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00.073.0.01.007. Chikungunya
virus
Cite this publication as: ICTVdB Management (2006).
00.073.0.01.007. Chikungunya virus. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus
Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New
York, USA
Cite this site as: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus
Database, version 4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/
Isolation date: 22 February, 1953.
Location: Entebbe, Uganda.
Host of Isolate and Habitat Details
Source of
isolate: human blood and mosquitoes.
Virus was isolated from adults.
Collection and Isolation Details
Virus was
isolated by RW Ross.
Reference to Isolation Report
International Catalogue of Arboviruses,Amer. Soc. of Trop. Med. Hyg.;
Ross RW (1956), J. Hyg. 54, 177.
Biocontainment Level
Distribution of this virus
falls under quarantine restrictions. It is recommended to handle this virus at
the biocontainment level BSL-3.
This is a description of an
invertebrate or vertebrate virus at the species
level with data limited to classification details. If you have primary
data on this virus, please submit them to ICTVdB
using the online data
entry systems or contact the ICTVdB
management.
ICTVdB Virus Code: 00.073.0.01.007. Virus accession number:
73001007. Obsolete virus code: 73.0.1.0.008; superceded accession number:
730100007.
NCBI Taxon Identifier NCBI Taxonomy ID:
37124.
Name, Synonyms and Lineage
The taxon has the
accepted ICTV name.
ICTV approved acronym: (CHIKV). Virus is an ICTV approved species. Virus is
of the genus 00.073.0.01.
Alphavirus in the family
00.073.
Togaviridae; not assigned to an order.
Virions consist of an envelope and a nucleocapsid. During
their life cycle, virions have not been observed outside a cellular environment
and have a cell-associated cycle. Virus capsid is enveloped (with a tight
fitting membrane). Virions are spherical and measure
about
70 nm in diameter. Surface projections are distinctive glycoprotein spikes
covering evenly the surface.
Capsid/nucleocapsid is round and exhibits icosahedral symmetry
(T=4). The nucleocapsid is isometric
and has a diameter of about 40 nm. Capsids appear round.
Nucleocapsid contains a nucleoprotein complex.
Virion infectivity is destroyed by heating. Under in
vitro conditions virions are relatively stable when stored at -40°C.
Virions are sensitive to treatment with lipid solvents, detergents, ether,
trypsin, chloroform, formaldehyde, heat, and ß-propiolactone. The
infectivity is reduced after exposure to irradiation.
The
genome is monomeric; not segmented and contains a single molecule of
linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA.
The genome is infectious. Minor species of genomic nucleic acid are not found.
The complete genome is 11824 nucleotides long. The RNA is fully sequenced
and partially sequenced, complete sequence is 11824 nucleotides long.
Sequenced genome has the accession number(s)
[L37661];
[AF369024]. Nucleotide sequences at the 3'-terminus are identical
and unrelated to the 5'-terminus. The 5'-end of the genome has a methylated
nucleotide cap. The 3'-terminus has no long non-coding region; conserved
nucleotide sequences; in species of same genus; sequence has conserved regions.
The 3'-terminus has a poly (A) tract. Each virion contains a full length
copy.
Reference to nucleotide sequence in PubMed:
reference(s). GenBank records for
nucleotide sequences;
complete genome sequences.
Proteins
have been characterized and functions are assigned to them. Particles are made
up of 5 proteins.
The viral genome encodes structural proteins and non-structural proteins.
Virions consist of 5 structural protein(s) located in the envelope,
nucleocapsid. The viral envelope contains 3 integral membrane proteins.
Lipids are
present in significant amounts and are located in the
envelope. The lipids are of host origin and composition depends on the cell in
which the virus replicates and are derived from host cell
membranes. Lipids in the viral membrane have a monolayer structure. Viral
membranes include phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline,
phosphatidyl serine, cholesterol, and sphingomyelin. Lipids are essential for
infectivity.
Carbohydrates are glycoproteins and N-linked
glycans that contain mannose. Carbohydrate composition in the
virion is virus-dependent.
Genome Organization and Replication
The process of intracellular uncoating of virions is understood. Virus
uncoating occurs in the cytoplasm; the viral nucleocapsid is delivered
to the cell cytoplasm, the site of mRNA and subgenomic mRNA
transcription.
By itself, genomic nucleic acid is infectious.
Infection and Replication: Virus
replication is initiated by the insect host; occurs in the various organs. In
the vertebrate host virus replication occurs in various organs.
Replication is not restricted to a particular tissue or organ of the host.
Although severity of illness depends on route and dose, the majority of
infections are subclinical.
Transcription: The 5' ends of mRNAs
are capped. The 3' ends of mRNAs possess a poly (A) tract.
Translation: The genome replicates in
the cytoplasm.
Antigenic determinants may
be found on envelopes, or spikes, or nucleocapsids and correspond
to each of the major structural proteins, or structural glycoproteins, or
non-structural proteins. The type-specific antigenic determinants are involved
in antibody mediated neutralization, or hemagglutination inhibition. Antigenic
determinants that possess serogroup-specific reactivity are found on the
nucleocapsids. The serogroup-specific antigenic determinants are involved in
antibody mediated neutralization, or hemagglutination inhibition, or complement
fixation. Antigenic specificity of the virion can be determined by
neutralization tests, or hemagglutination inhibition tests, or complement
fixation tests, or ELISA tests, or immunofluorescence assays. In gel-diffusion
tests antisera display cross-reactivities among different members of the taxon.
Serological relationships between different members are very close (but
relationships depend on antigenic complex membership. Chikungunya belongs to the
Semliki Forest Complex). Cross-reactivity is found. Cross-reactivity between
isolates of the same species and species, but not genera. The virus is
immunogenic. The virus induces antibodies with distinct reactivities to the
subtype-specific determinants, type-specific determinants, serogroup-specific
determinants, complex-specific determinants, and genus-specific determinants.
The virus induces the formation of neutralizing antibodies, or hemagglutination
inhibiting antibodies, or complement-fixing antibodies. Antibody response that
is protective against infection is usually directed against virion
glycoproteins, or virion surface proteins. The virus serotype is determined by a
serum neutralization test. Antigenic distances between individual species,
expressed as serological indices, are correlated with the degree of sequence
difference in their coat protein (E1 and E2). Although the degree of antigenic
specificity varies with the degree of relatedness, the antigenicity is
considerable between isolates of the same virus species, or species of
the same serogroup. The virus is closely related to other viruses of the Semliki
Forest virus Complex (O'nyong-nyong, Mayaro, Getah, Babaru, RossRiver,
related to all other Alphaviruses. Classification of members of
this taxon is based on their sequence homologies. Sequence homologies
phylogenetic analyses using nonstructural protein amino acid sequences indicate
that alphaviruses evolved from a common ancestor which existed a few thousand
years ago. Reliable virus detection and identification can be achieved by
electron microscopy, or serological tests, or PCR techniques, or using specific
primers.
Diagnostics and Reference Collections
The
best tests for diagnosis are chikungunya strain can be distinguished by kinetic
hemagglutination-inhibition tests or by using monoclonal antibodies in any of
various tests, including ELISA.
Natural Host
Virus infects during its life cycle arthropod and vertebrate hosts. Virus has an
enzootic cycle and is transmitted from arthropod vector to competent reservoir
host. Domain
Viral hosts belong to the Domain
Eucarya.
Domain Eucarya
Kingdom Animalia.
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda and
Chordata.
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Hexapoda; Class
Insecta; Subclass Pterygota (winged insects), Order Diptera.
Phylum Vertebrata
Subphylum Vertebrata; Class Mammalia.
Class Mammalia
Order Primates;
Family
Hominidae.
Virus infects Homo sapiens (human).
General Symptoms in Animals Infection can
affect the nervous system, or musculo-skeletal system, or dermis, mucosa or
epithelium. General symptoms include conjunctivitis, or fever, or headache, or
hemorrhage, or malaise, or rashes. Signs and symptoms include maculopapular;
arthralgia, or myalgia.
Severity and Occurrence of
Disease
Host: Infection is humans apparent; although disease
expression is dependent on dose, infection is usually acute, or chronic (more
than 12% of the patients with Chikungunya develop chronic joint symptoms). The
infection is clinically expressed. Signs and symptoms may vary, but are usually
faint and might persist. Prevalence of viral infection is
seasonally dependent, and incidences of virus infection are usually observed in
summer and during wet seasons. The incubation period lasts usually
2-3 day(s).
Host 2: Nonhuman primates serve as the principal reservoir. The
infection is clinically expressed.
Virus is transmitted by a vector.
Vector Transmission:
Virus is transmitted by arthropods, insects.
Non-Vector Transmission: Virus is by inhaling; the likelihood
of viral transmission by respiratory route (air-borne) is low.
Experimental Hosts and Symptoms
Under
experimental conditions susceptibility to infection by virus is found in many
families; the virus infects small rodents.
Host:
Experimental host is susceptible to infection suckling
mice. Chikungunya is nonpathogen to adult mice. Experimentally infected hosts
mainly show symptoms of similar virulence. Cell lines or tissue cultures
susceptible to infection are brain of suckling mice.
Diagnostic Hosts
For virus isolation
the most commonly used test animals are suckling mice; cell lines or tissue
cultures are Vero cell, LLCMK2, BHK-21, hamster kidney, chicken embryo, duck
embryo. Virus has been propagated in experimental animals, or cell culture, or
organ culture, or developing embryo.
Maintenance and Propagation Hosts
Most commonly used maintenance and propagation host species are suckling mice.
Geographical distribution of the virus is probably
restricted. The virus spreads in East Asia, or Africa. The virus is known to
occur in subtropical regions, or tropical regions; viral host lives under
aerobic conditions; viral host lives in the atmosphere. The virus occurs in
Angola, or Benin, or Burkina Faso, or Burundi, or Cambodia (Kampuchea), or
Cameroon, or the Central African Republic, or Chad, or the Congo, or Cote
d'Ivoire, or East Timor, or Gabon, or Gambia, or Ghana, or Guinea Bissau, or
Lesotho, or Liberia, or Malaysia, or Mozambique, or Namibia, or Niger, or
Nigeria, or Rwanda, or Senegal, or Sierra Leone, or Somalia, or South Africa, or
Tanzania, or Thailand, or Togo, or Uganda, or Viet Nam, or Zambia, or Zimbabwe.
00.073.0.01.007.00.001. Chikungunya virus, strain S27-African Prototype
00.073.0.01.007.00.002. Chikungunya virus, strain Ross
00.073.0.01.007.00.003. Chikungunya virus, strain S27Petersfield
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.001. Chikungunya virus, isolate MALh0298
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.002. Chikungunya virus, isolate MALh0198
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.003. Chikungunya virus, isolate 181/25
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.004. Chikungunya virus, isolate Ag 41855
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.005. Chikungunya virus, isolate CAR256
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.007. Chikungunya virus, isolate 18211
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.006. Chikungunya virus, isolate H2 123
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.008. Chikungunya virus, isolate P0731460
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.009. Chikungunya virus, isolate Gibbs
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.010. Chikungunya virus, isolate SV 045196
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.011. Chikungunya virus, isolate 3412/78
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.012. Chikungunya virus, isolate 1455/75
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.013. Chikungunya virus, isolate C03295
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.014. Chikungunya virus, isolate 644188
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.015. Chikungunya virus, isolate H15483
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.016. Chikungunya virus, isolate RSU1
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.017. Chikungunya virus, isolate IbH35
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.018. Chikungunya virus, isolate 37997
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.019. Chikungunya virus, isolate PM2951
00.073.0.01.007.00.000.020. Chikungunya virus, isolate IPD A 234
Parker
MD Unpublished (1994). Structural protein gene sequences of Chikungunya vaccine
virus, its parent and a virulent revertant.
The following generic references are
cited in the most recent ICTV Report.
PubMed References.
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