Interactions among nociceptive and local metabolic processes, neuroendocrine activation and immunity, ultimately impacting resistance against metastasis. Aδ, Aβ and C refer to peripheral nerve fiber types. Abbreviations: IL-1,interleukin-1; Ant. Pit., anterior pituitary; ANS, autonomic nervous system; CRF, corticotropin releasing factor; PNS, parasympathetic nervous system; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; POMC, proopiomelanocortin; NE, norepinephrine; Epi, epinephrine; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; β-end, β-endorphin; CS, corticosterone.