Graph showing negative climate forcing (W m-2) from tropospheric aerosols (cloud albedo effect and direct effects) and positive climate forcing from long-lived greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs), which results in a net positive total forcing

FIGURE 2-5Atmospheric contributors to positive and negative climate forcing over the industrial period (1780 to present)

SOURCE: Adapted from IPCC, 2007b.

From: 2, What Are Small Particles and Why Are They Important?

Cover of Challenges in Characterizing Small Particles
Challenges in Characterizing Small Particles: Exploring Particles from the Nano- to Microscale: A Workshop Summary.
National Research Council (US) Chemical Sciences Roundtable.
Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2012.
Copyright © 2012, National Academy of Sciences.

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