| Outcome | Location | Effect Size (95% CI)* | Number of Trials | I2 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADL | U.S. | 0.19 (0.06 to 0.33) | 6 | 13.8 |
| Non-U.S. | 0.07 (−0.01 to 0.14) | 8 | 0.0 | |
| All | 0.10 (0.04 to 0.17) | 14 | 0.0 | |
| IADL | U.S. | 0.20 (−0.04 to 0.45) | 4 | 59.1 |
| Non-U.S. | 0.05 (−0.08 to 0.18) | 6 | 38.2 | |
| All | 0.10 (−0.01 to 0.22) | 10 | 50.5 | |
| ADL/IADL** | U.S. | 0.19 (0.00 to 0.38) | 6 | 56.8 |
| Non-U.S. | 0.04 (−0.03 to 0.11) | 11 | 17.4 | |
| All | 0.09 (0.01 to 0.16) | 17 | 42.3 | |
| Hospitalizations | U.S. | 1.00 (0.87 to 1.15) | 7 | 0.0 |
| Non-U.S. | 0.90 (0.78 to 1.03) | 9 | 58.3 | |
| All | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.03) | 16 | 42.2 | |
| Institutionalizations | U.S. | 0.94 (0.76 to 1.18) | 7 | 0.0 |
| Non-U.S. | 1.01 (0.80 to 1.27) | 12 | 0.0 | |
| All | 0.98 (0.83 to 1.15) | 19 | 0.0 | |
| Mortality | U.S. | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.02) | 19 | 5.7 |
| Non-U.S. | 0.93 (0.81 to 1.07) | 31 | 0.0 | |
| All | 0.91 (0.82 to 1.00) | 50 | 0.0 |
ADL, IADL, and ADL/IADL are continuous outcomes, and any effect size greater than 0 indicates the intervention had a favorable effect. Hospitalizations, institutionalizations, and mortality are dichotomous outcomes, and any effect size greater than 1 indicates the intervention had a favorable effect.
ADL/IADL as an outcome included, in order of preference, combined measures of ADL and IADL, IADL alone, and ADL alone.
Abbreviations: ADL=activities of daily living; CI=confidence interval; IADL=instrumental activities of daily living; US=United States.
From: 2, Results
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