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00.039.0.02.003. Beet western yellows virus

Cite this publication as: ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.039.0.02.003. Beet western yellows virus. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA

Cite this site as: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/

Table of Contents

Isolate Description

Location: California; the United States of America.

Host of Isolate and Habitat Details
Source of isolate: Beta vulgaris, Lactuca sativa, Spinacia oleracea, Raphanus sativus.

Natural host and symptoms
More than 150 species in 23 dicotyledonous families susceptible including such economically important species as:

Beta vulgaris (sugar and table beet), Spinacia oleracea, Helianthus annuus, Lactuca sativa, Brassica napus var. napobrassica, B. campestris ssp. napus, B. campestris ssp. rapa, B. nigra, B. oleracea var. botrytis, Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Raphanus sativus, Crambe abyssinica, Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Cicer arietinum, Glycine max, Pisum sativum, Trifolium subterraneum, Vicia faba, Phlox drummondii, Capsicum annuum, Lycopersicon esculentum — mild chlorotic spotting, yellowing, thickening and brittleness of older leaves.

Reference to Isolation Report
Duffus (1960; 1961).

Classification

This is a description of a plant virus at the species level with data on all virus properties from morphology to genome, replication, antigenicity and biological properties.

ICTVdB Virus Code: 00.039.0.02.003. Virus accession number: 39002003. Obsolete virus code: 39.0.1.0.008; superceded accession number: 39010008.
NCBI Taxon Identifier NCBI Taxonomy ID: 12042.

Name, Synonyms and Lineage

Synonym(s): beet mild yellowing virus (Russell, 1958), malva yellows virus (Costa et al., 1959), pea leaf roll virus — New Zealand, radish yellows virus (Duffus, 1960; 1961), turnip mild yellows virus. ICTV approved acronym: BWYV. Virus is an ICTV approved species of the genus 00.039.0.02. Polerovirus in the family 00.039. Luteoviridae.

Virion Properties

Morphology

Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is not enveloped, round with icosahedral symmetry. The isometric capsid has a diameter of 26 nm. Capsids appear hexagonal in outline. The capsomer arrangement is not obvious.

Electron microscopic preparation and references: Virus preparation contains few virions. Reference for electron microscopic methods: Duffus (1981, D'Arcy et al. (1983, Govier (1985).

Physicochemical and Physical Properties

Virions have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.42 g cm-3. The density of virions is 1.36 in Cs2SO4. There are 1 sedimenting component(s) found in purified preparations. The sedimentation coefficient is 116 S20w. A260/A280 ratio is 1.8. The thermal inactivation point (TIP) is at 65°C. The longevity in vitro (LIV) is 16 days.

Nucleic Acid

The Mr of the genome constitutes c. 30% of the virion by weight. The genome is segmented; bipartite, segements are distributed among 2 particle types of linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA. The complete genome is 5641 nucleotides long. The RNA is partially sequenced and sequenced region is 5641 nucleotides long. Sequence has the accession number

[D13750] Em(40)_vi:BWY3E Gb(84)_vi:BWY3E Beet western yellows virus, 3‘end of virus genome. 12/92 109bp.
[L04281] Em(40)_vi:BWYRNA Gb(84)_vi:BWYRNA Beet western yellows virus genomic RNA sequence, open reading frame 1,2,3, and 4. 5/93 2,843b
[X13062] Em(40)_vi:BWYV3 Gb(84)_vi:BWYV3 Beet Western Yellows Virus (BWYV) genomic RNA 3'-end. 9/93 2,208bp.
[X13063] Em(40)_vi:BWYVFL1 Gb(84)_vi:BWYVFL1 Beet western yellows virus (BWYV-FL1) genomic RNA. 9/93 5,641bp.
[L39952] Gb(89)_vi:Bwycoat Beet western yellows virus RNA. 2/95 1,041bp.

[L39982] Em(43)_vi:Lebwycp31 Gb(89)_vi:Bwycp31a Beet western yellows virus (strain bwyv-1, isolate 31) coat protein RNA fragment. 5/95 2
[L40009] Gb(89)_vi:Bwycoata Beet western yellows virus coat protein. 2/95 205bp.
[L40010] Gb(89)_vi:Bwycoatb Beet western yellows virus coat protein. 2/95 703bp.
[L40011] Gb(89)_vi:Bwycoatc Beet western yellows virus coat protein. 2/95 878bp.
[L40012] Gb(89)_vi:Bwycoatd Beet western yellows virus coat protein. 2/95 877bp.
[L40013] Gb(89)_vi:Bwycoate Beet western yellows virus coat protein. 2/95 878bp.
[L40014] Gb(89)_vi:Bwycoatf Beet western yellows virus coat protein. 2/95 878bp.
[L40015] Gb(89)_vi:Bwycoatg Beet western yellows virus coat protein. 2/95 878bp.
[L40016] Gb(89)_vi:Bwycoath Beet western yellows virus coat protein. 2/95 878bp.
[L40017] Gb(89)_vi:Bwycoati Beet western yellows virus coat protein. 2/95 878bp.
[L40018] Gb(89)_vi:Bwycoatj Beet western yellows virus coat protein. 2/95 972bp.
[L40019] Em(43)_vi:Lebwycoat Gb(89)_vi:Bwycoatk Beet western yellows virus coat protein. 5/95 1,154bp.
[L40020] Gb(89)_vi:Bwycoatl Beet western yellows virus coat protein. 2/95 1,041bp. Reference to nucleotide sequence Veidt et al. (1988).

GenBank records for nucleotide sequences; complete genome sequences.

Proteins

Proteins constitute about c. 70% of the particle weight.

The viral genome encodes structural proteins and non-structural proteins. Virions consist of 2 structural protein(s).

Structural Proteins: Reference to method of preparation: Falk and Duffus (1984).

Lipids

Lipids are absent.

Antigenicity

The virus is serologically related to barley yellow dwarf-RPV and beet mild yellowing viruses are closely related; soybean dwarf, subterranean clover red leaf, potato leafroll are more distantly related and bean leaf roll virus is very distantly related. Beet mild yellowing virus is so close that some consider it to be the same species.

Biological Properties

Natural Host

Domain
Viral hosts belong to the Domain Eucarya.

Domain Eucarya
Kingdom Plantae.

Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms, Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae).

Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae)
Subclass CARYOPHYLLIDAE.

Severity and Occurrence of Disease

Host: Signs and symptoms persist, or vary seasonally.

Transmission and Vector Relationships

Virus is transmitted by a vector. Virus is not transmitted by mechanical inoculation; not transmitted by grafting; not transmitted by contact between hosts; not transmitted by seeds; not transmitted by pollen.

Vector Transmission:
Virus is transmitted by arthropods, by insects of the order Hemiptera, family Aphididae; Aphis craccivora, A gossypii, Acyrthosiphon (Aulacorthum) solani, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Brevicoryne brassicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Myzus (Sciamyzus) ascalonicus, M. ornatus, M. persicae, Myzus (Phorodon) humuli. The principal natural vector(s) are Myzus persicae. Virus is transmitted in a persistent manner; retained when the vector moults; does not replicate in the vector; not transmitted congenitally to the progeny of the vector; does not require a helper virus for vector transmission and can facilitate the vector transmission of another virus (lettuce speckles mottle virus).

Experimental Hosts and Symptoms

Under experimental conditions susceptibility to infection by virus is found in many families. Susceptible host species are found in the Family Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Geraniaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, Malvaceae, Onagraceae, Papaveraceae, Polemoniaceae, Portulacaceae, Solanaceae, Tetragoniaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Umbelliferae, Violaceae. The following species were susceptible to experimental virus infection: Abelmoschus esculentus, Amaranthus retroflexus, Arachis hypogaea, Arctotheca calendula, Arundo donax, Beta macrocarpa, Beta patellaris, Beta vulgaris, Brassica campestris ssp. napus, Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis, Brassica campestris ssp. rapa, Brassica juncea, Brassica napus var. napobrassica, Brassica nigra, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Calandrinia caulescens, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Capsicum annuum, Celosia argentea, Cheiranthus cheiri, Chenopodium capitatum, Cicer arietinum, Citrullus lanatus, Clarkia pulchella, Coronopus didymus, Crambe abyssinica, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbita pepo, Erodium moschatum, Euphorbia peplus, Gazania rigens, Glycine max, Gomphrena globosa, Helianthus annuus, Lactuca sativa, Lactuca serriola, Lathyrus odoratus, Lens culinaris, Lupinus albus, Lupinus cosentinii, Lycopersicon esculentum, Malva parviflora, Matthiola incana, Medicago hispida, Montia perfoliata, Nicandra physalodes, Nicotiana bigelovii, Nicotiana clevelandii, Papaver rhoeas, Petroselinum crispum, Petunia x hybrida, Phlox drummondii, Physalis floridana, Pisum sativum, Raphanus sativus, Senecio vulgaris, Sinapis alba, Sinapis arvensis, Solanum tuberosum, Sonchus asper, Sonchus oleraceus, Spinacia oleracea, Stellaria media, Tetragonia tetragonioides, Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Trifolium subterraneum, Tropaeolum majus, Vicia faba, Vicia sativa, Vigna unguiculata, Viola cornuta, Zinnia elegans.

Host:
Experimentally infected hosts mainly show symptoms of yellowing, reddening, stunting.

Experimentally infected insusceptible Hosts: Families containing insusceptible hosts: Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, or Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae, or Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, Linaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae. Species inoculated with virus that do not show signs of susceptibility: Amaranthus caudatus, Atriplex hortensis, Brassica campestris, Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis, Brassica campestris ssp. napus, Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis, Brassica campestris ssp. rapa, Brassica juncea, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Celosia argentea, Celosia cristata, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium amaranticolor, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Chenopodium capitatum, Chenopodium foetidum, Chenopodium foliosum, Chenopodium hybridum, Chenopodium quinoa, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis melo, Cucumis sativus, Datura metel, Datura stramonium, Emilia sagittata, Hyoscyamus niger, Lablab purpureus, Lactuca sativa, Lepidium campestre, Linum usitatissimum, Medicago sativa, Melandrium album, Melilotus albus, Nicotiana clevelandii, Nicotiana sylvestris, Nicotiana tabacum, Petunia x hybrida, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Prunus persica, Solanum nigrum, Sonchus oleraceus, Trifolium hybridum, Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Trifolium subterraneum, Verbesina encelioides, Vicia faba.

Diagnostic Hosts

Diagnostic host species and symptoms:

Gomphrena globosa, Crambe abyssinica, Trifolium subterraneum, Montia perfoliata — systemic leaf reddening.

Lactuca sativa, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Pisum sativum — systemic leaf yellowing.

Arachis hypogaea, Glycine max cv. Shirotsuronoko, Lens culinaris — stunting.

Senecio vulgaris, Spinacia oleracea. Diagnostic host: insusceptible host species Chenopodium capitatum, Lactuca sativa, Medicago sativa, Nicotiana clevelandii, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Trifolium hybridum, T. incarnatum.

Maintenance and Propagation Hosts

Most commonly used maintenance and propagation host species are Beta vulgaris, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Crambe abyssinica, Montia perfoliata, Raphanus sativus, Physalis floridana.

Assay Hosts

Host: Assay hosts (for Local lesions or Whole plants):
Beta vulgaris (W), Senecio vulgaris (W), Capsella bursa-pastoris (W), Crambe abyssinica (W), Montia perfoliata (W).

References to host data: Duffus (1960, 1964, 1973, Johnstone et al. (1984, Duffus and Rochow (1978, Duffus and Johnstone (1984).

Histopathology: Virus can be best detected in leaves, roots, phloem and stems. Virions are found in the nucleus.

Cytopathology: Inclusions are not present in infected cells.

Geographical Distribution

The virus is probably distributed worldwide.

References

Casper, R. (1988). In: The Plant Viruses, Vol. 3; Polyhedral Virions with Monopartite RNA Genomes, p. 235, ed. R. Koenig, Plenum Press, New York.

Chin, L.-S., Forster, J.L. and Falk, B.W. (1993). Virology 192: 473.

Costa, AS., Duffus, JE and Bardin, R. (1959). J. Am. Soc. Sug. Beet Technol. 10: 371.

D'Arcy, C.J., Hewings, AD., Burnett, P.A. and Jedlinski, H. (1983). Phytopathology 73: 755.

Duffus, JE (1960). Phytopathology 50: 389.

Duffus, JE (1961). Phytopathology 51: 605.

Duffus, JE (1964). Phytopathology 54: 736.

Duffus, JE (1972). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 89, 4 pp.

Duffus, JE (1973). Adv. Virus Res. 18: 347.

Duffus, JE (1977). In: Aphids as Virus Vectors, p. 361; ed. K.F. Harris and K. Maramarosch. Academic Press, New York.

Duffus, JE (1981). Phytopathology 71: 193.

Duffus, JE and Rochow, W.F. (1978). Phytopathology 68:45.

Duffus, JE and Russel, G.E. (1975). Phytopathology 65: 811.

Falk, B.W. and Duffus, JE (1984). Phytopathology 74: 1224.

Gold, AH. and Duffus, JE (1967). Virology 31: 308.

Govier, GA (1985). Ann. appl. Biol. 107: 439.

Johnstone, G.R. and Duffus, JE (1984). Aust. J. agric. Res. 35: 821.

Johnstone, G.R., Ashby, J.W., Gibbs, AJ., Duffus, JE, Thottappilly, G. and Fletcher, J.D. (1984). Neth. J. Pl. Path. 90: 225.

Rochow, W.F. and Duffus, JE (1981). In: Handbook of Plant Virus Infections and Comparative Diagnosis, p. 147; ed. E. Kurstak. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.

Russell, G.E. (1958). Ann. appl. Biol. 46: 393.

Veidt, I., Lot, H., Leiser, M., Scheidecker, D., Guilley, H., Richards, K. and Jonard, G. (1988). Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 9917.

The following generic references are cited in the most recent ICTV Report.

PubMed References.

VIDEdB, the plant virus database developed at the Australian National University by Adrian J. Gibbs and collaborators, contains an earlier description with the number 89 by J.E. Duffus and G.R. Johnstone, 1983.

A description of the virus is found in DPV, a database for plant viruses developed by the Association of Applied Biologists (AAB), with the number 89.

Taxonomic Proposals and Changes

A taxonomic proposal has been submitted to the ICTV by the Plant Virus Subcommittee, Study Group for Luteoviridae at the meeting in San Diego, March 1998, to change the position of the taxon. The proposal has been approved at the meeting of the Executive Committee in San Diego, 1998, the taxon has been designated as Species (in the newly created genus Polerovirus).

Images

Taxon images: • EM from IACR Rothamsted. • Sugar beet field near Rothamsted infected with Beet yellows virus and Beet western yellows virus.



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