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00.074.0.03.001. Tobacco necrosis virus A

Cite this publication as: ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.074.0.03.001. Tobacco necrosis virus A. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA

Cite this site as: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/

Table of Contents

Isolate Description

Location: Cambridge; the United Kingdom.

Host of Isolate and Habitat Details
Source of isolate: Nicotiana tabacum.

Natural host and symptoms
Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa — local lesions (some strains), systemic necrosis (Chenopodium necrosis strain only).

Nicotiana clevelandii, N. tabacum — necrotic local lesions.

Phaseolus vulgaris — local lesions that spread along minor veins.

Reference to Isolation Report
Smith and Bald (1935).

Classification

This is a description of a plant virus at the species level.

ICTVdB Virus Code: 00.074.0.03.001. Virus accession number: 74003001. Obsolete virus code: 44.0.1.0.001; superceded accession number: 44010001.
NCBI Taxon Identifier NCBI Taxonomy ID: 12055.

Name, Synonyms and Lineage

Alternative name: Tobacco necrosis virus, A strain. ICTV approved acronym: TNV-A. Virus is the type species of the genus Necrovirus; family 00.074. Tombusviridae.

Virion Properties

Morphology

Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is not enveloped, round with icosahedral symmetry (T=3). The capsid is isometric and has a diameter of 28.8-32 nm. Capsids appear round. The capsomer arrangement is not obvious. The capsid consists of 32 capsomers. Virus preparations contain more than one particle component (i.e. satellite virus TNV of 17 nm is associated with virus and depends on TNV for replication).

Electron microscopic preparation and references: Virus preparation contains few virions. Aldehyde fixation necessary for some strains (Finlay and Teakle, 1969). Reference for electron microscopic methods: Finlay and Teakle (1969, Kassanis (1970).

Capsid structures, detailed structural and computational analysis are found in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) using VIPERdB, the VIrus Particle ExploreR 1c8n.

Physicochemical and Physical Properties

Virions have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.399 g cm-3. There are 1 sedimenting component(s) found in purified preparations. The sedimentation coefficient is 118 S20w. Isoelectric point pH is 4.5 (B strain). The thermal inactivation point (TIP) is at 85-95°C. The longevity in vitro (LIV) is 7-28 days. Although the titer is dependent on the host, the decimal exponent (DEX) of the dilution end point is usually around 4. The infectivity is retained when deproteinized with phenol or detergent.

Nucleic Acid

The Mr of the genome constitutes 19% of the virion by weight. The genome is monopartite. Only one particle size of linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA is recovered. Minor species of non-genomic nucleic acid are not found in virions. The complete genome is 3762 nucleotides long. Sequence is fully and partially sequenced. Complete sequence is 3762 nucleotides long. Sequence has the accession number
[D00942] Em(40)_vi:TNCDNSC Gb(84)_vi:TNCDNSC Tobacco necrosis virus genome, complete sequence. 1/94 3,759bp.
[L04261] Em(40)_vi:TNCPOLCOA Gb(84)_vi:TNCPOLCOAT Tobacco necrosis virus (Nebraska) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene, 3' end p10.7, p6.2 and c
[M33002] Em(40)_vi:TNCPOLY Gb(84)_vi:TNCPOLY Tobacco necrosis virus RNA dependent RNA polymerase and coat protein genes, complete cds. 7/9
[X58455] Gb(84)_vi:TNVARNA Tobacco necrosis virus type A RNA. 6/94 2,236bp.
The genome has a base ratio of 24 % guanine; 27.5 % adenine; 22.5 % cytosine; 25.5 % uracil. The cap sequence type is ppApGpUp...

GenBank records for nucleotide sequences; complete genome sequences.

Proteins

Proteins constitute about 81% of the particle weight.

The viral genome encodes structural proteins and non-structural proteins. Virions consist of 1 structural protein(s) located in the capsid.

Structural Proteins: Capsid protein COAT_TNVA. Capsid protein has a molecular mass of 29784 Da (276 AA) with 180 copies per virion; sequence has the accession number [P22959].

Reference to method of preparation: Lesnaw and Reichmann (1969, Uyemoto and Grogan (1969).

Lipids

Lipids are not reported.

Transcription: Sub-genomic RNA is present in infected cells; a transcription of Two subgenomic RNAs (1.6 and 1.3 kb, the smaller encodes the coat protein, and the larger the proteins of ORF 3 and, possibly, ORF 4.

Replication cycle Features: the genome has 5 ORFs encoding proteins of 23, 82, 7.9, 6.2 and 30 kDa with a sixth encoding a 6.7 kDa protein. The 82 kDa protein is probably a polymerase, and the 30 kDa the coat protein.

Biological Properties

Natural Host

Domain
Viral hosts belong to the Domain Eucarya.

Domain Eucarya
Kingdom Plantae.

Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms, Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae).

Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae)
Subclass ASTERIDAE.

Severity and Occurrence of Disease

Host: Signs and symptoms persist.

Transmission and Vector Relationships

Virus is transmitted by a vector. Virus is transmitted by mechanical inoculation; not transmitted by seeds; not transmitted by pollen.

Vector Transmission:
Virus is transmitted by fungi; of the order Chytridiales; Olpidium brassicae.

Experimental Hosts and Symptoms

Under experimental conditions susceptibility to infection by virus is found in many families. Susceptible host species are found in the Family Amaranthaceae, Apocynaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gesneriaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, Liliaceae, Onagraceae, Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Tetragoniaceae. The following species were susceptible to experimental virus infection: Amaranthus caudatus, Antirrhinum majus, Arachis hypogaea, Avena sativa, Beta vulgaris, Brassica campestris ssp. rapa, Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Capsicum frutescens, Catharanthus roseus, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium amaranticolor, Chenopodium quinoa, Cichorium endiva, Clarkia amoena, Cucumis melo, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita pepo, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Datura stramonium, Fragaria vesca, Glycine max, Gomphrena globosa, Gypsophila elegans, Helianthus annuus, Hordeum vulgare, Hyoscyamus niger, Lactuca sativa, Lathyrus odoratus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicandra physalodes, Nicotiana clevelandii, Nicotiana glutinosa, Nicotiana rustica, Nicotiana sylvestris, Nicotiana tabacum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Ricinus communis, Sinningia speciosa, Solanum nodiflorum, Sonchus oleraceus, Spinacia oleracea, Tetragonia tetragonioides, Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Triticum aestivum, Tulipa gesneriana, Vigna radiata, Vigna unguiculata, Zea mays, Zinnia elegans.

Experimentally infected insusceptible Hosts: Families containing insusceptible hosts: Boraginaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Compositae, Convolvulaceae, Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae, Gramineae, or Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, Solanaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Umbelliferae. Species inoculated with virus that do not show signs of susceptibility: Calendula officinalis, Daucus carota, Dianthus barbatus, Euphorbia marginata, Ipomoea setosa, Medicago sativa, Myosotis sylvatica, Physalis peruviana, Raphanus sativus, Secale cereale, Solanum melongena, Tropaeolum majus, Vicia faba.

Diagnostic Hosts

Diagnostic host species and symptoms:

Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Lactuca sativa, Cucumis sativus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna radiata, V. unguiculata, Nicotiana clevelandii, N. tabacum — necrotic local lesions, usually no systemic spread (except the bean stipple streak strain in P. vulgaris).

Maintenance and Propagation Hosts

Most commonly used maintenance and propagation host species are Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata, Nicotiana clevelandii, N. tabacum.

Assay Hosts

Host: Assay hosts (for Local lesions or Whole plants):
Chenopodium amaranticolor (L), Phaseolus vulgaris (L), Vigna radiata (L), V. unguiculata (L).

References to host data: Price (1940, Thornberry (1966).

Histopathology: Virus can be best detected in roots. Virions are found in the cytoplasm.

Cytopathology: Inclusions are present in infected cells. Inclusion bodies in the host cell are found in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Cytoplasmic inclusions are crystals. Inclusions are string-like arrays and aggregates in the nucleus. Inclusions contain mature virions (Edwardson and Christie, 1986).

Geographical Distribution

The virus is probably distributed worldwide.

List of Strains and Isolates in the Species

Many reported, including B, C, E, and S (Babos and Kassanis, 1963), cucumber necrosis (Van Koot and van Dorst, 1955), stipple streak (Van der Want, 1948), Ac 36, Ac 38 and Ac 43 (Uyemoto et al., 1968), Urbana (Lesnaw and Reichmann, 1969), chenopodium necrosis (Tomlinson et al., 1983).

References

Adam, G., Winter, S. and Lesemann, D.-E. (1990). Ann. appl. Biol. 116: 523.

Babos, P. and Kassanis, B. (1962). Virology 18: 206.

Babos, P. and Kassanis, B. (1963). J. gen. Microbiol. 32: 135.

Bawden, F.C. and van der Want, J.P.H. (1949). Tijdschr. PlZiekt. 55: 142.

Coutts, RHA., Rigden, JE, Slabar, AR., Lomonossoff, G.P. and Wise, P.J. (1991). J. gen. Virol. 72: 1521.

Edwardson, J.R. and Christie, R.G. (1986). Fla Agric. Exp. Stn Monog. No. 14, p. 525.

Faccioli, G. (1970). Proc. 4th NAT Strawberry Conf., Cesena, Italy, p. 351.

Faccioli, G. (1974). Phytopathol. Medit. 13: 71.

Finlay, J.R. and Teakle, D.S. (1969). J. gen. Virol. 5: 93.

Gama, M.I.C.S., Kitajima, E.W. and Lin, M.T. (1982). Phytopathology 72: 529.

Kassanis, B. (1970). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 14, 4 pp.

Kassanis, B. (1977). In: Atlas of Insect and Plant Viruses, p. 281; ed K. Maramorosch. Academic Press, New York.

Kassanis, B. and Macfarlane, I. (1965). Virology 26: 603.

Lesnaw, J.A. and Reichmann, M.E. (1969). Virology 39: 738.

Mali, V.R. (1976). Indian Phytopath. 29: 266.

Meulewaeter, F., Seurinck, J. and van Emmelo, J. (1990). Virology 177: 699.

Price, W.C. (1940). Am. J. Bot. 27: 530.

Smith, K.M. and Bald, JG (1935). Parasitol. 27: 231.

Stussi-Garaud, C., Lemins, J. and Fraenkel-Conrat, H. (1977). Virology 81: 224.

Teakle, D.S. (1962). Phytopathology 52: 1037.

Temmink, J.H.M., Campbell, R.N. and Smith, P.R. (1970). J. gen. Virol. 9: 201.

Thornberry, HH (1966). In: Index of Plant Virus Diseases. U.S. Dep. Agric. Hdbk No. 307, p. 312.

Tomlinson, J.A., Faithfull, E.M., Webb, M.J.W., Fraser, R.S.S. and Seeley, N.D. (1983). Ann. appl. Biol. 102: 135.

Uyemoto, JK (1981). in Handbook of Plant Infections and Comparative Diagnosis. p.123, ed. E. Kurstak. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.

Uyemoto, JK and Grogan, R.G. (1969). Virology 39: 79

Uyemoto, JK, Grogan, R.G. and Wakeman, J.R. (1968). Virology 34: 410.

Van Koot, Y. and van Dorst, H.J.M. (1955). Tijdschr. PlZiekt. 61: 163.

Van der Want, J.P.H. (1948). Tijdschr. PlZiekt. 54: 85.

The following generic references are cited in the most recent ICTV Report.

PubMed References.

VIDEdB, the plant virus database developed at the Australian National University by Adrian J. Gibbs and collaborators, contains an earlier description with the number 805 by D.S. Teakle, 1982. Revised 1985. Updated 1990 by A.A. Brunt.
A description of the virus is found in DPV, a database for plant viruses developed by the Association of Applied Biologists (AAB), with the number 14.

Images

Taxon images: • EM from IACR Rothamsted.



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DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia. ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by, or using data from experts in the field of virology or members ICTV. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web from the descriptions in DELTA-format. The description has been generated automatically from DELTA files. DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia.

ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond, is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by ICTV members and experts, or by the ICTVdB Management using data provided by the experts, the literature or the latest ICTV Report. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations from the encoded descriptions are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web.

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Last updated on 25 April 2006 by Cornelia Büchen-Osmond
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