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00.077.0.01.020. Turnip yellow mosaic virus

Cite this publication as: ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.077.0.01.020. Turnip yellow mosaic virus. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA

Cite this site as: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/

Table of Contents

Isolate Description

Location: Europe.

Host of Isolate and Habitat Details
Source of isolate: Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis.

Natural host and symptoms
Brassica ssp. and many Brassicaceae — vein clearing and mosaic or blotching symptoms.

Cardamine lilaciana sward forming variant — vein clearing and mosaic.

Reference to Isolation Report
Markham and Smith (1949).

Classification

This is a description of a plant virus at the species level with data on all virus properties from morphology to genome, replication, antigenicity and biological properties.

ICTVdB Virus Code: 00.077.0.01.020. Virus accession number: 77001020. Obsolete virus code: 77.0.1.0.016; superceded accession number: 77010016.
NCBI Taxon Identifier NCBI Taxonomy ID: 12154.

Name, Synonyms and Lineage

Synonym(s): cardamine yellow mosaic virus. ICTV approved acronym: TYMV. Virus is an ICTV approved species of the genus 00.077.0.01. Tymovirus; family 00.077. Tymoviridae.

Virion Properties

Morphology

Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is not enveloped, round with icosahedral symmetry (T=3). The capsid is isometric and has a diameter of 29.2-31.8 nm. Capsids appear round. The capsomer arrangement is not obvious.

EM by R.G. Milne milne@ivv.cnr.it, Istituto do Virologia Vegetale, Torino, Italy

Electron micrograph of Turnip yellow mosaic virus by R.G. Milne, Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, Torino, Italy

Electron microscopic preparation and references: Virus preparation contains many virions. Reference for electron microscopic methods: Gibbs et al. (1966, Matthews (1980).

Capsid structures, detailed structural and computational analysis are found in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) using VIPERdB, the VIrus Particle ExploreR 1auy.

Physicochemical and Physical Properties

Virions have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.28 g cm-3 (T), or 1.395-1.402 g cm-3 (B). There are 2 sedimenting component(s) found in purified preparations. The sedimentation coefficient is of the fastest 118 S20w (B, of the other(s) are 54 S20w (T). Isoelectric point pH is 3.77-3.97. A260/A280 ratio is 0.81 (T), or 1.51 (B). The thermal inactivation point (TIP) is at 60-65°C. The longevity in vitro (LIV) is 10 days (and more). Although the titer is dependent on the host, the decimal exponent (DEX) of the dilution end point is usually around 7. The infectivity is retained when deproteinized with phenol or detergent.

Nucleic Acid

The Mr of the genome constitutes 37% of the virion by weight (B). The genome is monopartite. Only one particle size of linear, single-stranded RNA is recovered. Minor species of non-genomic nucleic acid are also found in virions. The encapsidated nucleic acid is mainly of genomic origin, but virions may also contain subgenomic RNA that is mRNA. The complete genome is fully sequenced and partially sequenced, complete sequence is 6319 nucleotides long. Sequence has the accession number

[J02418] Gb(84)_vi:MTY1 Turnip yellow mosaic virus genomic (heavy) RNA, 5' end. 8/87 110bp.
[J02419] Gb(84)_vi:MTYCOAT Turnip yellow mosaic virus coat protein mRNA. 2/87 694bp.
[J04373] Em(40)_vi:MTYCLCGA Gb(84)_vi:MTYCLCGA Turnip yellow mosaic virus Club Lake isolate, complete genome. 5/90 6,319bp.
[K00602] Em(40)_vi:MTY2 Gb(84)_vi:MTY2 Turnip yellow mosaic virus genomic (heavy) RNA: 3' end. 6/92 694bp.
[M24796] Em(40)_vi:MTYCPCDBL Gb(84)_vi:MTYCPCDBL Turnip yellow mosaic virus coat (Blue Lake isolate) protein mRNA, 3' end. 6/92 166bp
[M24797] Em(40)_vi:MTYCPCDCL Gb(84)_vi:MTYCPCDCL Turnip yellow mosaic virus (Club Lake isolate) coat protein mRNA, 3' end. 6/92 169bp.
[M24798] Em(40)_vi:MTYCPCDLA Gb(84)_vi:MTYCPCDLA Turnip yellow mosaic virus (Lake Albina isolate) coat protein mRNA, 3' end. 6/92 167bp.
[M24799] Em(40)_vi:MTYCPCDRR Gb(84)_vi:MTYCPCDRR Turnip yellow mosaic virus (Mt.Townsend isolate) coat protein mRNA, 3' end. 7/92 196bp.
[M24800] Em(40)_vi:MTYCP1HO Gb(84)_vi:MTYCP1HON Turnip yellow mosaic virus (honesty isolate) coat protein mRNA, 3' end. 6/92 178bp.
[M24801] Em(40)_vi:MTYCP1RAD Gb(84)_vi:MTYCP1RAD Turnip yellow mosaic virus (Rademacher isolate) coat protein mRNA, 3' end. 7/92 178bp.
[M24802] Em(40)_vi:MTYCP1TYP Gb(84)_vi:MTYCP1TYPE Turnip yellow mosaic virus (type isolate) coat protein mRNA, 3' end. 6/92 163bp.
[M24803] Em(40)_vi:MTYCP2CAU Gb(84)_vi:MTYCP2CAUL Turnip yellow mosaic virus (cauliflower isolate) coat protein mRNA, 3' end. 6/92 100bp.
[M24804] Em(40)_vi:MTYCP2DEN Gb(84)_vi:MTYCP2DEN Turnip yellow mosaic virus (Denmark isolate) coat protein mRNA, 3' end. 6/92 181bp.
[M24805] Em(40)_vi:MTYCP2ROT Gb(84)_vi:MTYCP2ROTH Turnip yellow mosaic virus (Rothamsted isolate) coat protein mRNA, 3' end. 6/92 166bp.
[M54918] Em(40)_vi:MTYCPZ Gb(84)_vi:MTYCPZ Turnip yellow mosaic virus coat protein gene, 3' end. 8/91 159bp.
[M58309] Em(40)_vi:MTYTRST Gb(84)_vi:MTYTRST Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) 3' terminus tRNA-like structure. 8/91 86bp.
[V01418] Em(40)_vi:TYTYM1 Gb(84)_vi:TYTYM1 Turnip yellow mosaic virus mRNA for the coat protein. 9/93 695bp.
[V01419] Em(40)_vi:TYTYM2 Gb(84)_vi:TYTYM2 5' end of turnip yellow mosaic virus. 7/89 110bp.
[X07441] Em(40)_vi:TYMVXX Gb(84)_vi:TYMVXX Turnip yellow mosaic virus genome. 9/93 6,318bp.
[X16378] Em(40)_vi:TYMVCG Gb(84)_vi:TYMVCG Turnip yellow mosaic virus complete RNA genome. 9/93 6,318bp. 20 sequences.

The genome has a base ratio of 17.6 % guanine; 23.75 % adenine; 37.05 % cytosine; 22.15 % uracil (type strain and Australian isolates). The 5'-end of the genome has a 7methyl Gppp 5G... cap. The 3'-terminus has a subgenomic promoter, a conserved region known as "tymobox". The 3'-terminus has a tRNA-like structure that can be aminoacylated with valine (Pinck et al., 1970). Reference to nucleotide sequence Matthews (1980).

GenBank records for nucleotide sequences; complete genome sequences.

Proteins

Proteins constitute about 63% of the particle weight (B).

The viral genome encodes structural proteins and non-structural proteins. Virions consist of 1 structural protein(s) located in the capsid.

Structural Proteins: Capsid protein COAT_TYMV. Capsid protein has a molecular mass of 20088 Da (189 AA) with 180 copies per virion; has been sequenced and a function assigned; sequence has the accession number [P03608].

Reference to method of preparation: Matthews (1980).

Reference to amino acid sequence or composition Peter et al. (1972).

Lipids

Lipids are not reported.

Transcription: Sub-genomic RNA is present in infected cells (Hatta and Matthews, 1976, encoding the coat protein (with Mr 180000 (Ricard et al., 1977; Pleij et al., 1977; Higgins et al., 1978)).

Translation: The genome replicates in in association with chloroplasts (in vesicles in the margins of the chloroplasts, that form as an invagination of the outer chloroplast bilayer membrane and open to the cytoplasm).

Antigenicity

The virus is serologically related to type 1 (TYMV-1) strains, which are indistinguishable, but TYMV-2 isolates, which are distinct; kennedya yellow mosaic, dulcamara mottle and scrophularia mottle viruses are more distantly related. Nucleotide sequencing confirms these results and shows that European and Australian TYMV-1 isolates differ by about 5%. TYMV-1 and TYMV-2 genome sequences differ by around 10%.

Biological Properties

Natural Host

Domain
Viral hosts belong to the Domain Eucarya.

Domain Eucarya
Kingdom Plantae.

Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms, Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae).

Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae)
Subclass DILLENIIDAE; Order Capparales.

General Symptoms in Plants Virus affects the photosynthetic system. Symptoms are expressed in the leaf include chlorosis and development of patterns or markings that are visible in the intercostal regions. Intercostal regions show chlorosis. Leaves are turning yellow. Leaves with mosaic have yellow mosaic.

Transmission and Vector Relationships

Virus is transmitted by a vector. Virus is transmitted by mechanical inoculation; transmitted by grafting; transmitted by seeds (of Camelina sativa (Hein, 1984), not transmitted by pollen.

Vector Transmission:
Virus is transmitted by arthropods, by insects of the order Coleoptera; Phyllotreta and Psylloides species (flea beetles) and Phaedon cochleariae (the mustard beetle) in Europe and Pedilophorus sp in Australia.

Experimental Hosts and Symptoms

Under experimental conditions susceptibility to infection by virus is found in few families. Susceptible host species are found in the Family Cleomaceae, Cruciferae, Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, Resedaceae. The following species were susceptible to experimental virus infection: Barbarea vulgaris, Brassica campestris, Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis, Brassica campestris ssp. napus, Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis, Brassica campestris ssp. rapa, Brassica carinata, Brassica juncea, Brassica nigra, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, or Brassicaceae, Camelina sativa, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cardamine lilaciana (sward forming variant), Cheiranthus cheiri, Cleome spinosa, Conringia orientalis, Crambe abyssinica, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Erysimum cheiranthoides, Glycine max, Lepidium campestre, Lunaria annua, Macroptilium lathyroides, Matthiola incana, Neslia paniculata, Raphanus raphanistrum, Raphanus sativus, Reseda odorata, Sinapis alba, Sinapis arvensis, Sisymbrium officinale, Thlaspi arvense.

Experimentally infected insusceptible Hosts: Families containing insusceptible hosts: Amaranthaceae, Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae, Boraginaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, or Compositae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae (1 /1), or Euphorbiaceae, or Gesneriaceae, Labiatae, Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, Malvaceae, or Myrtaceae, Onagraceae, Papaveraceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, or Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Tetragoniaceae, or Tropaeolaceae, Umbelliferae, Valerianaceae, Violaceae (2 /2). Species inoculated with virus that do not show signs of susceptibility: Abelmoschus esculentus, Antirrhinum majus, Arachis hypogaea, Bellis perennis, Beta vulgaris, Catalpa bignonioides, Catharanthus roseus, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium amaranticolor, Chenopodium quinoa, Cicer arietinum, Clarkia amoena, Crambe arreria, Crambe cordifolia, Crambe hispanica, Crambe tataria, Cucumis sativus, Datura stramonium, Daucus carota, Delphinium hybridum, Eucalyptus cloeziana, Euphorbia marginata, Fagopyrum esculentum, Fragaria vesca, Gomphrena globosa, Gossypium hirsutum, Gypsophila elegans, Helianthus annuus, Lablab purpureus, Lobelia erinus, Lupinus albus, Myosotis sylvatica, Nicotiana bigelovii, Nicotiana clevelandii, Nicotiana glutinosa, Nicotiana tabacum, Papaver nudicaule, Papaver rhoeas, Pastinaca sativa, Petroselinum crispum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Physalis aequata, Physalis ixocarpa, Physalis viscosa, Pisum sativum, Podolepis robusta, Salvia splendens, Sinningia speciosa, Solanum melongena, Spinacia oleracea, Tetragonia tetragonioides, Tropaeolum majus, Valeriana officinalis, Vicia faba, Vigna unguiculata, Viola cornuta, Viola tricolor.

Diagnostic Hosts

Diagnostic host species and symptoms:

Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis, Raphanus sativus — vein clearing and mosaic or blotching. Diagnostic host: insusceptible host species Chenopodium quinoa, Nicotiana glutinosa, Pisum sativum.

Maintenance and Propagation Hosts

Most commonly used maintenance and propagation host species are Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis.

Assay Hosts

Host: Assay hosts (for Local lesions or Whole plants):
Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis (W).

Histopathology: Virus can be best detected in leaves and all parts of the host plant including the apical meristem but mainly in the leaf lamina. Virions are found in the cytoplasm (in electron dense material close to or replacing the endoplasmic reticulum).

Cytopathology: Inclusions are not present in infected cells. Other cellular changes include the formation of vesicles deriving from the bilayer of the chloroplast membrane and the rounding of chloroplasts.

Geographical Distribution

The virus spreads in Eurasia (in the north west). The virus occurs in Australia.

Ecology, Epidemiology and Control

Studies reported by Broadbent (1957).

List of Strains and Isolates in the Species

Type or TYMV-1 isolates include the type (Cambridge), honesty, Rademacher and the closely related Australian isolates Club Lake, Blue Lake, RR, Lake Albina; the cauliflower or TYMV-2 isolates include cauliflower (Northumberland), Rothamsted and Denmark.

References

Broadbent, L. (1957). Agric. Res. Council Rep No. 14. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.

Gibbs, AJ., Hecht-Poinar, E., Woods, R.D. and McKee, R.K. (1966). J. gen. Microbiol. 44: 177.

Guy, P. and Gibbs, AJ. (1981). Australas. Pl. Path. 10: 12.

Guy, P. and Gibbs, AJ. (1985). Pl. Path. 34: 532

Hatta, T. and Matthews, R.E.F. (1976). Virology 73: 1.

Hein, A (1984). Z. PflKrankh. PflPath. PflSchutz. 91: 549.

Higgins, TJV., Whitfield, P.R. and Matthews, R.E.F. (1978). Virology 84: 153.

Markham, R.E.F. and Smith, K.M. (1949). Parasitol. 39: 330.

Matthews, R.E.F. (1970). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 2, 4 pp.

Matthews, R.E.F. (1980). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 230, 6 pp.

Peter, R., Stehelin, D., Reinbalt, J., Collot, P. and Duranton, H. (1972). Virology 49: 615.

Pleij, CWA., Mellema, J.R., Noort, A and Bosch, L. (1977). FEBS Lett. 80: 19.

Ricard, B., Barreau, C., Renaudin, H., Moucher, C. and Bov‚, J.M. (1977). Virology 79: 231. The following generic references are cited in the most recent ICTV Report.

PubMed References.

VIDEdB, the plant virus database developed at the Australian National University by Adrian J. Gibbs and collaborators, contains an earlier description with the number 858 by P.L. Guy, 1985; AJ. Gibbs, 1987.

A description of the virus is found in DPV, a database for plant viruses developed by the Association of Applied Biologists (AAB), with the number 230.

Images

Taxon images: • EM from IACR Rothamsted.



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DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia. ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by, or using data from experts in the field of virology or members ICTV. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web from the descriptions in DELTA-format. The description has been generated automatically from DELTA files. DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia.

ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond, is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by ICTV members and experts, or by the ICTVdB Management using data provided by the experts, the literature or the latest ICTV Report. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations from the encoded descriptions are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web.

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