Pollitt, 1976 76109110 | Country: US | |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | Outpatient clinic, 12–60 mo, ht & wt <
3%, bw = 2500 gm, GA = 36 wks, nl birth, nonorganic, singleton,
maternal ht = 154.5 cm & English-speaking ability | Birth complications, physical disability, genetic or
organic retardation, brain damage, organic growth retardation | Boston Growth Standards - ht & wt =
3rd percentile | Prospective cross-sectional |
| Setting: Outpatient | Maternal educ | 11 (2) | 12 (1) | | Controls matched for age (± 3 mo), sex, race, ht
& wt = 25% | | | Weekly interviews for 7–11 sessions |
| |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | Income - Gross annual | 6943 (3444) | 9541 (4768) | | | | | |
| Mean age*: Male | 33(14) | 34(13) | | Per capita | 1557 (725) | 2648 (1517) | | | | | |
| Female | 39(14) | 39(15) | | Health insur | ND | ND | | | | | |
| Mean ht†: Male | 93(2) | 101(1) | | | | | | | | | |
| Female | 90(2) | 102(3) | | | | | | | | | |
| Enrolled/Eval | 19 | 19 | | | | | | | | | |
| % Male | 47 | 47 | | | | | | | | | |
| Race: ND | | | | | | | | |
| * Months, † centimeters | | | | | | | | |
Mitchell, 1980 80166667 | Country: US | Maternal education: ND | See definition of FTT Controls: wt = 80% of nl, matched
for age, sex, mother's age/ marital status & family problems | Organic cause of FTT, single anomalous low wt recorded,
clinic registration by age 6 mo, < 3 visits | Wt for age < 80% of nl up to age 24 mo | Ambidirectional longitudinal |
| Setting: Outpatient clinic | Income: ND | | | | 1 fwup at age 3 – 6 y |
| |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | Health insur: | | | | |
| Age(y) | 2–5 | 2–5 | | FTT-53% Medicaid | | | | |
| Wt/age | ND | ND | | Ctrl-49% Medicaid | | | | |
| Ht/length | ND | ND | | | | | | |
| Enrolled : cohort of 312(323)* | | | | | |
| Evaluated | 30 | 282 | | | | | | |
| % Male | 36.7 | 51.8 | | | | | | |
| % Black | 70 | 70 | | | | | | |
| * See Potential biases column | | | | | |
Polan, 1991 92098539 | Country: US | Maternal education: ND | FTT, age 6 – 36 mo Controls from same site, wt
& ht = 10th percentile on NCHS growth charts | Life threatening or terminal illnesses | =35 wks gestation & normal birth wt, wt fell
< 5th percentile, or decrease in wt gain in 6 mo =
2 major percentiles based on NCHS | Prospective cross-sectional |
| Setting: Outpatient clinic | Income($1,000): | | | | |
| |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | | | | |
| Mean age* | 16.7(6.9) | 18.9(7.3) | | Mean | 39.4 (51.4) | 40.1 (49.6) | | | | | |
| Wt/age | ND | ND | | Median | 27.5 | 28.5 | | | | | |
| Ht/age | ND | ND | | Health insur | ND | ND | | | | | |
| Enrolled/Eval | 28 | 14 | | | | | | | | | |
| % Male | 50 | 43 | | | | | | |
| Race: | ND | ND | | | | | | |
| * Months | | | | | |
Drotar, 1992 92372721 | Country: US | |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | Hospitalized for NOFT with nutritional intervention,
age 1 – 9 months | Physical abuse, residence > 1 hr from hospital,
bw < 1500 gm | Wt < 5th percentile based on NCHS,
absence of disease, wt gain in hospital, poor wt velocity | Prospective longitudinal |
| Setting: Outpatient fwup | Maternal educ | 10.94 (1.74) | 11.51 (1.57) | | Controls matched for age at intake, sex, race, birth
order, gestational age, maternal educ & age, family income
& size | | | 1 fwup at age 42–48 months |
| |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | Income | 5446 (5561) | 7792 (10309) | | | | | |
| Mean age* | 4.92(2.81) | 5.05(2.85) | | Health insur | ND | ND | | | | | |
| Wt/age | ND | ND | | Mean (SD) | | | | |
| Ht/length | ND | ND | | | | | | | | | |
| Enrolled | 68 | 68 | | | | | | | | | |
| Evaluated | 48 | 47 | | | | | | |
| % Male | 71 | 57 | | | | | | |
| Race: Black | 29(60%) | 35(74%) | | | | | | |
| White | 29(40%) | 12(26%) | | | | | | |
| *At intake | | | | | |
Hutcheson, 1993 94015754 | Country: US | |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | NOFTT, age 8 – 24 mo Controls matched for age, sex,
race | Congenital disorder, chronic disease, < 37 wk
gestation, SGA | Wt for age ≤ 5th percentile, or wt for ht ≤
10th percentile, based on NCHS | Prospective cross-sectional |
| Setting: Primary care clinic | Maternal educ* | 38 | 70 | | | | | |
| |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | Income† | 64 | 70 | | | | | |
| Mean age* | 15.1(5.2) | 14.9(5.1) | | Health insur | ND | ND | | | | | |
| Wt/age | 2.83 | 63.17 | | * % HS graduate | | | | |
| Ht/age | 23 | 63 | | † % receiving AFDC | | | | |
| Race: Black | 32 | 32 | | | | | | |
Kelleher, 1993 93234174 | Country: US | |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | Gestation age ≤ 37 wks, birth wt ≤ 2500 g, FTT | Live outside catchment area, D/C outside recruitment
period, D/C or died within 48 hr, hospitalized > 60 d, oxygen
support > 90 d, twin, triplet or quadruplet of ineligible
child, maternal drug/alcohol abuse, insufficient English skills,
psychiatric hosp | < 5th percentile for gestation
corrected age based on NCHS, growth status on “wt curve below that
recorded at last regular assessment visit.” | Prospective longitudinal |
| Setting: Primary care clinic | Maternal educ* <HS | 40.6 | 38.1 | | Controls matched for - birth wt +/- 250 g, maternal
education, maternal race, & infant sex | | | Fwup at ages 12, 24, 36 mo |
| |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | HS | 30.0 | 29.3 | | | | | |
| GA(wk)* | 33.0 | 33.1 | | Some col | 14.4 | 20.8 | | | | | |
| Wt(g)* | 1679 | 1845 | | ≥col grad | 15.0 | 11.8 | | | | | |
| Enrolled: 842* | | | | | |
| Evaluated | 180 | 591 | | Income - <10K | 38.6 | 34.5 | | | | | |
| % Male | 52.2 | 47.9 | | 10–20K | 19.9 | 23.9 | | | | | |
| Race: % Black | 50 | 53.8 | | >20K | 38.1 | 37.4 | | | | | |
| * At birth | Health insur | ND | ND | | | | | |
| | * % HS graduate | | | | |
Skuse, 1994 94253258 | Country: UK | Maternal educ: ND | District-centered until 12 mo of age, singleton
deliveries of 38–41 wks gestation | ≤ 3rd centile, no wt data | Wt for age ≥ -1.88 by 12 mo of age & sustained
3 mo (based on NCHS) | Prospective longitudinal |
| Setting: Outpatient | Income: income/welfare support FTT-16,
Control-11 | Controls matched for sex, age, ethnic origin, bw within
300 g, ordinal position, SES | | | Assessments at age 15 mo & 4y |
| |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | Health insur: National healthcare | | | | |
| Age(mo)* | 14.6(1.4) | 14.2(1.4) | | | | | | |
| Wt/age† | -2.07(.44) | .10(.96) | | | | | | |
| Ht/length† | -1.27(.94) | .18(.73) | | | | | | |
| Enrolled | 49 | 50 | | | | | | |
| Evaluated | 47 | 47 | | | | | | |
| % Male | 49 | 49 | | | | | | |
| % Non-white | 43 | 34 | | | | | | |
| * Mean (SD), † z score, p < .001 | | | | | |
Puckering, 1995 95378341 | Country: UK | |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | From inner city population sample - Caucasian born in
1980 with longitudinal growth data from birth to 4 years | Prematurity, congenital defects/ diseases affecting
growth, no perinatal insults | Ht & wt < 10% based on standard British
growth charts (Tanner & Whitehouse) | Ambidirectional cross-sectional |
| Setting: Outpatient | Maternal educ* | 15.6 (1.4) | 15.6 (1.4) | | Controls matched for sex, gestational age ≥ 38 wks,
& ethnic origin | | | |
| |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | Income† | 11 48% | 7 30% | | | | | |
| Age(mo) | 48.9(1.8) | 48.2(0.8) | | Health insur: Socialized medicine | | | | |
| Wt/age(SDS)* | -2.01(0.6) | -0.32(1.1) | | * Age leaving full-time | | | | |
| Ht/length(SDS)* | -2.24(0.5) | -0.6(0.9) | | † Income support/welfare | | | | |
| Enrolled/Eval | 23 | 23 | | | | | | |
| % Male | 48 | 48 | | | | | | |
| Race: 100% White | | | | | |
| * based on NCHS, p <.001 | | | | | |
Corbett, 1996 97113595 | Country: UK | Maternal educ: ND | Full term singleton with records of 6 or more weights
over first 18 months age | Non-Caucasian, “poor growth resulting from major
organic disease” | Weight deviated downward from maximal centile achieved
at 4–8 wks, across ≥ 2 centile lines, & remained at level ≥
2 measurements ≥ 1 mo - chart based on Tanner & Whitehouse | Ambidirectional longitudinal |
| Setting: Clinic | Income: “…most economically deprived wards
in Newcastle” | Consecutive controls matched for age & sex | | | 5 year follow-up of cases |
| Age at follow-up: 6–7 yr | Health insur: National healthcare | | | | |
| |
FTT
| Ctrl | | | | | | |
| Wt/age | ND | ND | | | | | | |
| Ht/length | ND | ND | | | | | | |
| Enrolled | 52 | 52 | | | | | | |
| Evaluated | 48 | 46 | | | | | | |
| % Male: ND | | | | | |
| Race: 100% White | | | | | |
Wilensky, 1996 97022837 | Country: Israel | |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | FTT infants by review of records who have reached 15
months born in 1991 | Birth wt < 2500 gm, < 37 weeks, wt/ht
ratio > 10 %, organic cause of FTT | Wt < 3% by NCHS for = 3 months prior to age 15
months | Ambidirectional cross-sectional |
| Setting: Community pediatric clinic | Maternal educ* | 13.8 (1.62) | 13.4 (1.44) | | Controls from same maternal & child health
clinic matched for birth month, maternal educ, maternal age, parity,
and infants' birth wt | | | |
| |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | Income: AFDC 76% | | | | |
| Mean age(mo)* | 15/20 | 15/20 | | Health insur: ND | | | | |
| Wt/age | ND | ND | | * Mean (SD), based on record review of
potential subjects | | | | |
| Ht/length | ND | ND | | | | | | |
| Enrolled† | 55 | 1352 | | | | | | |
| Evaluated | 50 | 50 | | | | | | |
| % Male | ND | ND | | | | | | |
| Race: ND; | | | | | |
| Maternal country of birth - 68% Israel, 25%
Europe/America, 5% N Africa, 2% Asia | | | | | |
| * At entry / assessment | | | | | |
Chatoor, 1998 99026462 | Country: US | Maternal educ: ND | Infantile anorexia, toddlers who are picky eaters | Organic cause for feeding problems, food refusal after
traumatic event/post-traumatic feeding disorder, gestational age
< 36 wks, psychiatric illness, mother with medical or mental
illness that compromised ability to care for child or was nonEnglish
speaking | Infantile anorexia: onset 6–36 mo, food refusal ≥ 1mo,
acute and/or chronic malnutrition, parental concern &
anxiety, conflictual feeding interactions | Prospective cross-sectional |
| Setting: Outpatient | Income: | Controls & picky eaters matched for age, sex,
SES ethnicity | | Picky eating: food selectivity ≥ 1mo, no malnutrition,
variable parental concern | |
| |
Gp1*
|
Gp2†
|
Ctrl
| |
Gp1*
|
Gp2†
|
Ctrl
| | | | |
| Age(mo) range | 21.4 (12–37) | 23.7 (13–37) | 22.5 (13–36) | SES* | II | II | II | | | | |
| Wt/age | ND | ND | ND | † I | 41 | 35 | 32 | | | | |
| Ht/length | ND | ND | ND | II | 29 | 32 | 44 | | | | |
| Enrolled | 34 | 34 | 34 | III | 9 | 26 | 9 | | | | |
| Evaluated | 33 | 34 | 34 | IV | 9 | 3 | 12 | | | | |
| % Male | 39 | 58 | 44 | V | 12 | 3 | 3 | | | | |
| Race | Health insur: ND | | | | |
| White | 58 | 58 | 59 | * Mean Hollingshead Four Factor Index
rating of SES | | | | |
| Af-Am | 27 | 27 | 29 | † % toddlers in each Hollingshead category | | | | |
| Latino | 3 | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| Asian | 15 | 12 | 6 | | | | | |
Wright, 2000 20161504 | Country: UK | Maternal educ: ND | Baseline wt at 6–8 wk & 2nd wt at
9–18 mo | 2nd twin sibling | Weight decline of 1.26 SD from age 6–8 wks to
2nd weighing at 9–18 months | Prospective cross-sectional |
| Setting: Outpatient | Income: ND | Controls from 3 “generally representative” of Newcastle | | | |
| |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | |
FTT*
|
Ctrl*
| | | | | |
| Age(mo) | 15.1* (7–28) | ND (16–18) | | Unemployed parent | 39 | 13 | | | | | |
| Wt/age | -2.00(.93) | ND | | Nonhome- owner | 54.7 | 53.6 | | | | | |
| Ht/length | -1.06(.96) | ND | | No car | 48.3 | 50 | | | | | |
| Enrolled | 120 | 40 | | Health insur: National healthcare | | | | |
| Evaluated | 97 | 28 | | * Percent | | | | |
| % Male | 54 | 61 | | | | | | |
| % Nonwhite | 9 | 0 | | | | | | |
Kerr, 2000 20277217 | Country: US | |
Maternal educ
|
Income*
| | FTT, < 24 mo, wt/age < 5th %,
gestational age = 37 wks & appropriate birth wt Ctrl from
same site, bet ages 3 – 30 mo, wt/age > 10th %,
gestational age = 37 wks & appropriate birth wt Subgroups
Gp2 & Ctrl1: including hx of maltreatment defined as at
least one report with Child Protective Services (CPS) by age 6,
including neglect, physical abuse, & sexual abuse | History of perinatal complications, congenital
disorders, chronic illness | Wt/age < 5th % by NCHS growth charts | Ambidirectional longitudinal Assessment at age 6 y |
| Setting: Inner-city hospital clinic | Gp1 | 11.2(1.9) | 56 | | | | | |
| |
Age (mo)
|
Mean wt/age
|
Ht/length
| Gp2 | 10.4(1.7) | 81 | | | | | |
| Gp1* | 73.3±1.9 | ND | ND | Ctrl1 | 11.2(1.4) | 65 | | | | | |
| Gp2† | 74.2±3.2 | ND | ND | Ctrl2 | 11.4(1.9) | 62 | | | | | |
| Ctrl1‡ | 73.0±1.2 | ND | ND | Health insur: ND | | | | |
| Ctrl2§ | 73.5±1.9 | ND | ND | Mean, * percent AFDC | | | | |
| |
Evaluated
|
% Male
|
% Race||
| | | | | |
| Gp1 | 64 | 56 | 88 | | | | | |
| Gp2 | 28 | 48 | 87 | | | | | |
| Ctrl1 | 21 | 53 | 94 | | | | | |
| Ctrl2 | 80 | 51 | 97 | | | | | |
Steward, 2001 21291243 | Country: US | |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | Diagnosed FTT, 2–12 months, birthweight ≥ 2500g | Absence of disease process, pre- or post-natal
complications | Weight for age fallen below 5 percentiles or fallen
across 2 major percentiles | Prospective cross-sectional |
| Setting: Outpatient primary care clinic | Maternal educ* | 12.2 | 12.5 | | Controls matched for age, sex, & race -
“growing appropriately” | | | |
| |
FTT
|
Ctrl
| | Income: ND | | | | |
| Age (mo) | 9.2 | 8.6 | | Health insur: ND | | | | |
| Wt/age(kg)* | 7.14 | 8.54 | | * NS for educ & age | | | | |
| Ht/length | ND | ND | | | | | | |
| Enrolled | 17 | 16 | | | | | | |
| Evaluated | 14 | 14 | | | | | | |
| % Male | 36 | 36 | | | | | | |
| Race: white | 9 | 9 | | | | | | |
| black | 5 | 5 | | | | | | |
| Mean * p < 0.05 | | | | | |