Excerpt

This book brings together a description of the wide variety of optical techniques available for the specific study of neuronal activity in the living brain and their application for animal and human functional imaging research. These in vivo techniques can vary by their level of temporal resolution (milliseconds to seconds), spatial resolution (microns to millimeters), degree of invasiveness to the brain (removal of the skull above the imaged area to complete noninvasiveness), use of signals intrinsic to the brain versus use of external probes, and their current application to basic and clinical studies. Besides their usefulness for the study of brain function, these optical techniques are also appealing because they are typically based on compact, mobile, and affordable equipment, and can therefore be more readily integrated into a typical neuroscience, cognitive science, or neurology laboratory, as well as a hospital operating room. The chapters of this book describe the theory, setup, analytical methods, and examples of experiments that highlight the advantages of the different techniques. With the growing sophistication of the hardware, there is a parallel growing sophistication of the software. Therefore, with this edition, I have included a chapter dedicated to the description of principles of a software system, in the same way that other chapters describe the principles behind hardware, and I foresee that such chapters becoming more prevalent in the future.

Because this book focuses on in vivo imaging techniques, examples of the applications are focused on living brains of animals and humans rather than tissue cultures or brain slices. In addition, this book focuses on optical imaging techniques and consequently does not include nonoptical techniques of functional brain imaging such as fMRI, PET, and MEG techniques.