From: Chapter 1, Polymicrobial Diseases of Animals and Humans
Copyright © 2002, ASM Press.
NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
Table 2Reported examples of polymicrobial diseases
| Example | Reference(s) for disease |
|---|---|
| Agents of polyviral diseases | |
| Bovine viral diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus | 185 |
| Bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine coronavirus | 1 |
| Cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus | 19 |
| Epstein-Barr virus and retrovirus | 77 |
| Hepatitis B, C, and D viruses | 47, 117, 189 |
| HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and/or HIV-1 or HIV-2 | 74, 106, 152, 172 |
| Hepatitis B or C virus and HIV-1 | 5, 8 |
| Porcine circovirus type 2 and epidemic diarrhea virus | 82 |
| Porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus | 2 |
| Porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus | 3, 97 |
| Small round virus and turkey coronavirus | 139, 188 |
| Agents of polybacterial diseases | |
| Bacteroides spp., Clostridium spp., Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Peptostreptococcus spp., Porphyromonas spp., Prevotella spp., Propionibacterium acnes, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp | 27–32, 65, 112 |
| Branhamella ovis and Mycoplasma conjunctivae | 53 |
| Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. aureus, Haemophilus influenzae | 171 |
| Multiple Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae genotypes | 40 |
| Multiple Dichelobacter nodosus genotypes | 89 |
| Multiple Haemobartonella felis genotypes | 181 |
| Polymicrobial diseases involving viruses and bacteria | |
| Bovine shipping fever | 4, 47, 67 |
| Bovine viral diarrhea virus and Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin or S. enterica serovar Typhimurium | 186 |
| Herpes simplex virus, Streptococcus epidermidis, and Fusarium solani | 75 |
| HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 46, 154 |
| Influenza virus and S. aureus | 38 |
| Norwalk-like virus and Aeromonas sobria | 16 |
| Norwalk-like virus and E. coli | 16 |
| Hemorrhagic enteritis virus and E. coli | 129, 135 |
| Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Haemophilus parasuis | 163 |
| Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae | 168 |
| Turkey coronavirus and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 76 |
| Varicella-zoster virus and Streptococcus pyogenes | 103 |
| Polymicrobial diseases involving fungi and parasites | |
| Candida albicans and oral streptococci | 132 |
| C. albicans and S. aureus | 120 |
| Candida dubliniensis and Fusobacterium nucleatum | 88 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium muris | 169 |
| Dictyocaulus spp. and gastrointestinal nematodes | 84 |
| HIV and C. albicans | 175 |
| Lyme disease and babesiosis | 101 |
| Nocardia asteroides and Cryptococcus neoformans | 155 |
| Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni | 61 |
| Polymicrobial diseases as a result of microbe-induced immunosuppression | |
| Infectious bursal disease virus | 149, 157, 158 |
| Hemorrhagic enteritis virus | 140, 141, 149 |
| Chicken anemia virus | 146 |
| Avian leukosis virus | 62 |
| Reticuloendotheliosis virus | 62 |
| Avian reovirus | 157 |
| Avian S. enterica serovar Typhimurium | 80 |
| Border disease virus | 151 |
| Bovine respiratory syncytial virus | 95, 96 |
| Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus | 57 |
| Ehrlichia phagocytophila | 102 |
| Bovine viral diarrhea virus | 34, 85, 138 |
| HIV and Histoplasma capsulatum | 78 |