The ATSDR toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicology and adverse health effects information for the toxic substance described therein. Each peer-reviewed profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a substance's toxicological properties. Profiles are updated on a periodic basis and released for a public comment period. For more information visit ATSDR.

Contents

• DISCLAIMER
• FOREWORD
• VERSION HISTORY
• CONTRIBUTORS & REVIEWERS
• CHAPTER 1. RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH
  • 1.1. OVERVIEW AND U.S. EXPOSURES
  • 1.2. SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS
  • 1.3. MINIMAL RISK LEVELS (MRLs)
• CHAPTER 2. HEALTH EFFECTS
  • 2.1. INTRODUCTION
  • 2.2. DEATH
  • 2.3. BODY WEIGHT
  • 2.4. RESPIRATORY
  • 2.5. CARDIOVASCULAR
  • 2.6. GASTROINTESTINAL
  • 2.7. HEMATOLOGICAL
  • 2.8. MUSCULOSKELETAL
  • 2.9. HEPATIC
  • 2.10. RENAL
  • 2.11. DERMAL
  • 2.12. OCULAR
  • 2.13. ENDOCRINE
  • 2.14. IMMUNOLOGICAL
  • 2.15. NEUROLOGICAL
  • 2.16. REPRODUCTIVE
  • 2.17. DEVELOPMENTAL
  • 2.18. CANCER
  • 2.19. GENOTOXICITY
  • 2.20. MECHANISMS OF ACTION
• CHAPTER 3. TOXICOKINETICS, SUSCEPTIBLE POPULATIONS, BIOMARKERS, CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS
  • 3.1. TOXICOKINETICS
  • 3.2. CHILDREN AND OTHER POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE
  • 3.3. BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT
  • 3.4. INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS
• CHAPTER 4. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION
  • 4.1. CHEMICAL IDENTITY
  • 4.2. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• CHAPTER 5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE
  • 5.1. OVERVIEW
  • 5.2. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/EXPORT, USE, AND DISPOSAL
  • 5.3. RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT
  • 5.4. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
  • 5.5. LEVELS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
  • 5.6. GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE
  • 5.7. POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES
• CHAPTER 6. ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE
  • 6.1. Information on Health Effects
  • 6.2. Identification of Data Needs
  • 6.3. Ongoing Studies
• CHAPTER 7. REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES
• CHAPTER 8. REFERENCES
• APPENDICES
  • APPENDIX A. ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEETS
  • APPENDIX B. LITERATURE SEARCH FRAMEWORK FOR SILICA
  • APPENDIX C. USER’S GUIDE
  • APPENDIX D. QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS
  • APPENDIX E. GLOSSARY
  • APPENDIX F. ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS