ADHD: a lifespan approach. J Child Psychol Psychiatry
2010;51:116–33. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02191.x
[
PubMed: 19891745] [
CrossRef]
- 100.
Ford
T, Goodman
R, Meltzer
H. The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2003;42:1203–11. 10.1097/00004583-200310000-00011 [
PubMed: 14560170] [
CrossRef]
- 101.
Simon
V, Czobor
P, Bálint
S, Mészáros
A, Bitter
I. Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry
2009;194:204–11. 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048827 [
PubMed: 19252145] [
CrossRef]
- 102.
McCarthy
S, Asherson
P, Coghill
D, Hollis
C, Murray
M, Potts
L, et al.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: treatment discontinuation in adolescents and young adults. Br J Psychiatry
2009;194:273–7. 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.045245 [
PubMed: 19252159] [
CrossRef]
- 103.
Kooij
JJS, Aeckerlin
LP, Buitelaar
JK. Functioning, comorbidity and treatment of 141 adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at a Psychiatric Outpatients’ Department. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde
2001;145:1498–501. [
PubMed: 11512422]
- 104.
Kessler
RC, Adler
LA, Barkley
R, Biederman
J, Conners
CK, Faraone
SV, et al.
Patterns and predictors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder persistence into adulthood: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Biol Psychiatry
2005;57:1442–51. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.001 [
PMC free article: PMC2847347] [
PubMed: 15950019] [
CrossRef]
- 105.
Kessler
RC, Adler
LE, Ames
M, Barkley
RA, Birnbaum
H, Greenberg
P, et al.
The prevalence and effects of adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder on work performance in a nationally representative sample of workers. J Occup Environ Med
2005;47:565–72. 10.1097/01.jom.0000166863.33541.39 [
PubMed: 15951716] [
CrossRef]
- 106.
Berman
G. Prison Population Statistics. London: House of Commons Library; 2012.
- 107.
Young
S, Gudjonsson
G, Ball
S, Lam
J. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in personality disordered offenders and the association with disruptive behavioural problems. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol
2003;14:491–505. 10.1080/14789940310001615461 [
CrossRef]
- 108.
Salazar
F, Baird
G, Chandler
S, O’Sullican
T, Tseng
E, Simonoff
E. Co-occurring psychiatric disorders in preschool and elementary aged children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord
2015;45:2283–94. 10.1007/s10803-015-2361-5 [
PubMed: 25737019] [
CrossRef]
- 109.
Gjevik
E, Eldevik
S, Fjæran-Granum
T, Sponheim
E. Kiddie-SADS reveals high rates of DSM-IV disorders in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord
2011;41:761–9. 10.1007/s10803-010-1095-7 [
PMC free article: PMC3094530] [
PubMed: 20824493] [
CrossRef]
- 110.
- 111.
Adler
LA, Spencer
T, Faraone
SV, Kessler
RC, Howes
MJ, Biederman
J, et al.
Validity of pilot Adult ADHD Self- Report Scale (ASRS) to rate adult ADHD symptoms. Ann Clin Psychiatry
2006;18:145–8. 10.1080/10401230600801077 [
PubMed: 16923651] [
CrossRef]
- 112.
Goodman
D, Faraone
SV, Adler
LA, Dirks
B, Hamdani
M, Weisler
R. Interpreting ADHD rating scale scores: Linking ADHD rating scale scores and CGI levels in two randomized controlled trials of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in ADHD. Prim Psychiatry
2010;17:44–52.
- 113.
Kessler
RC, Adler
L, Barkley
R, Biederman
J, Conners
CK, Demler
O, et al.
The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry
2006;163:716–23. 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.716 [
PMC free article: PMC2859678] [
PubMed: 16585449] [
CrossRef]
- 114.
Green
H, McGinnity
A, Meltzer
H, Ford
T, Goodman
R. Mental Health of Children and Young People in Great Britain, 2004. UK: Palgrave Macmillan; 2005. 10.1037/e557702010-001 [
CrossRef]
- 115.
Sobanski
E. Psychiatric comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci
2006;256:i26–31. 10.1007/s00406-006-1004-4 [
PubMed: 16977548] [
CrossRef]
- 116.
Faraone
SV, Wilens
TE, Petty
C, Antshel
K, Spencer
T, Biederman
J. Substance use among ADHD adults: Implications of late onset and subthreshold diagnoses. Am J Addict
2007;16:24–32. 10.1080/10550490601082767 [
PubMed: 17453604] [
CrossRef]
- 117.
Upadhyaya
HP. Substance use disorders in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: implications for treatment and the role of the primary care physician. Primary Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry
2008;10:211–21. 10.4088/PCC.v10n0306 [
PMC free article: PMC2446489] [
PubMed: 18615170] [
CrossRef]
- 118.
Sizoo
B, van den Brink
W, Koeter
M, Gorissen van Eenige
M, van Wijngaarden-Cremers
P, van der Gaag
RJ. Treatment seeking adults with autism or ADHD and co-morbid substance use disorder: prevalence, risk factors and functional disability. Drug Alcohol Depend
2010;107:44–50. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.09.003 [
PubMed: 19786328] [
CrossRef]
- 119.
Sullivan
MA, Rudnik-Levin
F. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Ann N Y Acad Sci
2001;931:251–70. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05783.x [
PubMed: 11462745] [
CrossRef]
- 120.
Modestin
J, Matutat
B, Würmle
O. Antecedents of opioid dependence and personality disorder: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci
2001;251:42–7. 10.1007/s004060170067 [
PubMed: 11315518] [
CrossRef]
- 121.
Ohlmeier
MD, Peters
K, Te Wildt
BT, Zedler
M, Ziegenbein
M, Wiese
B, et al.
Comorbidity of alcohol and substance dependence with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Alcohol Alcohol
2008;43:300–4. 10.1093/alcalc/agn014 [
PubMed: 18326548] [
CrossRef]
- 122.
Wilson
JJ, Levin
FR. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and early-onset substance use disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol
2005;15:751–63. 10.1089/cap.2005.15.751 [
PubMed: 16262592] [
CrossRef]
- 123.
- 124.
Liu
J, Yu
B, Orozco-Cabal
L, Grigoriadis
DE, Rivier
J, Vale
WW, et al.
Chronic cocaine administration switches corticotropin-releasing factor2 receptor-mediated depression to facilitation of glutamatergic transmission in the lateral septum. J Neurosci
2005;25:577–83. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4196-04.2005 [
PMC free article: PMC6725320] [
PubMed: 15659593] [
CrossRef]
- 125.
- 126.
Carpentier
PJ, de Jong
CA, Dijkstra
BA, Verbrugge
CA, Krabbe
PF. A controlled trial of methylphenidate in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders. Addiction
2005;100:1868–74. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01272.x [
PubMed: 16367988] [
CrossRef]
- 127.
Reimherr
FW, Marchant
BK, Strong
RE, Hedges
DW, Adler
L, Spencer
TJ, et al.
Emotional dysregulation in adult ADHD and response to atomoxetine. Biol Psychiatry
2005;58:125–31. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.040 [
PubMed: 16038683] [
CrossRef]
- 128.
Reimherr
FW, Williams
ED, Strong
RE, Mestas
R, Soni
P, Marchant
BK. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of osmotic release oral system methylphenidate in adults with ADHD with assessment of oppositional and emotional dimensions of the disorder. J Clin Psychiatry
2007;68:93–101. 10.4088/JCP.v68n0113 [
PubMed: 17284136] [
CrossRef]
- 129.
Rösler
M, Fischer
R, Ammer
R, Ose
C, Retz
W. A randomised, placebo-controlled, 24-week, study of low-dose extended-release methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci
2009;259:120–9. 10.1007/s00406-008-0845-4 [
PubMed: 19165529] [
CrossRef]
- 130.
Skirrow
C, McLoughlin
G, Kuntsi
J, Asherson
P. Behavioral, neurocognitive and treatment overlap between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and mood instability. Expert Rev Neurother
2009;9:489–503. 10.1586/ern.09.2 [
PubMed: 19344301] [
CrossRef]
- 131.
Kooij
JJ, Buitelaar
JK, van den Oord
EJ, Furer
JW, Rijnders
CA, Hodiamont
PP. Internal and external validity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a population-based sample of adults. Psychol Med
2005;35:817–27. 10.1017/S003329170400337X [
PubMed: 15997602] [
CrossRef]
- 132.
Bell
AS. A critical review of ADHD diagnostic criteria: what to address in the DSM-V. J Atten Disord
2010;20:1–8. [
PubMed: 20418468]
- 133.
Keedwell
PA, Poon
L, Papadopoulos
AS, Marshall
EJ, Checkley
SA. Salivary cortisol measurements during a medically assisted alcohol withdrawal. Addict Biol
2001;6:247–56. 10.1080/13556210120056580 [
PubMed: 11900603] [
CrossRef]
- 134.
Barkley
RA, Fischer
M, Smallish
L, Fletcher
K. The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder. J Abnorm Psychol
2002;111:279–89. 10.1037/0021-843X.111.2.279 [
PubMed: 12003449] [
CrossRef]
- 135.
Great Britain. Mental Health Act 2007. London: HMSO; 2007.
- 136.
Gudjonsson
GH, Rabe-Hesketh
S, Szmukler
G. Management of psychiatric in-patient violence: patient ethnicity and use of medication, restraint and seclusion. Br J Psychiatry
2004;184:258–62. 10.1192/bjp.184.3.258 [
PubMed: 14990525] [
CrossRef]
- 137.
Young
S, Gudjonsson
G, Wells
J, Asherson
P, Theobald
D, Oliver
B, et al.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and critical incidents in a Scottish prison population. Pers Indiv Differ
2009;46:265–9. 10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.003 [
CrossRef]
- 138.
Gudjonsson
G, Young
S, Yates
M. Motivating mentally disordered offenders to change. Instruments for measuring patients’ perception and motivation. J Forens Psych Psychol
2007;18:74–89. 10.1080/14789940601063261 [
CrossRef]
- 139.
Young
S, Chesney
S, Sperlinger
D, Misch
P, Collins
P. A qualitative study exploring the life-course experiences of young offenders with symptoms and signs of ADHD who were detained in a residential care setting. Crim Behav Ment Health
2009;19:54–63. 10.1002/cbm.721 [
PubMed: 19172638] [
CrossRef]
- 140.
Young
S, Goodwin
E. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in persistent criminal offenders: the need for specialist treatment programs. Expert Rev Neurother
2010;10:1497–500. 10.1586/ern.10.142 [
PubMed: 20925465] [
CrossRef]
- 141.
Ginsberg
Y, Hirvikoski
T, Grann
M, Lindefors
N. Long-term functional outcome in adult prison inmates with ADHD receiving OROS-methylphenidate. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci
2012;262:705–24. 10.1007/s00406-012-0317-8 [
PMC free article: PMC3491195] [
PubMed: 22526730] [
CrossRef]
- 142.
Ginsberg
Y, Lindefors
N. Methylphenidate treatment of adult male prison inmates with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial with open-label extension. Br J Psychiatry
2012;200:68–73. 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.092940 [
PubMed: 22075648] [
CrossRef]
- 143.
Robinson
L, Spencer
MD, Thomson
LD, Stanfield
AC, Owens
DG, Hall
J, et al.
Evaluation of a screening instrument for autism spectrum disorders in prisoners. PLOS ONE
2012;7:e36078. 10.1371/journal.pone.0036078 [
PMC free article: PMC3360706] [
PubMed: 22662113] [
CrossRef]
- 144.
McAdam
P. Knowledge and understanding of the autism spectrum amongst prison staff. Prison Service J
2012;202:26–30.
- 145.
Wilens
TE, Biederman
J, Faraone
SV, Martelon
M, Westerberg
D, Spencer
TJ. Presenting ADHD symptoms, subtypes, and comorbid disorders in clinically referred adults with ADHD. J Clin Psychiatry
2009;70:1557–62. 10.4088/JCP.08m04785pur [
PMC free article: PMC2948439] [
PubMed: 20031097] [
CrossRef]
- 146.
Faraone
SV, Biederman
J, Spencer
T, Mick
E, Murray
K, Petty
C, et al.
Diagnosing adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: are late onset and subthreshold diagnoses valid?
Am J Psychiatry
2006;163:1720–9. 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.10.1720 [
PubMed: 17012682] [
CrossRef]
- 147.
Jordan
M. Transforming the quality of life for people with dementia through contact with the natural world: fresh air on my face. Ageing Soc
2012;32:1263–4. 10.1017/S0144686X12000475 [
CrossRef]
- 148.
Browning
A, Caulfield
L. The prevalence and treatment of people with Asperger’s Syndrome in the criminal justice system. Criminol Crim Justic
2011;11:165–80. 10.1177/1748895811398455 [
CrossRef]
- 149.
Howlin
P. Outcome in adult life for more able individuals with autism or Asperger syndrome. Autism
2000;4:63–83. 10.1177/1362361300004001005 [
CrossRef]
- 150.
Cashin
A, Newman
C. Autism in the criminal justice detention system: a review of the literature. J Forensic Nurs
2009;5:70–5. 10.1111/j.1939-3938.2009.01037.x [
PubMed: 19538651] [
CrossRef]
- 151.
Murphy
D. Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) profiles among male patients within high security psychiatric care: comparison with personality and cognitive functioning. J Forens Psych Psychol
2011;22:518–34. 10.1080/14789949.2011.596942 [
CrossRef]
- 152.
Loucks
N, Talbot
J. No One Knows: Identifying and Supporting Prisoners with Learning Difficulties and Learning Disabilities: the Views of Prison Staff. London: Prison Reform Trust; 2007.
- 153.
Paterson
P. How well do young offenders with Asperger syndrome cope in custody? Two prison case studies. Br J Learn Disabil
2008;36:54–8. 10.1111/j.1468-3156.2007.00466.x [
CrossRef]
- 154.
Bernfort
L, Nordfeldt
S, Persson
J. ADHD from a socio-economic perspective. Acta Paediatr
2008;97:239–45. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00611.x [
PubMed: 18254913] [
CrossRef]
- 155.
Scheffler
RM, Hinshaw
SP, Modrek
S, Levine
P. The global market for ADHD medications. Health Aff
2007;26:450–7. 10.1377/hlthaff.26.2.450 [
PubMed: 17339673] [
CrossRef]
- 156.
Wu
EQ, Hodgkins
P, Ben-Hamadi
R, Setyawan
J, Xie
J, Sikirica
V, et al.
Cost effectiveness of pharmacotherapies for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic literature review. CNS Drugs
2012;26:581–600. 10.2165/11633900-000000000-00000 [
PubMed: 22712698] [
CrossRef]
- 157.
Peters-Scheffer
N, Didden
R, Korzilius
H, Sturmey
P. A meta-analytic study on the effectiveness of comprehensive ABA-based early intervention programs for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord
2011;5:60–9. 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.03.011 [
CrossRef]
- 158.
Motiwala
S, Gupta
S, Lilly
M, Ungar
W, Coyte
P. The cost-effectiveness of expanding intensive behavioural intervention to all autistic children in Ontario. Healthc Policy
2006;1:135–51. 10.12927/hcpol.2006.17884 [
PMC free article: PMC2585334] [
PubMed: 19305662] [
CrossRef]
- 159.
Beecham
J, Knapp
M. Costing psychiatric interventions. In Thornicroft
G, editor. Measuring Mental Health Needs. 2nd edn.
London: Gaskell; 2001. pp. 200–24.
- 160.
Curtis
L. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2010. Canterbury: Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent; 2012.
- 161.
- 162.
Beecham
J. Unit Costs: Not Exactly Child’s Play – A Guide to Estimating Unit Costs for Children’s Social Care. 2000. URL:
www.pssru.ac.uk/pdf/B062.pdf- 163.
Clarke
S, Sloper
P, Moran
N, Cusworth
L, Franklin
A, Beecham
J. Multi-agency transition services: greater collaboration needed to meet the priorities of young disabled people with complex needs as they move into adulthood. J Integrat Care
2011;19:74–85. 10.1108/14769011111176734 [
CrossRef]
- 164.
Schöffski
O, Sohn
S, Happich
M. [Overall burden to society caused by hyperkinetic syndrome (HKS) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).] Gesundheitswesen
2008;70:398–403. 10.1055/s-0028-1082049 [
PubMed: 18729028] [
CrossRef]
- 165.
Young
S, Murphy
CM, Coghill
D. Avoiding the ‘twilight zone’: recommendations for the transition of services from adolescence to adulthood for young people with ADHD. BMC Psychiatry
2011;11:174. 10.1186/1471-244X-11-174 [
PMC free article: PMC3229466] [
PubMed: 22051192] [
CrossRef]
- 166.
Singh
SP. Transition of care from child to adult mental health services: the great divide. Curr Opin Psychiatry
2009;22:386–90. 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32832c9221 [
PubMed: 19417667] [
CrossRef]
- 167.
Doshi
JA, Hodgkins
P, Kahle
J, Sikirica
V, Cangelosi
MJ, Setyawan
J, et al.
Economic impact of childhood and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the United States. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2012;51:990–1002. 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.07.008 [
PubMed: 23021476] [
CrossRef]
- 168.
Telford
C, Green
C, Logan
S, Langley
K, Thapar
A, Ford
T. Estimating the costs of ongoing care for adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol
2012;48:337–44. 10.1007/s00127-012-0530-9 [
PubMed: 22699685] [
CrossRef]
- 169.
Snell
T, Knapp
M, Healey
A, Guglani
S, Evans-Lacko
S, Fernández
J-L, et al.
Economic impact of childhood psychiatric disorder on public sector services in Britain: estimates from national survey data. J Child Psychol Psychiatry
2013;54:977–85. 10.1111/jcpp.12055 [
PubMed: 23442096] [
CrossRef]
- 170.
Pelham
WE, Foster
EM, Robb
JA. The economic impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Psychol
2007;32:711–27. 10.1093/jpepsy/jsm022 [
PubMed: 17556402] [
CrossRef]
- 171.
Hakkart-van Roijen
L, Zwirs
BW, Bouwmans
C, Tan
SS, Schulpen
TW, Vlasveld
L, et al.
Societal costs and quality of life of children suffering from attention deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2007;16:316–26. 10.1007/s00787-007-0603-6 [
PubMed: 17483870] [
CrossRef]
- 172.
Swensen
AR, Birnbaum
HG, Secnik
K, Marynchenko
M, Greenberg
P, Claxton
A. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: increased costs for patients and their families. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2003;42:1415–23. 10.1097/00004583-200312000-00008 [
PubMed: 14627876] [
CrossRef]
- 173.
De Ridder
A, De Graeve
D. Healthcare use, social burden and costs of children with and without ADHD in Flanders, Belgium. Clin Drug Investig
2006;26:75–90. 10.2165/00044011-200626020-00003 [
PubMed: 17163238] [
CrossRef]
- 174.
Knapp
M, Romeo
R, Beecham
J. The Economic Consequences of Autism in the UK. London: Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities; 2007.
- 175.
Bebbington
A, Beecham
J. Social services support and expenditure for children with autism. Autism
2007;11:43–61. 10.1177/1362361307070911 [
PubMed: 17175573] [
CrossRef]
- 176.
Järbrink
K. The economic consequences of autistic spectrum disorder among children in a Swedish municipality. Autism
2007;11:453–63. 10.1177/1362361307079602 [
PubMed: 17942458] [
CrossRef]
- 177.
Ganz
ML. The lifetime distribution of the incremental societal costs of autism. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
2007;161:343–9. 10.1001/archpedi.161.4.343 [
PubMed: 17404130] [
CrossRef]
- 178.
Flanders
SC, Engelhart
L, Pandina
GJ, McCracken
JT. Direct health care costs for children with pervasive developmental disorders: 1996-2002. Adm Policy Ment Health
2007;34:213–20. 10.1007/s10488-006-0098-3
[
PubMed: 17082979] [
CrossRef]
- 179.
Croen
LA, Najjar
DV, Ray
GT, Lotspeich
L, Bernal
P. A comparison of health care utilization and costs of children with and without autism spectrum disorders in a large group-model health plan. Pediatrics
2006;118:e1203–11. 10.1542/peds.2006-0127 [
PubMed: 17015508] [
CrossRef]
- 180.
Liptak
GS, Stuart
T, Auinger
P. Health care utilization and expenditures for children with autism: data from U.S. national samples. J Autism Dev Disord
2006;36:871–9. 10.1007/s10803-006-0119-9 [
PubMed: 16855879] [
CrossRef]
- 181.
Shimabukuro
TT, Grosse
SD, Rice
C. Medical expenditures for children with an autism spectrum disorder in a privately insured population. J Autism Dev Disord
2008;38:546–52. 10.1007/s10803-007-0424-y [
PubMed: 17690969] [
CrossRef]
- 182.
Gurney
JG, McPheeters
ML, Davis
MM. Parental report of health conditions and health care use among children with and without autism: National Survey of Children’s Health. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
2006;160:825–30. 10.1001/archpedi.160.8.825 [
PubMed: 16894082] [
CrossRef]
- 183.
Shattuck
PT, Wagner
M, Narendorf
S, Sterzing
P, Hensley
M. Post-high school service use among young adults with an autism spectrum disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
2011;165:141–6. 10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.279 [
PMC free article: PMC3097532] [
PubMed: 21300654] [
CrossRef]
- 184.
- 185.
- 186.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Autism Diagnosis in Children and Young People: Recognition, Referral and Diagnosis of Children and Young People on the Autism Spectrum. NICE Clinical Guideline 128. London: NICE; 2011.
- 187.
Mahoney
WJ, Szatmari
P, MacLean
JE, Bryson
SE, Bartolucci
G, Walter
SD, et al.
Reliability and accuracy of differentiating pervasive developmental disorder subtypes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
1998;37:278–85. 10.1097/00004583-199803000-00012 [
PubMed: 9519632] [
CrossRef]
- 188.
Klin
A, Lang
J, Cicchetti
DV, Volkmar
FR. Brief report: interrater reliability of clinical diagnosis and DSM-IV criteria for autistic disorder: results of the DSM-IV autism field trial. J Autism Dev Disord
2000;30:163–7. 10.1023/A:1005415823867 [
PubMed: 10832781] [
CrossRef]
- 189.
Oliver
BR, Plomin
R. Twins’ Early Development Study (TEDS): a multivariate, longitudinal genetic investigation of language, cognition and behavior problems from childhood through adolescence. Twin Res Hum Genet
2007;10:96–105. 10.1375/twin.10.1.96 [
PubMed: 17539369] [
CrossRef]
- 190.
Curran
S, Dworzynski
K, Happé
F, Ronald
A, Allison
C, Baron-Cohen
S, et al.
No major effect of twinning on autistic traits. Autism Res
2011;4:377–82. 10.1002/aur.207 [
PubMed: 21766464] [
CrossRef]
- 191.
Rutter
M, Bailey
A, Lord
C. Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 2003.
- 192.
Williams
J, Scott
F, Stott
C, Allison
C, Bolton
P, Baron-Cohen
S, Brayne
C. The CAST (Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test): test accuracy. Autism
2005;9:45–68. 10.1177/1362361305049029 [
PubMed: 15618262] [
CrossRef]
- 193.
- 194.
Berument
SK, Rutter
M, Lord
C, Pickles
A, Bailey
A. Autism screening questionnaire: diagnostic validity. Br J Psychiatry
1999;175:444–51. 10.1192/bjp.175.5.444 [
PubMed: 10789276] [
CrossRef]
- 195.
Scott
FJ, Baron-Cohen
S, Bolton
P, Brayne
C. The CAST (Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test): preliminary development of a UK screen for mainstream primary-school-age children. Autism
2002;6:9–31. 10.1177/1362361302006001003 [
PubMed: 11918111] [
CrossRef]
- 196.
Lord
C. Autism diagnostic observation schedule: a standardized observation of communicative and social behavior. J Autism Dev Disord
1989;19:185–212. 10.1007/BF02211841 [
PubMed: 2745388] [
CrossRef]
- 197.
Lord
C, Risi
S, Lambrecht
L, Cook
EH
Jr, Leventhal
BL, DiLavore
PC, et al.
The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. J Autism Dev Disord
2000;30:205–23. 10.1023/A:1005592401947 [
PubMed: 11055457] [
CrossRef]
- 198.
Gotham
K, Risi
S, Pickles
A, Lord
C. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: revised algorithms for improved diagnostic validity. J Autism Dev Disord
2007;37:613–27. 10.1007/s10803-006-0280-1 [
PubMed: 17180459] [
CrossRef]
- 199.
Liddle
EB, Batty
MJ, Goodman
R. The Social Aptitudes Scale: an initial validation. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol
2009;44:508–13. 10.1007/s00127-008-0456-4 [
PubMed: 18979221] [
CrossRef]
- 200.
Ghaziuddin
M, Weidmer-Mikhail
E, Ghaziuddin
N. Comorbidity of Asperger syndrome: a preliminary report. J Intellect Disabil Res
1998;42:279–83. 10.1111/j.1365-2788.1998.tb01647.x [
PubMed: 9786442] [
CrossRef]
- 201.
Leyfer
OT, Folstein
SE, Bacalman
S, Davis
NO, Dinh
E, Morgan
J, et al.
Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: interview development and rates of disorders. J Autism Dev Disord
2006;36:849–61. 10.1007/s10803-006-0123-0 [
PubMed: 16845581] [
CrossRef]
- 202.
Hayward
H, Cadman
T, Eklund
H, Findon
J, Howley
D, Gillan
N, et al.
Service Use and Needs Among Those with an ASD in Adolescence and Young Adulthood. International Meeting for Autism Research (IMFAR), San Sebastian, Spain, 2–4 May 2013.
- 203.
Cath
DC, Ran
N, Smit
JH, van Balkom
AJ, Comijs
HC. Symptom overlap between autism spectrum disorder, generalized social anxiety disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder in adults: a preliminary case-controlled study. Psychopathology
2008;41:101–10. 10.1159/000111555 [
PubMed: 18033980] [
CrossRef]
- 204.
Ghaziuddin
M. Mental Health Aspects of Autism and Asperger Syndrome. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2005.
- 205.
Helverschou
SB, Bakken
TL, Martinsen
H. The Psychopathology in Autism Checklist (PAC): a pilot study. Res Autism Spectr Disord
2009;3:179–95. 10.1016/j.rasd.2008.05.004 [
CrossRef]
- 206.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.; 2000.
- 207.
Barkley
RA. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. 3rd edn.
New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2006.
- 208.
Zigmond
AS, Snaith
RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand
1983;67:361–70. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x [
PubMed: 6880820] [
CrossRef]
- 209.
Foa
EB, Huppert
JD, Leiberg
S, Langner
R, Kichic
R, Hajcak
G, et al.
The Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychol Assess
2002;14:485–96. 10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.485 [
PubMed: 12501574] [
CrossRef]
- 210.
Goodman
R. Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2001;40:1337–45. 10.1097/00004583-200111000-00015 [
PubMed: 11699809] [
CrossRef]
- 211.
Mash
EJ, Barkley
RA. Child Psychopathology. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2003.
- 212.
Pinborough-Zimmerman
J, Bakian
AV, Fombonne
E, Bilder
D, Taylor
J, McMahon
WM. Changes in the administrative prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: contribution of special education and health from 2002-2008. J Autism Dev Disord
2012;42:521–30. 10.1007/s10803-011-1265-2 [
PubMed: 21538173] [
CrossRef]
- 213.
Fombonne
E. Epidemiology of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry
2005;66:3–8. [
PubMed: 16401144]
- 214.
World Health Organization. The International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993.
- 215.
Ozonoff
S. DSM-5 and autism spectrum disorders – two decades of perspectives from the JCPP. J Child Psychol Psychiatry
2012;53:e4–6. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02587.x [
PubMed: 22803685] [
CrossRef]
- 216.
Happé
F. Criteria, categories, and continua: autism and related disorders in DSM-5. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2011;50:540–2. 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.03.015 [
PubMed: 21621137] [
CrossRef]
- 217.
Swedo
SE, Baird
G, Cook
EHJ, Happé
FG, Harris
JC, Kaufmann
WE, et al.
Commentary from the DSM-5 workgroup on neurodevelopmental disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2012;51:347–9. 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.013 [
PubMed: 22449639] [
CrossRef]
- 218.
Frazier
TW, Youngstrom
EA, Speer
L, Embacher
R, Law
P, Constantino
J, et al.
Validation of proposed DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2012;51:28–40.e3. 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.09.021 [
PMC free article: PMC3244681] [
PubMed: 22176937] [
CrossRef]
- 219.
Matson
JL, Belva
CB, Horovitz
M, Kozlowski
AM, Bamburg
JW. Comparing symptoms of autism spectrum disorders in a developmentally disabled adult population using the current DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria and the proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. J Dev Phys Disabil
2012;24:403–14. 10.1007/s10882-012-9278-0 [
CrossRef]
- 220.
Mattila
ML, Kielinen
M, Linna
SL, Jussila
K, Ebeling
H, Bloigu
R, et al.
Autism spectrum disorders according to DSM-IV-TR and comparison with DSM-5 draft criteria: an epidemiological study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2011;50:583–92. 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.04.001 [
PubMed: 21621142] [
CrossRef]
- 221.
McPartland
JC, Reichow
B, Volkmar
FR. Sensitivity and specificity of proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2012;51:368–83. 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.01.007 [
PMC free article: PMC3424065] [
PubMed: 22449643] [
CrossRef]
- 222.
Taheri
A, Perry
A. Exploring the proposed DSM-5 criteria in a clinical sample. J Autism Dev Disord
2012;42:1810–17. 10.1007/s10803-012-1599-4 [
PubMed: 22806000] [
CrossRef]
- 223.
Worley
JA, Matson
JL. Comparing symptoms of autism spectrum disorders using the current ‘DSM-IV-TR’ diagnostic criteria and the proposed ‘DSM-V’ diagnostic criteria. Res Autism Spectr Disord
2012;6:965–70. 10.1016/j.rasd.2011.12.012 [
CrossRef]
- 224.
Huerta
M, Bishop
SL, Duncan
A, Hus
V, Lord
C. Application of DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder to three samples of children with DSM-IV diagnoses of pervasive developmental disorders. Am J Psychiatry
2012;169:1056–64. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12020276 [
PMC free article: PMC6003412] [
PubMed: 23032385] [
CrossRef]
- 225.
Murphy
D, Beecham
J, Craig
M, Ecker
C. Autism in adults: new biological findings and their translational implications to the cost of clinical services. Brain Res
2011;1380:22–33. 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.042 [
PubMed: 20969835] [
CrossRef]
- 226.
Carpenter
P. Diagnosis and assessment in autism spectrum disorders. Adv Ment Health Intellect Disabil
2012;6:121–9. 10.1108/20441281211227184 [
CrossRef]
- 227.
Baird
G, Charman
T, Baron-Cohen
S, Cox
A, Swettenham
J, Wheelwright
S, et al.
A screening instrument for autism at 18 months of age: a 6-year follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2000;39:694–702. 10.1097/00004583-200006000-00007 [
PubMed: 10846303] [
CrossRef]
- 228.
Wechsler
D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1997.
- 229.
Kapp
S, Ne’eman
A. ASD in DSM-5: What the Research Shows and Recommendations for Change. Autistic Self Advocacy Network Policy Brief (June). Washington, DC: Autistic Self Advocacy Network; 2012.
- 230.
Amaral
DG, Schumann
CM, Nordahl
CW. Neuroanatomy of autism. Trends Neurosci
2008;31:137–45. 10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.005 [
PubMed: 18258309] [
CrossRef]
- 231.
Geschwind
DH, Levitt
P. Autism spectrum disorders: developmental disconnection syndromes. Curr Opin Neurobiol
2007;17:103–11. 10.1016/j.conb.2007.01.009 [
PubMed: 17275283] [
CrossRef]
- 232.
Geschwind
D. Autism: searching for coherence. Biol Psychiatry
2007;62:949–50. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.09.001 [
PubMed: 17950066] [
CrossRef]
- 233.
McAlonan
GM, Cheung
V, Cheung
C, Suckling
J, Lam
GY, Tai
KS, et al.
Mapping the brain in autism. A voxel-based MRI study of volumetric differences and intercorrelations in autism. Brain
2005;128:268–76. 10.1093/brain/awh332 [
PubMed: 15548557] [
CrossRef]
- 234.
McAlonan
GM, Daly
E, Kumari
V, Critchley
HD, van Amelsvoort
T, Suckling
J, et al.
Brain anatomy and sensorimotor gating in Asperger’s syndrome. Brain
2002;125:1594–606. 10.1093/brain/awf150 [
PubMed: 12077008] [
CrossRef]
- 235.
Waiter
GD, Williams
JH, Murray
AD, Gilchrist
A, Perrett
DI, Whiten
A. A voxel-based investigation of brain structure in male adolescents with autistic spectrum disorder. Neuroimage
2004;22:619–25. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.02.029 [
PubMed: 15193590] [
CrossRef]
- 236.
Rojas
DC, Peterson
E, Winterrowd
E, Reite
ML, Rogers
SJ, Tregellas
JR. Regional gray matter volumetric changes in autism associated with social and repetitive behavior symptoms. BMC Psychiatry
2006;6:56. 10.1186/1471-244X-6-56 [
PMC free article: PMC1770914] [
PubMed: 17166273] [
CrossRef]
- 237.
Toal
F, Murphy
DG, Murphy
KC. Autistic-spectrum disorders: lessons from neuroimaging. Br J Psychiatry
2005;187:395–7. 10.1192/bjp.187.5.395 [
PubMed: 16260811] [
CrossRef]
- 238.
Nordahl
CW, Dierker
D, Mostafavi
I, Schumann
CM, Rivera
SM, Amaral
DG, et al.
Cortical folding abnormalities in autism revealed by surface-based morphometry. J Neurosci
2007;27:11725–35. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0777-07.2007 [
PMC free article: PMC6673212] [
PubMed: 17959814] [
CrossRef]
- 239.
Levitt
JG, Blanton
RE, Smalley
S, Thompson
PM, Guthrie
D, McCracken
JT, et al.
Cortical sulcal maps in autism. Cereb Cortex
2003;13:728–35. 10.1093/cercor/13.7.728 [
PubMed: 12816888] [
CrossRef]
- 240.
Panizzon
MS, Fennema-Notestine
C, Eyler
LT, Jernigan
TL, Prom-Wormley
E, Neale
M, et al.
Distinct genetic influences on cortical surface area and cortical thickness. Cereb Cortex
2009;19:2728–35. 10.1093/cercor/bhp026 [
PMC free article: PMC2758684] [
PubMed: 19299253] [
CrossRef]
- 241.
Mourão-Miranda
J, Bokde
AL, Born
C, Hampel
H, Stetter
M. Classifying brain states and determining the discriminating activation patterns: Support Vector Machine on functional MRI data. Neuroimage
2005;28:980–95. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.070 [
PubMed: 16275139] [
CrossRef]
- 242.
Davatzikos
C, Fan
Y, Wu
X, Shen
D, Resnick
SM. Detection of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease via pattern classification of magnetic resonance imaging. Neurobiol Aging
2008;29:514–23. 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.11.010 [
PMC free article: PMC2323584] [
PubMed: 17174012] [
CrossRef]
- 243.
- 244.
Wechsler
D. Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment; 1999.
- 245.
World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992.
- 246.
Ward
MF, Wender
PH, Reimherr
FW. The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry
1993;150:885–90. 10.1176/ajp.150.6.885 [
PubMed: 8494063] [
CrossRef]
- 247.
Dale
AM, Fischl
B, Sereno
MI. Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction. Neuroimage
1999;9:179–94. 10.1006/nimg.1998.0395 [
PubMed: 9931268] [
CrossRef]
- 248.
Fischl
B, Sereno
MI, Dale
AM. Cortical surface-based analysis. II: Inflation, flattening, and a surface-based coordinate system. Neuroimage
1999;9:195–207. 10.1006/nimg.1998.0396 [
PubMed: 9931269] [
CrossRef]
- 249.
Segonne
F, Dale
AM, Busa
E, Glessner
M, Salat
D, Hahn
HK, et al.
A hybrid approach to the skull stripping problem in MRI. Neuroimage
2004;22:1060–75. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.03.032 [
PubMed: 15219578] [
CrossRef]
- 250.
- 251.
Fischl
B, Salat
DH, Busa
E, Albert
M, Dieterich
M, Haselgrove
C, et al.
Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron
2002;33:341–55. 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00569-X [
PubMed: 11832223] [
CrossRef]
- 252.
Fischl
B, van der Kouwe
A, Destrieux
C, Halgren
E, Ségonne
F, Salat
DH, et al.
Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex
2004;14:11–22. 10.1093/cercor/bhg087 [
PubMed: 14654453] [
CrossRef]
- 253.
Fischl
B, Salat
DH, van der Kouwe
AJ, Makris
N, Segonne
F, Quinn
BT, et al.
Sequence-independent segmentation of magnetic resonance images. Neuroimage
2004;23:S69–84. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.016 [
PubMed: 15501102] [
CrossRef]
- 254.
Jovicich
J, Czanner
S, Greve
D, Haley
E, van der Kouwe
A, Gollub
R, et al.
Reliability in multi-site structural MRI studies: effects of gradient non-linearity correction on phantom and human data. Neuroimage
2006;30:436–43. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.046 [
PubMed: 16300968] [
CrossRef]
- 255.
Fischl
B, Liu
A, Dale
AM. Automated manifold surgery: constructing geometrically accurate and topologically correct models of the human cerebral cortex. IEEE Trans Med Imaging
2001;20:70–80. 10.1109/42.906426 [
PubMed: 11293693] [
CrossRef]
- 256.
Segonne
F, Pacheco
J, Fischl
B. Geometrically accurate topology-correction of cortical surfaces using nonseparating loops. IEEE Trans Med Imaging
2007;26:518–29. 10.1109/TMI.2006.887364 [
PubMed: 17427739] [
CrossRef]
- 257.
Desikan
RS, Ségonne
F, Fischl
B, Quinn
BT, Dickerson
BC, Blacker
D, et al.
An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. Neuroimage
2006;31:968–80. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021 [
PubMed: 16530430] [
CrossRef]
- 258.
Rosas
HD, Liu
AK, Hersch
S, Glessner
M, Ferrante
RJ, Salat
DH, et al.
Regional and progressive thinning of the cortical ribbon in Huntington’s disease. Neurology
2002;58:695–701. 10.1212/WNL.58.5.695 [
PubMed: 11889230] [
CrossRef]
- 259.
Kuperberg
GR, Broome
MR, McGuire
PK, David
AS, Eddy
M, Ozawa
F, et al.
Regionally localized thinning of the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry
2003;60:878–88. 10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.878 [
PubMed: 12963669] [
CrossRef]
- 260.
Salat
DH, Buckner
RL, Snyder
AZ, Greve
DN, Desikan
RS, Busa
E, et al.
Thinning of the cerebral cortex in aging. Cereb Cortex
2004;14:721–30. 10.1093/cercor/bhh032 [
PubMed: 15054051] [
CrossRef]
- 261.
Han
X, Jovicich
J, Salat
D, van der Kouwe
A, Quinn
B, Czanner
S, et al.
Reliability of MRI-derived measurements of human cerebral cortical thickness: the effects of field strength, scanner upgrade and manufacturer. Neuroimage
2006;32:180–94. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.051 [
PubMed: 16651008] [
CrossRef]
- 262.
Piven
J, Berthier
ML, Starkstein
SE, Nehme
E, Pearlson
G, Folstein
S. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a defect of cerebral cortical development in autism. Am J Psychiatry
1990;147:734–9. 10.1176/ajp.147.6.734 [
PubMed: 2343916] [
CrossRef]
- 263.
Wisco
JJ, Kuperberg
G, Manoach
D, Quinn
BT, Busa
E, Fischl
B, et al.
Abnormal cortical folding patterns within Broca’s area in schizophrenia: evidence from structural MRI. Schizophr Res
2007;94:317–27. 10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.031 [
PMC free article: PMC2034662] [
PubMed: 17490861] [
CrossRef]
- 264.
Hardan
AY, Jou
RJ, Keshavan
MS, Varma
R, Minshew
NJ. Increased frontal cortical folding in autism: a preliminary MRI study. Psychiatry Res
2004;131:263–8. 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.06.001 [
PubMed: 15465295] [
CrossRef]
- 265.
Schoelkopf
M, Smola
AJ. Learning with Kernes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2002.
- 266.
Burges
CJC. A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition. Data Min Knowl Discov
1998;2:121–67. 10.1023/A:1009715923555 [
CrossRef]
- 267.
Vapnik
VN. The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory. New York, NY: Springer; 1995. 10.1007/978-1-4757-2440-0 [
CrossRef]
- 268.
Mourão-Miranda
J, Reynaud
E, McGlone
F, Calvert
G, Brammer
M. The impact of temporal compression and space selection on SVM analysis of single-subject and multi-subject fMRI data. NeuroImage
2006;33:1055–65. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.016 [
PubMed: 17010645] [
CrossRef]
- 269.
Ecker
C, Rocha-Rego
V, Johnston
P, Mourao-Miranda
J, Marquand
A, Daly
EM, et al.
Investigating the predictive value of whole-brain structural MR scans in autism: a pattern classification approach. Neuroimage
2010;49:44–56. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.024 [
PubMed: 19683584] [
CrossRef]
- 270.
Herbert
MR, Ziegler
DA, Deutsch
CK, O’Brien
LM, Kennedy
DN, Filipek
PA, et al.
Brain asymmetries in autism and developmental language disorder: a nested whole-brain analysis. Brain
2005;128:213–26. 10.1093/brain/awh330 [
PubMed: 15563515] [
CrossRef]
- 271.
Thompson
PM, Cannon
TD, Narr
KL, van Erp
T, Poutanen
VP, Huttunen
M, et al.
Genetic influences on brain structure. Nat Neurosci
2001;4:1253–8. 10.1038/nn758 [
PubMed: 11694885] [
CrossRef]
- 272.
Chung
MK, Robbins
S, Evans
AC. Unified statistical approach to cortical thickness analysis. Inf Process Med Imaging
2005;19:627–38. 10.1007/11505730_52 [
PubMed: 17354731] [
CrossRef]
- 273.
- 274.
Hadjikhani
N, Joseph
RM, Snyder
J, Tager-Flusberg
H. Anatomical differences in the mirror neuron system and social cognition network in autism. Cereb Cortex
2006;16:1276–82. 10.1093/cercor/bhj069 [
PubMed: 16306324] [
CrossRef]
- 275.
Howlin
P. Outcome in high-functioning adults with autism with and without early language delays: implications for the differentiation between autism and Asperger syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord
2003;33:3–13. 10.1023/A:1022270118899 [
PubMed: 12708575] [
CrossRef]
- 276.
Pessoa
L, Padmala
S. Decoding near-threshold perception of fear from distributed single-trial brain activation. Cereb Cortex
2007;17:691–701. 10.1093/cercor/bhk020 [
PubMed: 16627856] [
CrossRef]
- 277.
Averbeck
BB, Latham
PE, Pouget
A. Neural correlations, population coding and computation. Nat Rev Neurosci
2006;7:358–66. 10.1038/nrn1888 [
PubMed: 16760916] [
CrossRef]
- 278.
- 279.
Bradley
E, Bolton
P. Episodic psychiatric disorders in teenagers with learning disabilities with and without autism. Br J Psychiatry
2006;189:361–6. 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.018127 [
PubMed: 17012660] [
CrossRef]
- 280.
Frazier
TW, Shattuck
PT, Narendorf
SC, Cooper
BP, Wagner
M, Spitznagel
EL. Prevalence and correlates of psychotropic medication use in adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder with and without caregiver-reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol
2011;21:571–9. 10.1089/cap.2011.0057 [
PMC free article: PMC3279713] [
PubMed: 22166171] [
CrossRef]
- 281.
Broadstock
M, Doughty
C, Eggleston
M. Systematic review of the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments for adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism
2007;11:335–48. 10.1177/1362361307078132 [
PubMed: 17656398] [
CrossRef]
- 282.
Sanchez
LE, Campbell
M, Small
AM, Cueva
JE, Armenteros
JL, Adams
PB. A pilot study of clomipramine in young autistic children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
1996;35:537–44. 10.1097/00004583-199604000-00021 [
PubMed: 8919717] [
CrossRef]
- 283.
Aman
MG, Van Bourgondien
ME, Osborne
PW, Sarphare
G. Side effects associated with psychoactive medication in individuals with autism. J Autism Dev Disord
1997;27:342–4. [
PubMed: 9229265]
- 284.
Handen
BL, Johnson
CR, Lubetsky
M. Efficacy of methylphenidate among children with autism and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Autism Dev Disord
2000;30:245–55. 10.1023/A:1005548619694 [
PubMed: 11055460] [
CrossRef]
- 285.
Aman
MG, Buican
B, Arnold
LE. Methylphenidate treatment in children with borderline IQ and mental retardation: analysis of three aggregated studies. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol
2003;13:29–40. 10.1089/104454603321666171 [
PubMed: 12804124] [
CrossRef]
- 286.
Aman
MG, Lam
KS, Van Bourgondien
ME. Medication patterns in patients with autism: temporal, regional, and demographic influences. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol
2005;15:116–26. 10.1089/cap.2005.15.116 [
PubMed: 15741793] [
CrossRef]
- 287.
Oswald
DP, Sonenklar
NA. Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol
2007;17:348–55. 10.1089/cap.2006.17303 [
PubMed: 17630868] [
CrossRef]
- 288.
Mandell
DS, Morales
KH, Marcus
SC, Stahmer
AC, Doshi
J, Polsky
DE. Psychotropic medication use among Medicaid-enrolled children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics
2008;121:e441–8. 10.1542/peds.2007-0984 [
PMC free article: PMC2861431] [
PubMed: 18310165] [
CrossRef]
- 289.
Esbensen
AJ, Greenberg
JS, Seltzer
MM, Aman
MG. A longitudinal investigation of psychotropic and non-psychotropic medication use among adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord
2009;39:1339–49. 10.1007/s10803-009-0750-3 [
PMC free article: PMC2829244] [
PubMed: 19434487] [
CrossRef]
- 290.
Williams
PG, Woods
C, Stevenson
M, Davis
DW, Radmacher
P, Smith
M. Psychotropic medication use in children with autism in the Kentucky Medicaid population. Clin Pediatr
2012;51:923–7. 10.1177/0009922812440837 [
PubMed: 22492834] [
CrossRef]
- 291.
Logan
SL, Nicholas
JS, Carpenter
LA, King
LB, Garrett-Mayer
E, Charles
JM. High prescription drug use and associated costs among Medicaid-eligible children with autism spectrum disorders identified by a population-based surveillance network. Ann Epidemiol
2012;22:1–8. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.10.007 [
PMC free article: PMC3240812] [
PubMed: 22153288] [
CrossRef]
- 292.
McCracken
JT, McGough
J, Shah
B, Cronin
P, Hong
D, Aman
MG, et al.
Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. N Engl J Med
2002;347:314–21. 10.1056/NEJMoa013171 [
PubMed: 12151468] [
CrossRef]
- 293.
Shea
S, Turgay
A, Carroll
A, Schulz
M, Orlik
H, Smith
I, et al.
Risperidone in the treatment of disruptive behavioral symptoms in children with autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatrics
2004;114:e634–41. 10.1542/peds.2003-0264-F [
PubMed: 15492353] [
CrossRef]
- 294.
Owen
R, Sikich
L, Marcus
RN, Corey-Lisle
P, Manos
G, McQuade
RD, et al.
Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Pediatrics
2009;124:1533–40. 10.1542/peds.2008-3782 [
PubMed: 19948625] [
CrossRef]
- 295.
Marcus
RN, Owen
R, Kame
L, Manos
G, McQuade
RD, Carson
WH, et al.
A placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with irritability associated with autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2009;48:1110–19. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b76658 [
PubMed: 19797985] [
CrossRef]
- 296.
- 297.
Almandil
NB, Wong
IC. Review on the current use of antipsychotic drugs in children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed
2011;96:192–6. 10.1136/archdischild-2011-300054 [
PubMed: 21771730] [
CrossRef]
- 298.
Almandil
NB, Liu
Y, Murray
ML, Besag
FM, Aitchison
KJ, Wong
IC. Weight gain and other metabolic adverse effects associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment of children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr Drugs
2013;15:139–50. 10.1007/s40272-013-0016-6 [
PubMed: 23519708] [
CrossRef]
- 299.
Fleischhaker
C, Heiser
P, Hennighausen
K, Herpertz-Dahlmann
B, Holtkamp
K, Mehler-Wex
C, et al.
Clinical drug monitoring in child and adolescent psychiatry: side effects of atypical neuroleptics. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol
2006;16:308–16. 10.1089/cap.2006.16.308 [
PubMed: 16768638] [
CrossRef]
- 300.
Robb
AS, Andersson
C, Bellocchio
EE, Manos
G, Rojas-Fernandez
C, Mathew
S, et al.
Safety and tolerability of aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder in pediatric subjects (6–17 years old): results from a pooled analysis of 2 studies. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord
2011;13. 10.4088/PCC.10m01008gry [
PMC free article: PMC3121213] [
PubMed: 21731831] [
CrossRef]
- 301.
Star
K, Iessa
N, Almandil
NB, Wilton
L, Curran
S, Edwards
IR, et al.
Rhabdomyolysis reported for children and adolescents treated with antipsychotic medicines: a case series analysis. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol
2012;22:440–51. 10.1089/cap.2011.0134 [
PubMed: 23234587] [
CrossRef]
- 302.
Rani
FA, Byrne
PJ, Murray
ML, Carter
P, Wong
IC. Paediatric atypical antipsychotic monitoring safety (PAMS) study: pilot study in children and adolescents in secondary- and tertiary-care settings. Drug Saf
2009;32:325–33. 10.2165/00002018-200932040-00006 [
PubMed: 19388723] [
CrossRef]
- 303.
Rani
FA, Byrne
P, Cranswick
N, Murray
ML, Wong
IC. Mortality in children and adolescents prescribed antipsychotic medication: a retrospective cohort study using the UK general practice research database. Drug Saf
2011;34:773–81. 10.2165/11591120-000000000-00000 [
PubMed: 21830839] [
CrossRef]
- 304.
Barrett
B, Byford
S, Sharac
J, Hudry
K, Leadbitter
K, Temple
K, et al.
Service and wider societal costs of very young children with autism in the UK. J Autism Dev Disord
2012;42:797–804. 10.1007/s10803-011-1306-x [
PubMed: 22089166] [
CrossRef]
- 305.
Cegedim Strategic Data Medical Research. THIN Data from EPIC: A Guide for Researchers. Chertsey: Cegedim Strategic Data Medical Research; 2009.
- 306.
- 307.
McCarthy
S, Wilton
L, Murray
ML, Hodgkins
P, Asherson
P, Wong
IC. The epidemiology of pharmacologically treated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents and adults in UK primary care. BMC Pediatr
2012;12:78–89. 10.1186/1471-2431-12-78 [
PMC free article: PMC3472167] [
PubMed: 22712630] [
CrossRef]
- 308.
McCarthy
S, Wilton
L, Murray
ML, Hodgkins
P, Asherson
P, Wong
IC. Persistence of pharmacological treatment into adulthood, in UK primary care, for ADHD patients who started treatment in childhood or adolescence. BMC Psychiatry
2012;12:219. 10.1186/1471-244X-12-219 [
PMC free article: PMC3570395] [
PubMed: 23216881] [
CrossRef]
- 309.
Wijlaars
LP, Nazareth
I, Petersen
I. Trends in depression and antidepressant prescribing in children and adolescents: a cohort study in The Health Improvement Network (THIN). PLOS ONE
2012;7:e33181. 10.1371/journal.pone.0033181 [
PMC free article: PMC3302807] [
PubMed: 22427983] [
CrossRef]
- 310.
- 311.
Cai
B, Xu
W, Bortnichak
E, Watson
D. An algorithm to identify medical practices common to both the General Practice Research Database and The Health Improvement Network database. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf
2012;21:770–4. 10.1002/pds.3277 [
PubMed: 22544805] [
CrossRef]
- 312.
Maguire
A, Blak
BT, Thompson
M. The importance of defining periods of complete mortality reporting for research using automated data from primary care. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf
2009;18:76–83. 10.1002/pds.1688 [
PubMed: 19065600] [
CrossRef]
- 313.
Shattuck
PT, Durkin
M, Maenner
M, Newschaffer
C, Mandell
DS, Wiggins
L, et al.
Timing of identification among children with an autism spectrum disorder: findings from a population-based surveillance study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2009;48:474–83. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819b3848 [
PMC free article: PMC3188985] [
PubMed: 19318992] [
CrossRef]
- 314.
Baird
G, Simonoff
E, Pickles
A, Chandler
S, Loucas
T, Meldrum
D, et al.
Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet
2006;368:210–15. 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69041-7 [
PubMed: 16844490] [
CrossRef]
- 315.
Baron-Cohen
S, Scott
FJ, Allison
C, Williams
J, Bolton
P, Matthews
FE, et al.
Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study. Br J Psychiatry
2009;194:500–9. 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.059345 [
PubMed: 19478287] [
CrossRef]
- 316.
- 317.
Simonoff
E, Pickles
A, Wood
N, Gringras
P, Chadwick
O. ADHD symptoms in children with mild intellectual disability. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2007;46:591–600. 10.1097/chi.0b013e3180323330 [
PubMed: 17450050] [
CrossRef]
- 318.
- 319.
Rani
F, Murray
ML, Byrne
PJ, Wong
IC. Epidemiologic features of antipsychotic prescribing to children and adolescents in primary care in the United Kingdom. Pediatrics
2008;121:1002–9. 10.1542/peds.2007-2008 (accessed 31 May 2018). [
PubMed: 18450906] [
CrossRef]
- 320.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Methylphenidate for the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents 2000. London: NICE; 2000.
- 321.
Emerson
E. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. J Intell Disabil Res
2003;47:51–8. 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00464.x [
PubMed: 12558695] [
CrossRef]
- 322.
Simonoff
E, Taylor
E, Baird
G, Bernard
S. Commentary: RCT of optimal dose methylphenidate in children and adolescents with severe ADHD and ID – a reply to Arnold (2013). J Child Psychol Psychiatry
2013;54:703–4. 10.1111/jcpp.12098 [
PubMed: 23692251] [
CrossRef]
- 323.
- 324.
Koesters
M, Becker
T, Kilian
R, Fegert
JM, Weinmann
S. Limits of meta-analysis: methylphenidate in the treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychopharmacol
2009;23:733–44. 10.1177/0269881108092338 [
PubMed: 18562416] [
CrossRef]
- 325.
Rösler
M, Retz
W, Retz-Junginger
P, Stieglitz
RD, Kessler
H, Reimherr
F, et al. [Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Benchmarking diagnosis using the Wender-Reimherr adult rating scale.] Nervenarzt
2008;79:320–7. 10.1007/s00115-007-2375-0 [
PubMed: 18210051] [
CrossRef]
- 326.
Oliver
MN, Simons
J. The affective lability scales: development of a short-form measure. Pers Individ Dif
2004
37:1279–88. 10.1016/j.paid.2003.12.013 [
CrossRef]
- 327.
Bakken
TL, Helverschou
SB, Eilertsen
DE, Heggelund
T, Myrbakk
E, Martinsen
H. Psychiatric disorders in adolescents and adults with autism and intellectual disability: a representative study in one county in Norway. Res Dev Disabil
2010;31:1669–77. 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.04.009 [
PubMed: 20493660] [
CrossRef]
- 328.
Szatmari
P, Bartolucci
G, Bremner
R. Asperger’s syndrome and autism: comparison of early history and outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol
1989;31:709–20. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1989.tb04066.x [
PubMed: 2599265] [
CrossRef]
- 329.
Ollendick
TH, King
NJ, Muris
P. Fears and phobias in children: phenomenology, epidemiology and aetiology. Child Adolesc Ment Health
2002;7:98–106. 10.1111/1475-3588.00019 [
CrossRef]
- 330.
Sofronoff
K, Attwood
T, Hinton
S. A randomised controlled trial of a CBT intervention for anxiety in children with Asperger syndrome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry
2005;46:1152–60. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.00411.x [
PubMed: 16238662] [
CrossRef]
- 331.
McLoone
J, Hudson
JL, Rapee
R. Treating anxiety disorders in a school setting. Educ Treat Children
2006;29:219–42.
- 332.
Evans
DW, Canavera
K, Kleinpeter
FL, Maccubbin
E, Taga
K. The fears, phobias and anxieties of children with autism spectrum disorders and Down syndrome: comparisons with developmentally and chronologically age matched children. Child Psychol Human Devel
2005;36:3–26. 10.1007/s10578-004-3619-x [
PubMed: 16049642] [
CrossRef]
- 333.
South
M, Ozonoff
S, McMahon
WM. Repetitive behavior profiles in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord
2005;35:145–58. 10.1007/s10803-004-1992-8 [
PubMed: 15909401] [
CrossRef]
- 334.
McDougle
CJ, Kresch
LE, Goodman
WK, Naylor
ST, Volkmar
FR, Cohen
DJ, et al.
A case-controlled study of repetitive thoughts and behavior in adults with autistic disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry
1995;152:772–7. 10.1176/ajp.152.5.772 [
PubMed: 7726318] [
CrossRef]
- 335.
Russell
AJ, Mataix-Cols
D, Anson
M, Murphy
DG. Obsessions and compulsions in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. Br J Psychiatry
2005;186:525–8. 10.1192/bjp.186.6.525 [
PubMed: 15928364] [
CrossRef]
- 336.
- 337.
van Oppen
P, de Haan
E, van Balkom
AJ, Spinhoven
P, Hoogduin
K, van Dyck
R. Cognitive therapy and exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther
1995;33:379–90. 10.1016/0005-7967(94)00052-L [
PubMed: 7755525] [
CrossRef]
- 338.
Chalfant
AM, Rapee
R, Carroll
L. Treating anxiety disorders in children with high functioning autism spectrum disorders: a controlled trial. J Autism Dev Disord
2007;37:1842–57. 10.1007/s10803-006-0318-4 [
PubMed: 17171539] [
CrossRef]
- 339.
Wood
JJ, Drahota
A, Sze
K, Har
K, Chiu
A, Langer
DA. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized, controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry
2009;50:224–34. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01948.x [
PMC free article: PMC4231198] [
PubMed: 19309326] [
CrossRef]
- 340.
Reaven
J, Blakeley-Smith,
A, Culhane-Shelburne,
K, Hepburn
S. Group cognitive behavior therapy for children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders and anxiety: a randomized trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry
2012;53:410–19. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02486.x [
PMC free article: PMC4392045] [
PubMed: 22435114] [
CrossRef]
- 341.
Hare
DJ. The use of cognitive-behaviour therapy with people with Asperger syndrome: a case study. Autism
1997;1:215–25. 10.1177/1362361397012007 [
CrossRef]
- 342.
Cardaciotto
LA, Herbert
JD. Cognitive behaviour therapy for social anxiety disorder in the context of Asperger’s syndrome: a single subject report. Cog Behav Pract
2004;11:75–81. 10.1016/S1077-7229(04)80009-9 [
CrossRef]
- 343.
Russell
AJ, Mataix-Cols
D, Anson
MA, Murphy
DG. Psychological treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder in people with autism spectrum disorders – a pilot study. Psychother Psychosom
2009;78:59–61. 10.1159/000172622 [
PubMed: 19018159] [
CrossRef]
- 344.
Whittal
ML, Thordarson
DS, McLean
PD. Treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder: cognitive behavior therapy vs. exposure and response prevention. Behav Res Ther
2005;43:1559–76. 10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.012 [
PubMed: 15913543] [
CrossRef]
- 345.
The Clomipramine Collaborative Study Group. Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry
1991;48:730–8. 10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810320054008 [
PubMed: 1883256] [
CrossRef]
- 346.
Sheehan
DV, LeCrubier
Y. MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview English Version 5.0. USA: Harm Research Institute; 2000.
- 347.
Attwood
T. Modifications to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy to Accommodate the Cognitive Profile of People with Asperger’s Syndrome. 1999. URL:
www.tonyattwood.com/paper2.htm- 348.
Anderson
S, Morris
J. Cognitive behaviour therapy for people with Asperger syndrome. Behav Cogn Psychother
2006;34:293–303. 10.1017/S1352465805002651 [
CrossRef]
- 349.
Cautela
JR, Groden
J. Relaxation: A Comprehensive Manual for Adults, Children, and Children With Special Needs. Champaign, IL: Research Press; 1978.
- 350.
Schneider
AJ, Mataix-Cols
D, Marks
IM, Bachofen
M. Internet-guided self-help with or without exposure therapy for phobic and panic disorders. Psychother Psychosom
2005;74:154–64. 10.1159/000084000 [
PubMed: 15832066] [
CrossRef]
- 351.
Goodman
WK, Price
LH, Rasmussen
SA, Mazure
C, Fleischmann
RL, Hill
CL, et al.
The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry
1989;46:1006–11. 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007 [
PubMed: 2684084] [
CrossRef]
- 352.
Simpson
HB, Huppert
JD, Petkova
E, Foa
EB, Liebowitz
MR. Response versus remission in obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry
2006;67:269–76. 10.4088/JCP.v67n0214 [
PubMed: 16566623] [
CrossRef]
- 353.
Guy
W. Clinical Global Impression ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology-Revised. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health; 1976.
- 354.
Rosario-Camposm
MC, Miguel
EC, Quatrano
S, Chacon
P, Ferrao
Y, Findley
D, et al.
The Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS): an instrument for assessing obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions. Mol Psychiatry
2006;11:495–504. 10.1038/sj.mp.4001798 [
PubMed: 16432526] [
CrossRef]
- 355.
Beck
AT, Steer
RA, Brown
GK. Beck Depression Inventory Manual. 2nd edn.
San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 1996.
- 356.
Beck
AT, Epstein
N, Brown
G, Steer
RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol
1988;56:893–7. 10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893 [
PubMed: 3204199] [
CrossRef]
- 357.
Liebowitz
MR, Gorman
JM, Fyer
AJ, Klein
DF. Social phobia. Review of a neglected anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry
1985;42:729–36. 10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790300097013 [
PubMed: 2861796] [
CrossRef]
- 358.
Mundt
JC, Marks
IM, Shear
MK, Greist
JH. The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning. Br J Psychiatry
2002;180:461–4. 10.1192/bjp.180.5.461 [
PubMed: 11983645] [
CrossRef]
- 359.
Beck
JS, Beck
AT, Jolly
JB. Beck Youth Inventories. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 2001.
- 360.
Spence
SH. A measure of anxiety symptoms among children. Behav Res Ther
1998;36:545–66. 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00034-5 [
PubMed: 9648330] [
CrossRef]
- 361.
Shafran
R, Frampton
I, Heyman
I, Reynolds
M, Teachman
B, Rachman
S. The preliminary development of a new self-report measure for OCD in young people. J Adolesc
2003;26:137–42. 10.1016/S0140-1971(02)00083-0 [
PubMed: 12550826] [
CrossRef]
- 362.
Storch
EA, Merlo
LJ, Geffken
GR. The Family Accommodation Scale – Parent Report. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida; 2005.
- 363.
Merlo
LJ, Lehmkuhl
HD, Geffken
GR, Storch
EA. Decreased family accommodation associated with improved therapy outcome in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol
2009;77:355–60. 10.1037/a0012652 [
PMC free article: PMC2886196] [
PubMed: 19309195] [
CrossRef]
- 364.
Rosa-Alcázar
AI, Sánchez-Meca
J, Gómez-Conesa
A, Marín-Martínez
F. Psychological treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev
2008;28:1310–25. 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.07.001 [
PubMed: 18701199] [
CrossRef]
- 365.
Watson
HJ, Rees
CS. Meta-analysis of randomized, controlled treatment trials for pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry
2008;49:489–98. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01875.x [
PubMed: 18400058] [
CrossRef]
- 366.
Whittal
ML, Woody
SR, McLean
PD, Rachman
SJ, Robichaud
M. Treatment of obsessions: a randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther
2010;48:295–303. 10.1016/j.brat.2009.11.010 [
PubMed: 19969286] [
CrossRef]
- 367.
Sung
M, Ooi
YP, Goh
TJ, Pathy
P, Fung
DS, Ang
RP, et al.
Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
2011;42:634–49. 10.1007/s10578-011-0238-1 [
PubMed: 21660428] [
CrossRef]
- 368.
Hill
E, Berthoz
S, Frith
U. Brief report: cognitive processing of own emotions in individuals with autistic spectrum disorder and in their relatives. J Autism Dev Disord
2004;34:229–35. 10.1023/B:JADD.0000022613.41399.14 [
PubMed: 15162941] [
CrossRef]
- 369.
White
SW, Schry
AR, Maddox
BB. Brief report: the assessment of anxiety in high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord
2012;42:1138–45. 10.1007/s10803-011-1353-3 [
PubMed: 21874396] [
CrossRef]
- 370.
Pertusa
A, Frost
RO, Fullana
MA, Samuels
J, Steketee
G, Tolin
D, et al.
Refining the diagnostic boundaries of compulsive hoarding: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev
2010;30:371–86. 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.007 [
PubMed: 20189280] [
CrossRef]
- 371.
Mataix-Cols
D, Frost
RO, Pertusa
A, Clark
LA, Saxena
S, Leckman
JF, et al.
Hoarding disorder: a new diagnosis for DSM-V?
Depress Anxiety
2010;27:556–72. 10.1002/da.20693 [
PubMed: 20336805] [
CrossRef]
- 372.
Rounsaville
BJ, Carroll
KM, Onken
LS. A stage model of behavioural therapies research: getting started and moving on from stage I. Clin Psychol: Science Pract
2001;8:133–42. 10.1093/clipsy.8.2.133 [
CrossRef]
- 373.
Francis
R. Independent Inquiry into Care Provided by Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust: January 2005–March 2009: Hearing before the Chaired by Robert Francis QC. London: HMSO; 2010.
- 374.
Wong
BM, Levinson
W, Shojania
KG. Quality improvement in medical education: current state and future directions. Med Educ
2012;46:107–19. 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04154.x [
PubMed: 22150202] [
CrossRef]
- 375.
Kilminster
SM, Jolly
BC. Effective supervision in clinical practice settings: a literature review. Med Educ
2000;34:827–40. 10.1046/j.1365-2923.2000.00758.x [
PubMed: 11012933] [
CrossRef]
- 376.
Department of Health and Social Care. Fulfilling and Rewarding Lives: The Strategy for Adults with Autism in England. London: HM Government; 2010.
- 377.
Pukyurek
M, Schweitzer
J, Yellowless
P. Telepsychiatry and ADHD. In The ADHD Report. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2013. 10.1521/adhd.2013.21.1.1 [
CrossRef]
- 378.
Bonell
S, McInerny
T, O’Hara
J. Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry: An Introduction for Medical Students. London: South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust/King’s Health Partners; 2011.
- 379.
Chaplin
E, Hardy
S, Underwood
L. Autism Spectrum Conditions: A Guide. Brighton: Pavilion; 2013.
- 380.
Chaplin
E, Henry
J,Hardy
S. Working with People with Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour. Brighton: Pavilion; 2009.
- 381.
- 382.
- 383.
- 384.
- 385.
