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00.056.0.01.024. Daphne virus X

Cite this publication as: ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.056.0.01.024. Daphne virus X. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA

Cite this site as: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/

Table of Contents

Isolate Description

Location: New Zealand (Aotearoa).

Host of Isolate and Habitat Details
Source of isolate: Daphne cneorum.

Natural host and symptoms
Daphne cneorum, D. odora — symptomless.

Reference to Isolation Report
Forster and Milne (1978b).

Classification

This is a description of a plant virus at the species level with data on all virus properties from morphology to genome, replication, antigenicity and biological properties.

ICTVdB Virus Code: 00.056.0.01.024. Virus accession number: 56001024. Obsolete virus code: 00.056.0.81.007.; 56.0.1.T.007; superceded accession number: 56081007; 5601t007.

Name, Synonyms and Lineage

Synonym(s): daphne latent Virus X. ICTV approved acronym: DVX. Virus is an ICTV approved species. Virus is of the genus 00.056.0.01. Potexvirus in the family 00.056. Flexiviridae.

Virion Properties

Morphology

Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is not enveloped. Capsid/nucleocapsid is elongated with helical symmetry. The capsid is filamentous, flexuous with a length of 500 nm and a width of 12 nm. Axial canal is indistinct. Basic helix is obvious.

Electron microscopic preparation and references: Virus preparation contains many virions. Reference for electron microscopic methods: Forster and Milne (1978c).

Physicochemical and Physical Properties

Virions have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.28 g cm-3. There are 1 sedimenting component(s) found in purified preparations. The sedimentation coefficient is 110 S20w. The thermal inactivation point (TIP) is at 80°C. The longevity in vitro (LIV) is 35 days. Although the titer is dependent on the host, the decimal exponent (DEX) of the dilution end point is usually around 5. The infectivity is retained when deproteinized with phenol or detergent.

Nucleic Acid

The Mr of the genome constitutes 6% of the virion by weight. The genome is monopartite, only one particle size is recovered of linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA. Minor species of non-genomic nucleic acid are also found in virions. The encapsidated nucleic acid is mainly of genomic origin, but virions may also contain subgenomic RNA that is mRNA (with the sizes of 4.9; 4.0; 2.1; 1.4 and 0.8 kb (Guilford and Forster, 1986)). The complete genome is 6500 nucleotides long, is sequenced, complete sequence is about 6500 nucleotides long. The genome has an intergenic poly (A) region at at the 3'-terminal and 200 bases long. Reference to nucleotide sequence Guilford and Forster (1986).

Proteins

Proteins constitute about 94% of the particle weight.

The viral genome encodes structural proteins and non-structural proteins. Virions consist of 1 structural protein(s).

Lipids

Lipids are not reported.

Genome Organization and Replication

By itself, genomic nucleic acid is infectious.

Transcription: The virus codes for 5 ORF(s).

Sub-genomic RNA is present in infected cells; encoding the coat protein (0.8 kb (Guilford and Forster, 1986)).

Coding Strategy of Segment 1: Sequence has a gene block. Sequence has triple gene block sequence (TGB). Encodes proteins involved in cell to cell movement.

Antigenicity

The virus does not show serological relationships to clover yellow mosaic, narcissus mosaic, potato X and white clover mosaic viruses, although preliminary tests (Milne and Forster, 1976) had suggested a distant relationship to white clover mosaic virus.

Diagnostics and Reference Collections

The best tests for diagnosis are Only two other viruses infecting daphne have flexuous filamentous virions; daphne S virus has virions c. 720 nm long (Forster and Milne, 1978a), and daphne Y virus has virions c. 730 nm long (Forster and Milne, 1976). Unlike daphne Virus X, these viruses do not infect Cucumis sativus or Gomphrena globosa.

Biological Properties

Natural Host

Domain
Viral hosts belong to the Domain Eucarya.

Domain Eucarya
Kingdom Plantae.

Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms, Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae).

Severity and Occurrence of Disease

Host: Infection is not apparent.

Transmission and Vector Relationships

Virus is not transmitted by a vector; Not transmitted between peas by the aphid Myzus persicae. Virus is transmitted by mechanical inoculation; not transmitted by seeds.

Experimental Hosts and Symptoms

Under experimental conditions susceptibility to infection by virus is found in several families. Susceptible host species are found in the Family Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, Solanaceae, Thymelaeaceae. The following species were susceptible to experimental virus infection: Chenopodium quinoa, Cucumis melo, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita maxima, Daphne cneorum, Daphne odora, Datura stramonium, Gomphrena globosa, Nicotiana clevelandii, Pisum sativum, Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica.

Experimentally infected insusceptible Hosts: Families containing insusceptible hosts: Chenopodiaceae, Leguminosae-Papilionoideae. Species inoculated with virus that do not show signs of susceptibility: Spinacia oleracea, Vicia faba.

Diagnostic Hosts

Diagnostic host species and symptoms:

Cucumis sativus — sunken chlorotic local lesions; then systemic faint chlorotic spotting, but later leaves are symptomless.

Gomphrena globosa — necrotic local lesions, often with red haloes; not systemic.

Nicotiana clevelandii — chlorotic and necrotic local lesions; systemic chlorotic rings or mottle.

Pisum sativum — necrotic local lesions; then systemic chlorotic mottle and sometimes stem blackening.

Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica — small necrotic local lesions; not systemic. Diagnostic host: insusceptible host species Vicia faba, Spinacia oleracea.

Maintenance and Propagation Hosts

Most commonly used maintenance and propagation host species are Nicotiana clevelandii — inoculated leaves are also good source for purification.

Assay Hosts

Host: Assay hosts (for Local lesions or Whole plants):
Cucumis sativus (L), Gomphrena globosa (L), Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica (L).

Histopathology: Virus can be best detected in leaves. Virions are found in the cytoplasm.

Cytopathology: Inclusions are present in infected cells. Inclusion bodies in the host cell are found in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic inclusions are crystals. Inclusions contain mature virions.

Geographical Distribution

The virus occurs in Australia and New Zealand (Aotearoa).

Ecology, Epidemiology and Control

Studies reported by Forster and Milne (1976; 1978). In New Zealand, no Daphne cneorum plants have been found free of daphne Virus X out of more than 100 tested. D. cneorum plants imported from West Germany free of daphne Virus X have been propagated and used to replace infected stock plants in nurseries.

References

Forster, R.L.S. and Milne, K.S. (1976). N.Z. Jl agric. Res. 19: 359.

Forster, R.L.S. and Milne, K.S. (1978a). N.Z. Jl agric. Res. 21: 131.

Forster, R.L.S. and Milne, K.S. (1978b). N.Z. Jl agric. Res. 21: 137.

Forster, R.L.S. and Milne, K.S. (1978c). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 195, 3 pp.

Guilford, P.J. and Forster, R.L.S. (1986). J. gen. Virol. 67: 83.

Milne, K.S. and Forster, R.L.S. (1976). Acta Hort. 59: 95. The following generic references are cited in the most recent ICTV Report.
VIDEdB, the plant virus database developed at the Australian National University by Adrian J. Gibbs and collaborators, contains an earlier description with the number 286 by R.L.S. Forster, 1986.

A description of the virus is found in DPV, a database for plant viruses developed by the Association of Applied Biologists (AAB), with the number 195.



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DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia. ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by, or using data from experts in the field of virology or members ICTV. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web from the descriptions in DELTA-format. The description has been generated automatically from DELTA files. DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia.

ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond, is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by ICTV members and experts, or by the ICTVdB Management using data provided by the experts, the literature or the latest ICTV Report. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations from the encoded descriptions are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web.

Developer of the DELTA software: M. J. Dallwitz, T. Paine and E. Zurcher

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Last updated on 25 April 2006 by Cornelia Büchen-Osmond
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