U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

West S, King V, Carey TS, et al. Systems to Rate the Strength Of Scientific Evidence. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2002 Apr. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 47.)

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

Cover of Systems to Rate the Strength Of Scientific Evidence

Systems to Rate the Strength Of Scientific Evidence.

Show details

References

1.
Lohr KN, Carey TS Assessing 'best evidence': issues in grading the quality of studies for systematic reviews. Joint Commission J Qual Improvement. 1999;25:470–479. [PubMed: 10481816]
2.
Juni P, Witschi A, Bloch R, Egger M The hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trials for meta-analysis. JAMA. 1999;282:1054–1060. [PubMed: 10493204]
3.
Barnes DE, Bero LA Why review articles on the health effects of passive smoking reach different conclusions. JAMA. 1998;279:1566–1570. [PubMed: 9605902]
4.
Oxman AD, Guyatt GH Validation of an index of the quality of review articles. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44:1271–1278. [PubMed: 1834807]
5.
Oxman AD, Guyatt GH, Singer J, et al Agreement among reviewers of review articles. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44:91–98. [PubMed: 1824710]
6.
Irwig L, Tosteson AN, Gatsonis C, et al Guidelines for meta-analyses evaluating diagnostic tests. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Apr 15;120:667–676. [PubMed: 8135452]
7.
Sacks HS, Reitman D, Pagano D, Kupelnick B Meta-analysis: an update. Mt Sinai J Med. 1996;63:216–224. [PubMed: 8692168]
8.
Auperin A, Pignon JP, Poynard T Review article: critical review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials in hepatogastroenterology. Alimentary Pharmacol Ther. 1997;11:215–225. [PubMed: 9146758]
9.
Beck CT Use of meta-analysis as a teaching strategy in nursing research courses. J Nurs Educ. 1997;36:87–90. [PubMed: 9029423]
10.
Smith AF An analysis of review articles published in four anaesthesia journals. Can J Anaesth. 1997;44:405–409. [PubMed: 9104524]
11.
Clarke M., Oxman AD Cochrane Reviewer's Handbook 4.0. The Cochrane Collaboration. 1999
12.
Khan KS, Ter Riet G, Glanville J, Sowden AJ, Kleijnen J Undertaking Systematic Reviews of Research on Effectiveness. CRD's Guidance for Carrying Out or Commissioning Reviews: York, England: University of York, NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. 2000. [PMC free article: PMC384376]
13.
New Zealand Guidelines Group Tools for Guideline Development & Evaluation. Accessed July 10, 2000. Web Page. Available at: http://www​.nzgg.org.nz/
14.
Harbour R, Miller J A new system [Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)] for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines. BMJ. 2001;323:334–336. [PMC free article: PMC1120936] [PubMed: 11498496]
15.
Oxman AD, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH Users' guides to the medical literature. VI. How to use an overview. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1994;272:1367–1371. [PubMed: 7933399]
16.
Cook DJ, Sackett DL, Spitzer WO Methodologic guidelines for systematic reviews of randomized control trials in health care from the Potsdam Consultation on Meta-Analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995;48:167–171. [PubMed: 7853043]
17.
Cranney A, Tugwell P, Shea B, Wells G Implications of OMERACT outcomes in arthritis and osteoporosis for Cochrane metaanalysis. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:1206–1207. [PubMed: 9195536]
18.
de Vet HCW, de Bie RA, van der Heijden GJMG, Verhagen AP, Sijpkes P, Kipschild PG Systematic reviews on the basis of methodological criteria Physiotherapy June 199783(6):284–289.
19.
Pogue J, Yusuf S Overcoming the limitations of current meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 1998;351:47–52. [PubMed: 9433436]
20.
Sutton AJ, Abrams KR, Jones DR, Sheldon TA, Song F Systematic reviews of trials and other studies. Health Technol Assess. 1998;2:1–276. [PubMed: 10347832]
21.
Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D, Stroup DF Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses. Lancet. 1999;354:1896–1900. [PubMed: 10584742]
22.
How to Use the Evidence: Assessment and Application of Scientific Evidence. Canberra, Australia: NHMRC. 2000. [PMC free article: PMC384376]
23.
Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000;283:2008–2012. [PubMed: 10789670]
24.
Chalmers TC, Smith H Jr, Blackburn B, et al A method for assessing the quality of a randomized control trial. Control Clin Trials. 1981;2:31–49. [PubMed: 7261638]
25.
Evans M, Pollock AV A score system for evaluating random control clinical trials of prophylaxis of abdominal surgical wound infection. Br J Surg. 1985;72:256–260. [PubMed: 3986472]
26.
Liberati A, Himel HN, Chalmers TC A quality assessment of randomized control trials of primary treatment of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4:942–951. [PubMed: 3711962]
27.
Colditz GA, Miller JN, Mosteller F How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical. Stat Med. 1989;8:441–454. [PubMed: 2727468]
28.
Gotzsche PC Methodology and overt and hidden bias in reports of 196 double-blind trials of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Control Clin Trials. 1989;10:31–56. [PubMed: 2702836]
29.
Kleijnen J, Knipschild P, ter Riet G Clinical trials of homoeopathy. BMJ. 1991;302:316–323. [PMC free article: PMC1668980] [PubMed: 1825800]
30.
Detsky AS, Naylor CD, O'Rourke K, McGeer AJ, L'Abbe KA Incorporating variations in the quality of individual randomized trials into meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45:255–265. [PubMed: 1569422]
31.
Cho MK, Bero LA Instruments for assessing the quality of drug studies published in the medical literature. JAMA. 1994;272:101–104. [PubMed: 8015115]
32.
Goodman SN, Berlin J, Fletcher SW, Fletcher RH Manuscript quality before and after peer review and editing at Annals of Internal Medicine. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:11–21. [PubMed: 8198342]
33.
Fahey T, Hyde C, Milne R, Thorogood M The type and quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in UK public health journals. J Public Health Med. 1995;17:469–474. [PubMed: 8639349]
34.
Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, et al Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17:1–12. [PubMed: 8721797]
35.
Khan KS, Daya S, Collins JA, Walter SD Empirical evidence of bias in infertility research: overestimation of treatment effect in crossover trials using pregnancy as the outcome measure. Fertil Steril. 1996;65:939–945. [PubMed: 8612853]
36.
van der Heijden GJ, van der Windt DA, Kleijnen J, Koes BW, Bouter LM Steroid injections for shoulder disorders: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Brit J Gen Pract. 1996;46:309–316. [PMC free article: PMC1239642] [PubMed: 8762750]
37.
Bender JS, Halpern SH, Thangaroopan M, Jadad AR, Ohlsson A Quality and retrieval of obstetrical anaesthesia randomized controlled trials. Can J Anaesth. 1997;44:14–18. [PubMed: 8988818]
38.
Sindhu F, Carpenter L, Seers K Development of a tool to rate the quality assessment of randomized controlled trials using a Delphi technique. J Adv Nurs. 1997;25:1262–1268. [PubMed: 9181425]
39.
van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM Conservative treatment of acute and chronic nonspecific low back pain. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the most common interventions. Spine. 1997;22:2128–2156. [PubMed: 9322325]
40.
Downs SH, Black N The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998;52:377–384. [PMC free article: PMC1756728] [PubMed: 9764259]
41.
Moher D, Pham B, Jones A, et al Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses? Lancet. 1998;352:609–613. [PubMed: 9746022]
42.
Turlik MA, Kushner D Levels of evidence of articles in podiatric medical journals. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2000;90:300–302. [PubMed: 10881461]
43.
DerSimonian R, Charette LJ, McPeek B, Mosteller F Reporting on methods in clinical trials. N Engl J Med. 1982;306:1332–1337. [PubMed: 7070458]
44.
Poynard T, Naveau S, Chaput JC Methodological quality of randomized clinical trials in treatment of portal hypertension. In Methodology and Reviews of Clinical Trials in Portal Hypertension. Excerpta Medica. 1987:306–311.
45.
Reisch JS, Tyson JE, Mize SG Aid to the evaluation of therapeutic studies. Pediatrics. 1989;84:815–827. [PubMed: 2797977]
46.
Imperiale TF, McCullough AJ Do corticosteroids reduce mortality from alcoholic hepatitis? A meta-analysis of the randomized trials. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:299–307. [PubMed: 2142869]
47.
Spitzer WO, Lawrence V, Dales R, et al Links between passive smoking and disease: a best-evidence synthesis. A report of the Working Group on Passive Smoking. discussion. Clin Invest Med. 1990;13:17–42. 43–46. [PubMed: 2138069]
48.
Verhagen AP, de Vet HC, de Bie RA, et al The Delphi list: a criteria list for quality assessment of randomized clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51:1235–1241. [PubMed: 10086815]
49.
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) How to Review the Evidence: Systematic Identification and Review of the Scientific Literature. Canberra, Australia : NHMRC. 2000. [PMC free article: PMC384376]
50.
Zaza S, Wright-De Aguero LK, Briss PA, et al Data collection instrument and procedure for systematic reviews in the Guide to Community Preventive Services. Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18:44–74.
51.
Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA. 1995;273:408–412. [PubMed: 7823387]
52.
Prendiville W, Elbourne D, Chalmers I The effects of routine oxytocic administration in the management of the third stage of labour: an overview of the evidence from controlled trials. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;95:3–16. [PubMed: 3277663]
53.
Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ Users' guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. B. What were the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1994;271:59–63. [PubMed: 8258890]
54.
Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ Users' guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1993;270:2598–2601. [PubMed: 8230645]
55.
The Standards of Reporting Trials Group A proposal for structured reporting of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 1994;272:1926–1931. [PubMed: 7990245]
56.
The Asilomar Working Group on Recommendations for Reporting of Clinical Trials in the Biomedical Literature Checklist of information for inclusion in reports of clinical trials. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:741–743. [PubMed: 8633835]
57.
Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman DG, for the CONSORT Group The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials Lancet 2001357(9263)1191–1194. [PubMed: 11323066]
58.
Aronson N, Seidenfeld J, Samson DJ, et al Rockville, Md.: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. AHCPR Publication No.99-E0012. Relative Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Methods of Androgen Suppression in the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 4. 1999 [PMC free article: PMC4781296] [PubMed: 11098244]
59.
Lau J, Ioannidis J, Balk E, et al Rockville, Md.: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. AHRQ Publication No. 01-E006 (Contract 290-97-0019 to the New England Medical Center). Evaluating Technologies for Identifying Acute Cardiac Ischemia in Emergency Departments: Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: No. 26. 2000
60.
Chestnut RM, Carney N, Maynard H, Patterson P, Mann NC, Helfand M Rockville, Md.: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. AHCPR Publication No. 99-E006. Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 2. 1999 [PMC free article: PMC4781139] [PubMed: 11487799]
61.
Jadad AR, Boyle M, Cunningham C, Kim M, Schachar R Rockville, Md.: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. AHRQ Publication No. 00-E005. Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 11. 1999
62.
Heidenreich PA, McDonald KM, Hastie T, et al Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. AHRQ Publication No. 00-E003. An Evaluation of Beta-Blockers, Calcium Antagonists, Nitrates, and Alternative Therapies for Stable Angina. 1999 [PMC free article: PMC4780892] [PubMed: 11925969]
63.
Mulrow CD, Williams JW, Trivedi M, Chiquette E, Aguilar C, Cornell JE Treatment of Depression: Newer Pharmacotherapies. Rockville, Md.: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. AHRQ Publication No. 00-E003. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 7. 1999 [PMC free article: PMC4781268] [PubMed: 11487802]
64.
Vickrey BG, Shekelle P, Morton S, Clark K, Pathak M, Kamberg C Rockville, Md.: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. AHCPR Publication No. 99-E008. Prevention and Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Paralyzed Persons. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 6. 1999 [PMC free article: PMC4781422] [PubMed: 11487801]
65.
West SL, Garbutt JC, Carey TS, et al Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol Dependence. Rockville, Md.: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. AHCPR Publication No. 99-E004. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 5. 1999 [PMC free article: PMC4781062] [PubMed: 11487800]
66.
McNamara RL, Miller MR, Segal JB, et al Rockville, Md.: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; AHRQ Publication No. 01-E026. Management of New Onset Atrial Fibrillation. Evidence Report/Technology Assessement No.12. 2001
67.
Ross S, Eston R, Chopra S, French J Rockville, Md: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. AHRQ Publication No. 01-E-029. Management of Newly Diagnosed Patients With Epilepsy: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 39. 2001
68.
Goudas L, Carr DB, Bloch R, et al (Contract 290-97-0019 to the New England Medical Center). Rockville, Md.: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. AHCPR Publication No. 99-E004. Management of Cancer Pain. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment. No. 35. 2000
69.
Corrao G, Bagnardi V, Zambon A, Arico S Exploring the dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of several alcohol-related conditions: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 1999;94:1551–1573. [PubMed: 10790907]
70.
Ariens GA, van Mechelen W, Bongers PM, Bouter LM, van der Wal G Physical risk factors for neck pain. Scand J Work, Environ Health. 2000;26:7–19. [PubMed: 10744172]
71.
Carruthers SG, Larochelle P, Haynes RB, Petrasovits A, Schiffrin EL Report of the Canadian Hypertension Society Consensus Conference: 1. Introduction. Can Med Assoc J. 1993;149:289–293. [PMC free article: PMC1485500] [PubMed: 8339174]
72.
Laupacis A, Wells G, Richardson WS, Tugwell P Users' guides to the medical literature. V. How to use an article about prognosis. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1994;272:234–237. [PubMed: 8022043]
73.
Levine M, Walter S, Lee H, Haines T, Holbrook A, Moyer V Users' guides to the medical literature. IV. How to use an article about harm. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1994;271:1615–1619. [PubMed: 8182815]
74.
Angelillo IF, Villari P Residential exposure to electromagnetic fields and childhood leukaemia: a meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1999;77:906–915. [PMC free article: PMC2557764] [PubMed: 10612886]
75.
Sheps SB, Schechter MT The assessment of diagnostic tests. A survey of current medical research. JAMA. 1984;252:2418–2422. [PubMed: 6481928]
76.
Arroll B, Schechter MT, Sheps SB The assessment of diagnostic tests: a comparison of medical literature in 1982 and 1985. J Gen Intern Med. 1988;3:443–447. [PubMed: 3049967]
77.
Recommended Methods. 1996
78.
Lijmer JG, Mol BW, Heisterkamp S, et al Empirical evidence of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests. JAMA. 1999;282:1061–1066. [PubMed: 10493205]
79.
McCrory DC, Matchar DB, Bastian L, et al Evaluation of Cervical Cytology. Rockville, Md.: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. AHCPR Publication No.99-E010. 1999. [PMC free article: PMC325679]
80.
Ross SD, Allen IE, Harrison KJ, Kvasz M, Connelly J, Sheinhait IA Systematic Review of the Literature Regarding the Diagnosis of Sleep Apnea. Rockville, Md.:Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. 1999. [PMC free article: PMC325679]
81.
Gyorkos TW, Tannenbaum TN, Abrahamowicz M, et al An approach to the development of practice guidelines for community health interventions Can J Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique 199485Suppl 1:S8–13. [PubMed: 7987764]
82.
Briss PA, Zaza S, Pappaioanou M, et al Developing an evidence-based Guide to Community Preventive Services -- methods. The Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18:35–43.
83.
Greer N, Mosser G, Logan G, Halaas GW A practical approach to evidence grading. Joint Commission J Qual Improv. 2000;26:700–712. [PubMed: 11143209]
84.
Guyatt GH, Haynes RB, Jaeschke RZ, et al Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: XXV. Evidence-based medicine: principles for applying the Users' Guides to patient care. Evidence- Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000;284:1290–1296. [PubMed: 10979117]
85.
Levels of Evidence. Accessed January 12, 2001. Web Page. Available at: http://cebm​.jr2.ox.ac.uk.
86.
Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH, et al Current methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: A review of the process. Am J Prev Med. 2001;20:21–35.
87.
How to read clinical journals: IV To determine etiology or causation. Can Med Assoc J. 1981;124:985–990. [PMC free article: PMC1705401] [PubMed: 7260801]
88.
Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Sackett DL, Eckman M, Pauker S Grades of recommendation for antithrombotic agents. Chest. 1998;114:441S–444S. [PubMed: 9822056]
89.
Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Sinclair JC, Hayward R, Cook DJ, Cook RJ Users' guides to the medical literature. IX. A method for grading health care recommendations. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1995;274:1800–1804. [PubMed: 7500513]
90.
Hoogendoorn WE, van Poppel MN, Bongers PM, Koes BW, Bouter LM Physical load during work and leisure time as risk factors for back pain. Scand J Work, Environ Health. 1999;25:387–403. [PubMed: 10569458]
91.
Sackett DL, Straus SE, Richardson WS, et al Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM. London: Churchill Livingstone. 2000. [PMC free article: PMC384376]
92.
Lohr KN Grading Articles and Evidence: Issues and Options. Final report submitted to the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research for Contract No. 290-97-0011, Task 2. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Research Triangle Institute; 1998. Final Guidance Paper.
93.
Cook DJ, Mulrow CD, Haynes RB Systematic reviews: synthesis of best evidence for clinical decisions. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:376–380. [PubMed: 9054282]
94.
Mulrow CD The medical review article: state of the science. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:485–488. [PubMed: 3813259]
95.
Clark HD, Wells GA, Huet C, et al Assessing the quality of randomized trials: reliability of the Jadad scale. Control Clin Trials. 1999;20:448–452. [PubMed: 10503804]
96.
Hemminki E Quality of reports of clinical trials submitted by the drug industry to the Finnish and Swedish control authorities. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;19:157–165. [PubMed: 7215412]
97.
Khan KS, Daya S, Jadad A The importance of quality of primary studies in producing unbiased systematic reviews. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:661–666. [PubMed: 8629879]
98.
Field MJ, Lohr KN, eds Guidelines for Clinical Practice: From Development to Use.Institute of Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 1992. [PubMed: 25121254]
99.
Lohr KN, Aaronson NK, Burnam MA, Patrick DL, Perrin EB, Roberts JS Evaluating quality-of-life and health status instruments: development of scientific review criteria. Clin Ther. 1996;18:979–991. [PubMed: 8930436]
100.
Last JM A Dictionary of Epidemiology.New York: Oxford University Press; 1995.
101.
Moher D, Jadad A, Tugwell P Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1996;12:195–208. [PubMed: 8707495]
102.
Olkin I Statistical and theoretical considerations in meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995;48:133–147. [PubMed: 7853039]
103.
Tritchler D Modelling study quality in meta-analysis. Stat Med. 1999;18:2135–2145. [PubMed: 10441769]
104.
Greenland S Invited commentary: a critical look at some popular meta-analytic methods. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;140:290–296. [PubMed: 8030632]
105.
Chalmers TC, Celano P, Sacks HS, Smith HJ Bias in treatment assignment in controlled clinical trials. N Engl J Med. 1983;309:1358–1361. [PubMed: 6633598]
106.
Kunz R, Oxman AD The unpredictability paradox: review of empirical comparisons of randomised and non-randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 1998;317:1185–1190. [PMC free article: PMC28700] [PubMed: 9794851]
107.
Moher D, Jadad AR, Nichol G, Penman M, Tugwell P, Walsh S Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials: an annotated bibliography of scales and checklists. Control Clin Trials. 1995;16:62–73. [PubMed: 7743790]
108.
Fox JP, Hall CE, Elveback LR Epidemiology; Man and Disease.New York: Macmillan; 1970.
109.
Hill AB The environment and disease: Association or causation? Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58:–. [PMC free article: PMC1898525] [PubMed: 14283879]
110.
Stelfox HT, Chua G, O'Rourke K, Detsky AS Conflict of interest in the debate over calcium-channel antagonists. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:101–106. [PubMed: 9420342]
111.
Hoffman RM, Kent DL, Deyo RA Diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of thermography for lumbar radiculopathy. A meta-analysis. Spine. 1991;16:623–628. [PubMed: 1830690]
112.
Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination The periodic health examination. Can Med Assoc J. 1979;121:1193–1254. [PMC free article: PMC1704686] [PubMed: 115569]
113.
Sackett DL Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations on the use of antithrombotic agents. Chest. 1989;95:2S–4S. [PubMed: 2914516]
114.
Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, Laupacis A, Sackett DL Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations on the use of antithrombotic agents. Chest. 1992;102:305S–311S. [PubMed: 1395818]
115.
Ogilvie RI, Burgess ED, Cusson JR, Feldman RD, Leiter LA, Myers MG Report of the Canadian Hypertension Society Consensus Conference: 3. Pharmacologic treatment of essential hypertension. Can Med Assoc J. 1993;149:575–584. [PMC free article: PMC1485999] [PubMed: 8364814]
116.
Evans WK, Newman T, Graham I, et al Lung cancer practice guidelines: lessons learned and issues addressed by the Ontario Lung Cancer Disease Site Group. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:3049–3059. [PubMed: 9294467]
117.
Granados A, Jonsson E, Banta HD, et al EUR-ASSESS Project Subgroup Report on Dissemination and Impact. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1997;13:220–286. [PubMed: 9194353]
118.
Bartlett JG, Breiman RF, Mandell LA, File TMJ Community-acquired pneumonia in adults: guidelines for management. The Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:811–838. [PubMed: 9564457]
119.
Bril V, Allenby K, Midroni G, O'Connor PW, Vajsar J IGIV in neurology -- evidence and recommendations. Can J Neurol Sci. 1999;26:139–152. [PubMed: 10352875]
120.
Working Party for Guidelines for the Management of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding An evidence-based guideline for the management of heavy menstrual bleeding. N Z Med J. 1999;112:174–177. [PubMed: 10391640]
121.
Shekelle PG, Woolf SH, Eccles M, Grimshaw J Clinical guidelines: developing guidelines. BMJ. 1999;318:593–596. [PMC free article: PMC1115034] [PubMed: 10037645]
122.
Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2nd Ed. Alexandria, Va.: International Medical Publishing, Inc.; 1996.
123.
Gross PA, Barrett TL, Dellinger EP, et al Purpose of quality standards for infectious diseases. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18:–. [PubMed: 8011826]
124.
Gray JAM Evidence-Based Healthcare. London: Churchill Livingstone;1997.
125.
Djulbegovic B, Hadley T Evaluating the quality of clinical guidelines. Linking decisions to medical evidence. Oncology. 1998 Nov;12:310–314. [PubMed: 10028514]
126.
Edwards AG, Russell IT, Stott NC Signal versus noise in the evidence base for medicine: an alternative to hierarchies of evidence? Fam Pract. 1998;15:319–322. [PubMed: 9792346]
127.
Chesson ALJ, Wise M, Davila D, et al Practice parameters for the treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Report. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep. 1999;22:961–968. [PubMed: 10566915]
128.
Wilkinson CP Evidence-based medicine regarding the prevention of retinal detachment. Transactions Am Ophthalmol Society. 1999;97:397–406. [PMC free article: PMC1298271] [PubMed: 10703135]
129.
Garbutt JC, West SL, Carey TS, Lohr KN, Crews FT Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: a review of the evidence. JAMA. 1999;281:1318–1325. [PubMed: 10208148]
130.
Berlin JA, Rennie D Measuring the quality of trials: the quality of quality scales. JAMA. 1999;282:1083–1085. [PubMed: 10493209]
131.
Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, Brosnihan KB, et al Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:522–529. [PubMed: 10954759]
132.
Angerer P, Stork S, Kothny W, Schmitt P, von Schacky C Effect of oral postmenopausal hormone replacement on progression of atherosclerosis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:262–268. [PubMed: 11156863]
133.
Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA. 1998;280:605–613. [PubMed: 9718051]
134.
Veterans and Agent Orange.Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 1994.
135.
Dans AL, Dans LF, Guyatt GH, Richard S Users' guides to the medical literature: XIV. How to decide on the applicability of clinical trial results to your patient. JAMA. 1998;279:545–549. [PubMed: 9480367]
136.
Barratt A, Irwig L, Glasziou P, et al Users' guides to the medical literature: XVII. How to use guidelines and recommendations about screening. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1999;281:2029–2034. [PubMed: 10359392]
137.
Sacks HS, Berrier J, Reitman D, Anocaon-Berk VA, Chalmers TC Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:450–455. [PubMed: 3807986]
138.
Victor N "The challenge of meta-analysis":discussion. Indications and contra-indications for meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995;48:5–8. [PubMed: 7853048]
139.
Longnecker MP, Berlin JA, Orza MJ, Chalmers TC A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption in relation to risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 1988;260:652–656. [PubMed: 3392790]
140.
Begg CB Biases in the assessment of diagnostic tests. Stat Med. 1987;6:411–423. [PubMed: 3114858]
141.
Working group on methods for prognosis and decision making Memorandum for the Evaluation of Diagnostic Measures. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry. 1990;28:873–879. [PubMed: 2081960]
142.
Pinson AG, Becker DM, Philbrick JT, Parekh JS Technetium-99m-RBC venography in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity: a systematic review of the literature. J Nucl Med. 1991;32:2324–2328. [PubMed: 1836023]
143.
Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Sackett DL Users' guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1994;271:389–391. [PubMed: 8283589]
144.
Reid MC, Lachs MS, Feinstein AR Use of methodological standards in diagnostic test research. Getting better but still not good. JAMA. 1995;274:645–651. [PubMed: 7637146]
145.
Bruns DE Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Clinical Chemistry 199743(11):–.
146.
Becker DM, Philbrick JT, Abbitt PL, Real-time ultrasonography for the diagnosis of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis The wave of the future? Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:1731–1734. [PubMed: 2669660]
147.
Levine C, Armstrong K, Chopra S, Estok R, Zhang S, Ross S Diagnosis and Management of Breast Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Rockville, Md.: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2000.
148.
United States Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health Smoking and health: report of the advisory committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. Washington DC: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, U.S Government Printing Office; 1964.
149.
Dickersin K, Scherer R, Lefebvre C Identifying relevant studies for systematic reviews. BMJ. 1994;309:1286–1291. [PMC free article: PMC2541778] [PubMed: 7718048]
150.
Simes RJ Publication bias: the case for an international registry of clinical trials. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4:1529–1541. [PubMed: 3760920]
151.
Easterbrook PJ, Berlin JA, Gopalan R, Matthews DR Publication bias in clinical research. Lancet. 1991;337:867–872. [PubMed: 1672966]
152.
Jeng GT, Scott JR, Burmeister LF A comparison of meta-analytic results using literature vs individual patient data. Paternal cell immunization for recurrent miscarriage. JAMA. 1995;274:830–836. [PubMed: 7650808]
153.
Moher D, Fortin P, Jadad AR, et al Completeness of reporting of trials published in languages other than English: implications for conduct and reporting of systematic reviews. Lancet. 1996;347:363–366. [PubMed: 8598702]
154.
Moher D, Pham, Klassen TP, et al What contributions do languages other than English make on the results of meta-analyses? J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53:964–972. [PubMed: 11004423]
155.
Vickers A, Goyal N, Harland R, Rees R Do certain countries produce only positive results? A systematic review of controlled trials. Control Clin Trials. 1998;19:159–166. [PubMed: 9551280]
156.
Verhagen AP, de Vet HC, de Bie RA, Kessels AG, Boers M, Knipschild PG Balneotherapy and quality assessment: interobserver reliability of the Maastricht criteria list and the need for blinded quality assessment. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51:335–341. [PubMed: 9539890]
157.
Berlin JA Does blinding of readers affect the results of meta-analyses? University of Pennsylvania Meta-analysis Blinding Study Group. Lancet. 1997;350:185–186. [PubMed: 9250191]
158.
Emerson JD, Burdick E, Hoaglin DC, Mosteller F, Chalmers TC An empirical study of the possible relation of treatment differences to quality scores in controlled randomized clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials. 1990;11:339–352. [PubMed: 1963128]
159.
Thompson SG Why sources of heterogeneity in meta-analysis should be investigated. BMJ. 1994;309:1351–1355. [PMC free article: PMC2541868] [PubMed: 7866085]
160.
Chalmers TC, Matta RJ, Smith H Jr, Kunzler AM Evidence favoring the use of anticoagulants in the hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:1091–1096. [PubMed: 909566]
161.
Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Grimes DA, Altman DG Assessing the quality of randomization from reports of controlled trials published in obstetrics and gynecology journals. JAMA. 1994;272:125–128. [PubMed: 8015122]
162.
Grimes DA, Schulz KF Methodology citations and the quality of randomized controlled trials in obstetrics and gynecology. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1996;174:1312–1315. [PubMed: 8623862]
163.
Chene G, Morlat P, Leport C, et al Intention-to-treat vs. on-treatment analyses of clinical trial data: experience from a study of pyrimethamine in the primary prophylaxis of toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients. ANRS 005/ACTG 154 Trial Group. Control Clin Trials. 1998;19:233–248. [PubMed: 9620807]
164.
Lachin JM Statistical considerations in the intent-to-treat principle. Control Clin Trials. 2000;21:167–189. [PubMed: 10822117]
165.
Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, et al The uncertainty principle and industry-sponsored research. Lancet. 2000;356:635–638. [PubMed: 10968436]
166.
Dong BJ, Hauck WW, Gambertoglio JG, et al Bioequivalence of generic and brand-name levothyroxine products in the treatment of hypothyroidism. JAMA. 1997;277:1205–1213. [PubMed: 9103344]
167.
Rennie D Thyroid storm. JAMA. 1997;277:1238–1243. [PubMed: 9103350]
168.
Cho MK, Bero LA The quality of drug studies published in symposium proceedings. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:485–489. [PubMed: 8602706]
169.
Concato J, Shah N, Horwitz RI Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1887–1892. [PMC free article: PMC1557642] [PubMed: 10861325]
170.
Barnes DE, Bero LA Scientific quality of original research articles on environmental tobacco smoke. Tob Control. 1997;6:19–26. [PMC free article: PMC1759539] [PubMed: 9176982]
171.
Lachs MS, Nachamkin I, Edelstein PH, Goldman J, Feinstein AR, Schwartz JS Spectrum bias in the evaluation of diagnostic tests: lessons from the rapid dipstick test for urinary tract infection. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:135–140. [PubMed: 1605428]
Bookshelf ID: NBK33872

Views

  • PubReader
  • Print View
  • Cite this Page

Recent Activity

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...