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00.073.0.02. Rubivirus
Cite this publication as: ICTVdB Management (2006).
00.073.0.02. Rubivirus. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database,
version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA
Cite this site as: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/
This is a description of a
vertebrate virus at the genus level.
ICTVdB Virus Code: 00.073.0.02. Virus accession number:
073002GE. Obsolete virus code: 73.0.2.; superceded accession number: 73020000.
NCBI Taxon Identifier NCBI Taxonomy ID:
11040.
Name, Synonyms and Lineage
Synonym(s): Rubella
virus. Virus is of the family 00.073.
Togaviridae.
Virions consist of an envelope and a nucleocapsid. During
their life cycle, virions have not been observed outside a cellular environment
and have a cell-associated cycle. Virus capsid is tightly enveloped by
a lipid envelope with structural proteins. Virions are spherical. Virions
measure 60 nm in diameter. Surface projections are distinctive
glycoprotein spikes that cover evenly the
surface. Capsid/nucleocapsid is round and exhibits icosahedral
symmetry (T=4). The nucleoisometric capsid has a diameter of 40 nm.
The molecular mass (Mr) of virions is 52 x 106.
Virions have a buoyant density in sucrose of 1.17-1.2 g
cm-3. The sedimentation coefficient is 280
S20w. The thermal inactivation point (TIP) is at 58°C.
The longevity in vitro (LIV) is 0.35 days (at 37°C in culture
medium). Following UV radiation; virion infectivity is rapidly inactivated by
heating for 10 min above 5°C. Under in vitro
conditions virions are stable when stored at -70°C to -60°C (and keep
infectious for prolonged intervals), or 4°C (for several days in the
presence of protein, stable in alkaline environment of pH 7-8.
Virions are sensitive to treatment with organic solvents and detergents (which
solubilzes their lipoprotein envelops).
The
genome is not segmented and contains a single molecule of linear
positive-sense, single-stranded RNA. The complete
genome is 9757 nucleotides long. The RNA. The 5'-end of the genome has a
methylated nucleotide cap. The 3'-terminus has a poly (A) tract.
GenBank records for
nucleotide sequences;
complete genome sequences.
The viral
genome encodes structural proteins and non-structural proteins. Virions consist
of 3 structural protein(s) located in the envelope and nucleocapsid.
The viral envelope contains 2 integral membrane proteins.
Structural Proteins: Envelope protein E1 has a
molecular mass of 58000 Da. Envelope protein has been sequenced; is expressed in
the late transcription phase. Envelope protein E2; has a molecular mass
of about 42000-48000 Da; has been sequenced. Nucleocapsid protein C;
has a molecular mass of 33000 Da; is the product of the polyprotein 110
kd precursor; has been sequenced.
Non-Structural Proteins: Virus-coded non-structural
proteins have been identified by sequence analysis (Johnstone P, Whitby
J, Bosma T, Best JM and Sanders PG. Sequence variation in 5' termini of rubella
virus genomes: Changes affecting structure of the 5' proximal stem-loop.
Arch. Virol.).
Lipids are
present and located in the envelope. Virions are composed of 30%
lipids by weight. The composition of viral lipids and host cell membranes are
similar. The lipids are of host origin and are derived from plasma
membranes. Viral membranes include phosphatidyl ethanolamine,
phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine, cholesterol, and sphingomyelin.
Genome Organization and Replication
Serological relationships
between different members are considerable. Homologies can be identified in
amino acid sequences of the coat protein of non-vector transmitted viruses (of
about 40%). Cross-reactivity is found. Cross-reactivity between species, but not
genera. Species that are serologically interrelated have antigenic homologies
with different species of the same serogroup or complex. Classification of
members of this taxon is based on their antigenic properties (initially).
Natural Host
Virus infects during its life cycle a single type of vertebrate host.
Domain
Viral hosts belong to the Domain Eucarya.
Domain Eucarya
Kingdom Animalia.
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata.
Phylum Vertebrata
Subphylum Vertebrata; Class Mammalia.
Class Mammalia
Order Primates;
Family
Hominidae.
Virus infects Homo sapiens (human).
General Symptoms in Animals Infection can
affect the endocrine or exocrine system, or dermis, mucosa or epithelium.
General symptoms include fever and rashes. Signs and symptoms include
maculopapular; erythema marginatum. Lesions are found in skin or dermis.
Severity and Occurrence of
Disease
Host: Although disease expression is dependent on
dose, infection is usually subacute. The infection is clinically expressed (but
50% of rubella infections are clinically inapparent). Signs and symptoms may
vary, but are usually mild and disappear soon after infection.
Prevalence of viral infection is seasonally dependent, and incidences of virus
infection are usually observed in spring. Contagiousness is moderate;
infected host is contagious for 12 days; the incubation period
lasts usually 16-20 day(s).
Virus is not transmitted by a vector. Virus is
transmitted by contact between hosts; transmitted by kissing (Rubella virus is
transmitted between individuals by aerosolation. Rubella virus can also act as a
teratogen, inducing Congenital Rubella Syndrome (death, spontaneous abortions,
congenital malformations, risk decreases with fetal development) when spread
from mother to fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy).
Non-Vector Transmission: Virus is by inhaling; the likelihood
of viral transmission by respiratory route (air-borne) is significant.
Pathology
Virus can be best detected in
respiratory tract.
Histopathology: Virions are found in the cytoplasm.
The virus is probably distributed worldwide. The viral
host lives under aerobic conditions.
Type species 00.073.0.02.001.
Rubella virus .
List of Species in the
Genus.
Data Sources and
Contributions
The
following generic references are cited in the most recent ICTV Report.
PubMed References.
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