Contents

• Objectives and Acknowledgments
  • The Intolerable Burden of Malaria: What’s New, What’s Needed
    Joel G. Breman, Martin S. Alilio, and Anne Mills.
• Foreword
  • Bridging the Gap: Linking Research, Training, and Service Delivery to Reduce the Malaria Burden in Africa
    Ebrahim M. Samba.
  • The Importance and Future of Malaria Research in Africa
    Francine Ntoumi, Abdoulaye A. Djimdé, Wilfred Mbacham, and Thomas Egwang.
    • Malaria: A Development Problem in Africa
    • Malaria Research in Africa
    • Networking for More and Better Data
    • What Is the Future for Malaria Research in Africa?
    • Opportunities, Challenges, and Expectations
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
• Introduction and Summary
  • Conquering the Intolerable Burden of Malaria: What’s New, What’s Needed: A Summary
    Joel G. Breman, Martin S. Alilio, and Anne Mills.
    • Introduction
    • Burden
    • African Leadership in Research and Strengthened Linkages to Control
    • The Malaria Burden: Rethinking the Clinical and Epidemiologic Impact
    • The Malaria Burden: Entomologic and Transmission Dynamics
    • Malaria in the Urban, Epidemic, and Complex Emergency Setting
    • The Malaria Burden: Economic and Social Impact
    • Health Systems and the Malaria Burden
    • Interventions: Act
    • Interventions: Monitoring, Effectiveness, and Cost-Effectiveness
    • What’s Needed: Research, Training, and Connectivity
    • Conquering Malaria: International Actions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
• The Malaria Burden: Clinical and Epidemiological Impact
  • Pediatric Mortality in Africa: Plasmodium falciparum Malaria as a Cause or Risk?
    Robert W. Snow, Eline L. Korenromp, and Eleanor Gouws.
    • Introduction
    • Materials and Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Reducing the Burden of Anemia in Infants and Young Children in Malaria-endemic Countries of Africa: From Evidence to Action
    Jane Crawley.
    • Introduction
    • Age Pattern of Anemia in Areas of Stable Malaria Transmission
    • The Complex Etiology of Anemia
    • Interventions to Prevent Anemia
    • Putting It All Together: The Need for Anemia Prevention Programs
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • The Contribution of Malaria in Pregnancy to Perinatal Mortality
    Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden, Florence Thomas, Annette Erhart, and Umberto D’Alessandro.
    • Introduction
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • The Burden of Co-Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Malaria in Pregnant Women in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Feiko O. Ter Kuile, Monica E. Parise, Francine H. Verhoeff, Venkatachalam Udhayakumar, Robert D. Newman, Anne M. Van Eijk, Stephen J. Rogerson, and Richard W. Steketee.
    • Introduction
    • Effect of Maternal HIV on Malaria during Pregnancy
    • Effect of Maternal Malaria on HIV
    • Implications of Maternal Co-Infection with HIV and Malaria for Infant Health
    • Treatment Issues and Programmatic Implications
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Undernutrition as an Underlying Cause of Malaria Morbidity and Mortality in Children Less Than Five Years Old
    Laura E. Caulfield, Stephanie A. Richard, and Robert E. Black.
    • Introduction
    • Discussion
    • References
  • The Burden of the Neurocognitive Impairment Associated with Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Victor Mung’Ala-Odera, Robert W. Snow, and Charles R. J. C. Newton.
    • Introduction
    • Methodology
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Describing the Burden of Malaria on Child Development: What Should We Be Measuring and How Should We Be Measuring It?
    Penny A. Holding and Patricia K. Kitsao-Wekulo.
    • Introduction
    • Classification of Impairments
    • Review of Research
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
• The Malaria Burden: Entomologic and Transmission Dynamics
  • Relationships between the Outcome of Plasmodium falciparum Infection and the Intensity of Transmission in Africa
    T. Smith, G. Killeen, C. Lengeler, and M. Tanner.
    • Introduction
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
    • Appendix 1
  • Rationalizing Historical Successes of Malaria Control in Africa in Terms of Mosquito Resource Availability Management
    Gerry F. Killeen, Aklilu Seyoum, and Bart G.J. Knols.
    • Introduction
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • The Role of Mathematical Modeling in Evidence-based Malaria Control
    F. Ellis McKenzie and Ebrahim M. Samba.
    • History
    • Recent Developments
    • Understanding and Using Models
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
• Malaria in the Urban, Epidemic, and Complex Emergency Setting
  • Malaria in Primary School Children and Infants in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Surveys from the 1980s and 2000
    Walter Kazadi, John D. Sexton, Makengo Bigonsa, Bompela W’Okanga, and Matezo Way.
    • Introduction
    • Background
    • Materials and Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • References
  • Integrated Urban Malaria Control: A Case Study in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
    Marcia Caldas De Castro, Yoichi Yamagata, Deo Mtasiwa, Marcel Tanner, Jürg Utzinger, Jennifer Keiser, and Burton H. Singer.
    • Introduction
    • History of Malaria Control in Dar Es Salaam
    • Ecology and Epidemiology of Malaria in Dar Es Salaam
    • A Contemporary UMCP in Dar Es Salaam: 1988–1996
    • Entomologic and Parasitologic Impacts
    • What Did the UMCP Accomplish?
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa and Implication for Malaria Control
    Jennifer Keiser, Jürg Utzinger, Marcia Caldas De Castro, Thomas A. Smith, Marcel Tanner, and Burton H. Singer.
    • Introduction
    • Urbanization in Africa
    • Materials and Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • A Review of the Clinical and Epidemiologic Burdens of Epidemic Malaria
    Anthony E. Kiszewski and Awash Teklehaimanot.
    • Introduction
    • Clinical Characteristics of Epidemic Malaria
    • The Global Distribution of Epidemic Malaria
    • The Economic Burdens of Epidemic Malaria
    • Surveillance and Intervention
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • The Burden of Malaria Epidemics and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions in Epidemic Situations in Africa
    EVE Worrall, Aafje Rietveld, and Charles Delacollette.
    • Introduction
    • Materials and Methods
    • Discussion
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
• The Malaria Burden: Economic and Social Impact
  • The Malaria Gap
    PIA Malaney, Andrew Spielman, and Jeffrey Sachs.
    • Introduction: Malaria and the World Twice Given
    • Economic Methodologies for Evaluating the Burden of Malaria
    • The Malaria Gap
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • The Economic Burden of Illness for Households in Developing Countries: A Review of Studies Focusing on Malaria, Tuberculosis, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
    Steven Russell.
    • Introduction: Purpose and Scope of the Paper
    • Materials and Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • The Social Burden of Malaria: What Are We Measuring?
    Caroline O.H. Jones and Holly A. Williams.
    • Introduction
    • Background
    • The Concept of Social Burden
    • Anthropologic Perspective
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
• Health Systems and the Malaria Burden
  • Providing Practical Estimates of Malaria Burden for Health Planners in Resource-poor Countries
    Irene Akua Agyepong and Jane Kangeya-Kayonda.
    • Introduction
    • Case Study
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Public and Private Roles in Malaria Control: The Contributions of Economic Analysis
    Kara Hanson.
    • Introduction
    • Public Economics and the Role for Government Intervention in Malaria Control
    • Expanding the Economic Framework: Criteria for Guiding Public Action
    • Discussion and Conclusions
    • References
  • Do Malaria Control Interventions Reach the Poor? A View through the Equity Lens
    Lawrence M. Barat, Natasha Palmer, Suprotik Basu, EVE Worrall, Kara Hanson, and Anne Mills.
    • Malaria: A Disease of Poverty
    • Definitions and Measurements
    • Research Findings
    • Discussion
    • Reaching the Poor with Malaria Control Interventions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
• Interventions: Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy
  • Antimalarial Drug Resistance, Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy, and the Contribution of Modeling to Elucidating Policy Choices
    Shunmay Yeung, Wirichada Pongtavornpinyo, Ian M. Hastings, Anne J. Mills, and Nicholas J. White.
    • Introduction
    • Antimalarial Drug Resistance–The Burden
    • The Emergence and Spread of Antimalarial Drug Resistance
    • Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy
    • Modeling Antimalarial Drug Resistance
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Act Now or Later? Economics of Malaria Resistance
    Ramanan Laxminarayan.
    • Introduction
    • Mathematical Model
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • Appendix 1 Derivation of inoculation coefficient
    • Appendix 2 Derivation of the basic reproductive number R₀
    • Appendix 3 Derivation of f_c
    • Appendix 4 Justification of parameter values (see for values and range for sensitivity analysis)
    • References
  • A Threshold Analysis of the Cost-Effectiveness of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Paul G. Coleman, Chantal Morel, SAM Shillcutt, Catherine Goodman, and Anne J. Mills.
    • Introduction
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
• Interventions: Monitoring, Effectiveness, and Cost-Effectiveness
  • Malaria Control at the District Level in Africa: The Case of the Muheza District in Northeastern Tanzania
    Martin S. Alilio, Andrew Kitua, Kato Njunwa, Marta Medina, Anita Mandrup Rønn, Julius Mhina, Fikirini Msuya, Judith Mahundi, Jean Marc Depinay, Susan Whyte, Allan Krasnik, and Ib Christian Bygbjerg.
    • Introduction
    • Materials and Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Impregnated Nets or DDT Residual Spraying? Field Effectiveness of Malaria Prevention Techniques in Solomon Islands, 1993–1999
    Mead Over, Bernard Bakote’e, Raman Velayudhan, Peter Wilikai, and Patricia M. Graves.
    • Introduction
    • Methods and Data Collection
    • Analysis
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Monitoring Future Impact on Malaria Burden in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Don De Savigny and Fred Binka.
    • Finagle’s Three Laws of Information
    • Introduction
    • New Goals
    • A Pathway to Evidence-based Planning
    • A Framework for Malaria Indicators
    • Data Sources for Monitoring Malaria Control
    • Health Facility Data
    • Household Data
    • Remote Sensing and Modeling
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • Child Coverage with Mosquito Nets and Malaria Treatment from Population-based Surveys in African Countries: A Baseline for Monitoring Progress in Roll Back Malaria
    Roeland Monasch, Annette Reinisch, Richard W. Steketee, Eline L. Korenromp, David Alnwick, and Yves Bergevin.
    • Introduction
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
• What's Needed: Research, Training, and Connectivity
  • Update on the Clinical Development of Candidate Malaria Vaccines
    W. Ripley Ballou, Myriam Arevalo-Herrera, Daniel Carucci, Thomas L. Richie, Giampietro Corradin, Carter Diggs, Pierre Druilhe, Birgitte K. Giersing, Allan Saul, D. Gray Heppner, Kent E. Kester, David E. Lanar, Jeff Lyon, Adrian V. S. Hill, Weiqing Pan, and Joe D Cohen.
    • Introduction
    • Pre-Erythrocytic Vaccines
    • Asexual Stage Vaccines
    • Transmission-blocking Vaccines
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Policy Challenges in Malaria Vaccine Introduction
    Melinda Moree and Sarah Ewart.
    • Introduction
    • History of Vaccine Uptake
    • Research and Analysis Influence Policy
    • Malaria Disease Burden
    • Choices of Malaria Interventions
    • Economic Analysis of Malaria Interventions
    • Financing Vaccines
    • Delivery System Infrastructure
    • Other Constraints to New Vaccine Introduction
    • Importance of Current Research
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Enhancing the Application of Effective Malaria Interventions in Africa through Training
    Jasper N. Ijumba and Andrew Y. Kitua.
    • Background and Rationale
    • Aims of the Training Component of the Gates Malaria Partnership
    • The Center’s Specific Objectives
    • Current Training Approaches
    • Novel Training Approach Advocated by the CEEMI
    • Potential Collaborators: The NMCP
    • Other Partners of the CEEMI
    • The Challenges Ahead
    • Institutional Strengthening Strategies
    • Malaria Training Strategies
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • Tying Up Lions: Multilateral Initiative on Malaria Communications: The First Chapter of a Malaria Research Network in Africa
    Julia Royall, Mark Bennett, Ingeborg Van Schayk, and Martin Alilio.
    • Introduction
    • Mimcom Methods of Operation
    • Results
    • Mimcom Evaluation
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
• Conquering Malaria: International Actions
  • Are Multilateral Malaria Research and Control Programs the Most Successful? Lessons from the Past 100 Years in Africa
    Martin S. Alilio, Ib C. Bygbjerg, and Joel G. Breman.
    • Introduction
    • Methods
    • 1880–1949: Era of Ingenuity and Discovery
    • 1950–1979: Era of Optimism and Hope
    • 1980–2003: Proliferation of Multilateral Activities
    • 1980–2003: Malaria and Complex Emergencies
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • The Multilateral Initiative on Malaria: Past, Present, and Future
    Andreas Heddini, Gerald T. Keusch, and Catherine S. Davies.
    • Background and Achievements of the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria
    • Spreading the wings of MIM (Don’t Collide with Other Birds)
    • Future Challenges for MIM Constituents
    • A Starting Point for New Directions: The MIM Survey and the MIM Strategic Advisory Board
    • The Road Ahead
    • References