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00.039.0.02.001. Potato leafroll virus

Cite this publication as: ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.039.0.02.001. Potato leafroll virus. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA

Cite this site as: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/

Table of Contents

Isolate Description

Location: the Netherlands.

Host of Isolate and Habitat Details
Source of isolate: Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum.

Natural host and symptoms
Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum — pallor or reddening of the tip leaves, which roll and become erect. Plants grown from infected tubers are stunted, leaflets upwardly rolled, oldest leaves first.

Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena in South America — stunting and marginal yellowing of tip leaves (Rodriguez and Jones, 1978).

Lycopersicon esculentum — stunting of plants, marginal yellowing and curling of leaflets, and death of flower buds (Braithwaite and Blake, 1961).

Reference to Isolation Report
Quanjer et al. (1916, see Peters (1967).

Classification

This is a description of a plant virus at the species level with data on all virus properties from morphology to genome, replication, antigenicity and biological properties.

ICTVdB Virus Code: 00.039.0.02.001. Virus accession number: 39002001. Obsolete virus code: 39.0.1.0.012; superceded accession number: 39010012.
NCBI Taxon Identifier NCBI Taxonomy ID: 12045.

Name, Synonyms and Lineage

Synonym(s): potato phloem necrosis virus (Quanjer, 1913). ICTV approved acronym: PLRV. Virus is the type species of the genus Polerovirus; family 00.039. Luteoviridae.

Virion Properties

Morphology

Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is not enveloped, round with icosahedral symmetry. The isometric capsid has a diameter of 24 nm (Peters, 1967; Takanami and Kubo, 1979a). Capsids appear hexagonal in outline. The capsomer arrangement is not obvious.

Electron microscopic preparation and references: Virus preparation contains few virions. Reference for electron microscopic methods: Takanami and Kubo (1979a).

Physicochemical and Physical Properties

Virions have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.39 g cm-3 (Rowhani and Stace-Smith, 1979). The density of virions is 1.34 g/cm3 in Cs2SO4 (Thomas, 1984). There are 1 sedimenting component(s) found in purified preparations. The sedimentation coefficient is 115 S20w. The thermal inactivation point (TIP) is at 70-80°C (in Physalis floridana sap). The longevity in vitro (LIV) is 5-10 days (Murayama and Kojima, 1965). Although the titer is dependent on the host, the decimal exponent (DEX) of the dilution end point is usually around 4. The infectivity is not changed by treatment with ether; retained when deproteinized with proteases; retained when deproteinized with phenol or detergent.

Nucleic Acid

The Mr of the genome constitutes 30% of the virion by weight. The genome is segmented; bipartite, segements are distributed among 2 particle types of linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA. Minor species of non-genomic nucleic acid are also found in virions. The encapsidated nucleic acid is mainly of genomic origin, but virions may also contain subgenomic RNA, that is mRNA (2.66 kb; Barker et al., 1984). The complete genome is 5880-5990 nucleotides long. The RNA is fully and partially sequenced, complete sequence is 5880-5990 nucleotides long. Sequence has the accession number

[A07935] Em(40)_vi:07935 Gb(84)_pat:A07935 Potato leafroll virus DNA for coat protein. 8/93 1,000bp.
[A07940] Em(40)_vi:A07940 Gb(84)_pat:A07940 Potato leafroll virus DNA for coat protein. 8/93 1,000bp.
[A07941] Em(40)_vi:A07941 Gb(84)_pat:A07941 Potato leafroll virus DNA for coat protein. 8/93 1,000bp.
[A07943] Em(40)_vi:A07943 Gb(84)_pat:A07943 Potato leafroll virus DNA for coat protein. 8/93 2,154bp
[D00336] Em(40)_vi:PLV Potato leafroll virus, 3'end of virus genome. 11/92 141bp.
[D00436] Em(40)_vi:PLVCP Potato leafroll virus 23K ORF (putative coat protein gene) and 17K ORF. 3/91 693bp.
[D00530] Em(40)_vi:PLVGR Gb(84)_vi:PLVGR Potato leafroll virus genomic RNA. 10/92 5,987bp.
[D00733] Em(40)_vi:PLVRA Potato leafroll virus (Australian isolate) genomic RNA, complete sequence. 12/92 5,882bp.
[D00734] Em(40)_vi:PLVRC Potato leafroll virus (Canadian isolate) genomic RNA, complete sequence. 12/92 5,883bp.
[D13746] Em(40)_vi:PLV3E Gb(84)_vi:PLV3E Potato leafroll virus, 3'end of virus genome. 12/92 141bp.
[D13753] Em(40)_vi:PLVCP1 Gb(84)_vi:PLVCP Potato leafroll virus 23K ORF (putative coat protein gene) and 17K ORF. 11/92 693bp.
[D13953] Em(40)_vi:PLVRA1 Gb(84)_vi:PLVRA Potato leafroll virus (Australian isolate) genomic RNA, complete sequence. 12/92 5,882bp.
[D13954] Em(40)_vi:PLVRC1 Gb(84)_vi:PLVRC Potato leafroll virus (Canadian isolate) genomic RNA, complete sequence. 12/92 5,883bp.
[M89926] Em(40)_vi:PLVCOAPRO Gb(84)_vi:PLVCOAPRO Potato leafroll virus coat protein and 17kDa protein RNA, complete cds's. 3/92 1,127bp.
[S77421] Gb(90)n:S77421 coat protein (potato leaf roll virus PLRV, Cuban isolate, Genomic RNA, 627 nt). 8/95 627bp.
[X13906] Em(40)_vi:PLRVCOAT Gb(84)_vi:PLRVCOAT Potato leafroll virus coat protein gene. 9/93 627bp.
[X14600] Em(40)_vi:PLLGRNA Gb(84)_vi:PLLGRNA Potato leafroll virus genomic RNA. 9/93 5,987bp
[X15501] Em(40)_vi:LUPLRPRM Gb(84)_vi:LUPLRPRM Potato leafroll virus genomic RNA for potential promoter. 3/92 119bp.
[X74789] Gb(84)n:PLVSQRN Potato leafroll virus RNA sequence. 7/94 5,882bp.

[X77321] Em(40)_vi:PLLVCPG1 Gb(84)_vi:PLLVCPG1 Potato leafroll virus (V) gene for coat protein. 2/94 2,154bp.
[X77322] Em(40)_vi:PLLVCPG2 Gb(84)_vi:PLLVCPG2 Potato leafroll virus (PLRV-11) gene for coat protein. 2/94 2,154bp.
[X77323] Em(40)_vi:PLLVCPG4 Gb(84)_vi:PLLVCPG4 Potato leafroll virus (PLRV-15) gene for coat protein. 2/94 2,154bp.
[X77324] Em(40)_vi:PLLVCPG3 Gb(84)_vi:PLLVCPG3 Potato leafroll virus (PLRV-30) gene for coat protein. 2/94 2,154bp.
[X77325] Em(40)_vi:PLLVCPG5 Gb(84)_vi:PLLVCPG5 Potato leafroll virus (PLRV-V4) gene for coat protein. 2/94 2,154bp.
[X77326] Em(40)_vi:PLLVCPG6 Gb(84)_vi:PLLVCPG6 Potato leafroll virus (PLRV-V31) gene for coat protein. 2/94 2,154bp.
[Y07496] Em(40)_vi:PLRVXX Gb(84)_vi:PLRVXX Potato leafroll virus genomic RNA. 9/93 5,882bp.
[A25478] Em(43)_sy:A25478 Potato leafroll virus DNA from pCPL1 plasmid. 4/95 1,779bp. The genome has no intergenic poly (A) region (Mayo et al., 1982). Reference to nucleotide sequence Rowhani and Stace-Smith (1979, Takanami and Kubo (1979b).

GenBank records for nucleotide sequences; complete genome sequences.

Proteins

Proteins constitute about 70% of the particle weight.

The viral genome encodes structural proteins and non-structural proteins. Virions consist of 2 structural protein(s).

Structural Proteins: Reference to method of preparation: Rowhani and Stace-Smith (1979).

Non-Structural Proteins: Virus-coded non-structural proteins have been isolated (Mayo et al. (1982, Mayo and Barker (1984)) and 3 non-structural protein(s) are found.

Lipids

Lipids are absent.

Antigenicity

The virus is serologically related to tobacco necrotic dwarf (SDI 1), beet western yellows/beet mild yellowing (SDI 2-4), bean leafroll, subterranean clover red leaf and barley yellow dwarf viruses (Kubo and Takanami, 1978; Roberts et al., 1980; Kubo, 1981; Tamada et al., 1984; Thomas, 1984).

Biological Properties

Natural Host

Domain
Viral hosts belong to the Domain Eucarya.

Domain Eucarya
Kingdom Plantae.

Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms, Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae).

Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae)
Subclass ASTERIDAE.

Severity and Occurrence of Disease

Host: Signs and symptoms persist.

Transmission and Vector Relationships

Virus is transmitted by a vector. Virus is not transmitted by mechanical inoculation; transmitted by grafting; not transmitted by seeds; not transmitted by pollen.

Vector Transmission:
Virus is transmitted by arthropods, by insects of the order Hemiptera, family Aphididae; Myzus persicae is the most efficient and important; Macrosiphum euphorbiae transmits potato strains less effectively but is a good vector of Australian tomato yellow top isolates. Virus is transmitted in a persistent manner; retained when the vector moults; does not replicate in the vector (although Weidemann (1982) found that virion antigen accumulates in the nuclei of cells of the midgut and principal salivary glands of Myzus persicae 1-2 days after virus acquisition and suggested that the virus multiplies in these cells).

Experimental Hosts and Symptoms

Under experimental conditions susceptibility to infection by virus is found in several families. Susceptible host species are found in the Family Amaranthaceae, Cruciferae, Portulacaceae, Solanaceae. The following species were susceptible to experimental virus infection: Amaranthus caudatus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Celosia argentea, Datura stramonium, Gomphrena globosa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Montia perfoliata, Nicotiana clevelandii, Physalis floridana, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena, Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum.

Experimentally infected insusceptible Hosts: Families containing insusceptible hosts: Compositae, Cruciferae, or Leguminosae-Papilionoideae. Species inoculated with virus that do not show signs of susceptibility: Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis, Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Pisum sativum, Raphanus sativus, Senecio vulgaris, Vicia faba.

Diagnostic Hosts

Diagnostic host species and symptoms:

Datura stramonium — systemic interveinal yellowing.

Physalis floridana — systemic interveinal chlorosis, older leaves slightly rolled, plant stunted.

Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum — stunted and leaves rolled. Diagnostic host: insusceptible host species Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis, Raphanus sativus, Vicia faba.

Maintenance and Propagation Hosts

Most commonly used maintenance and propagation host species are Physalis floridana, Solanum tuberosum.

Assay Hosts

Host: Assay hosts (for Local lesions or Whole plants):
Physalis floridana (W).

References to host data: Natti et al. (1953, Thomas (1984, Tamada et al. (1984).

Histopathology: Virus can be best detected in phloem and companion cells. Virions are found in the cytoplasm and cell vacuole ((Arai et al., 1969; Kojima et al., 1969). Vesicles occur in the cytoplasm attached to the nucleus and fused with the nuclear envelope (Shepardson et al., 1980)).

Cytopathology: Inclusions are present in infected cells. Inclusion bodies in the host cell are found in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic inclusions are crystals. Inclusions contain mature virions. Other cellular changes include thickening of walls in primary phloem cells of stems and petioles, and callose accumulated in some sieve tubes of tubers. The presence of callose is the basis of various staining tests (e.g. with 1% Resorcin Blue), used before serological methods were developed (de Bokx, 1967).

Geographical Distribution

The virus is probably distributed worldwide (in potato growing areas. Tomato yellow top diseases are reported from North America (Alstatt and Ivanoff, 1945), South America (Costa, 1949) and Australasia (Sutton, 1955), but not all have been shown to be caused by strains of potato leafroll virus). The virus occurs in China.

List of Strains and Isolates in the Species

Tobacco yellow top virus, tomato yellow top strain (Sutton, 1955; Thomas, 1984), capsicum yellows virus (Gunn and Pares, 1990).

References

Altstatt, G.E. and Ivanoff, S.S. (1945). Pl. Dis. Reptr 29: 29.

Arai, K., Doi, Y., Yora, K. and Asuyama, H. (1969). Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan 35: 10.

Barker, H., Mayo, MA and Robinson, D.J. (1984). Rep. Scottish Crop Res. Inst. 1983, p. 194.

Braithwaite, B.M. and Blake, C.D. (1961). Aust. J. agric. Res. 12: 1100.

Casper, R. (1977). Phytopath. Z. 90: 364.

Clarke, R.G., Converse, RH and Kojima, M. (1980). Plant Dis. 64: 43.

Costa, AS. (1949). Biologico 15: 79.

de Bokx, J.A. (1967). Eur. Potato J. 10: 221.

Gugerli, P. (1979). Phytopath. Z. 96: 97.

Gunn, L.V. and Pares, R.D. (1990). J. Phytopath. 129: 210.

Harrison, BD (1984). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 291, 4 pp.

Kojima, M., Shikata, E., Sugawara, M. and Murayama, D. (1969). Virology 39: 162.

Kubo, S. (1981). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 234, 4 pp.

Kubo, S. and Takanami, Y. (1978). Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan 44: 398.

Maat, D.Z. and de Bokx, J.A. (1978). Neth. J. Pl. Path. 84: 149.

Mayo, MA and Barker, H. (1983). J. gen. Virol. 64: 1775.

Mayo, MA and Barker, H. (1984). Rep. Scottish Crop Res. Inst. 1983, p. 186.

Mayo, MA, Barker, H., Robinson, D.J., Tamada, T. and Harrison, BD (1982). J. gen. Virol. 59: 163.

Mayo, MA, Robinson, D.J., Jolly, CA and Hyman, L. (1989). J. gen. Virol. 70: 1037.

Mehrad, M., Lapierre, H. and Maury, Y. (1978). C. r. hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci., Paris D 286: 1179.

Murayama, D. and Kojima, M. (1965). Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan 30: 209.

Natti, J.J., Kirkpatrick, H.C. and Ross, AF (1953). Am. Potato J. 30: 55.

Peters, D. (1967). Virology 31: 46.

Peters, D. (1970). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 36, 3 pp.

Prufer, D., Tacke, E., Schmitz, J., Kull, B., Kaufmann, A and Rhodhe, W. (1992). EMBO J. 11: 1111.

Quanjer, H.M. (1916). Meded. Landb. Wageningen 6: 41.

Quanjer, H.M., van der Lek, H.AA and Oortwijn Botjes, J. (1913). Meded. Landb. Wageningen 10: 1.

Roberts, I.M. and Harrison, BD (1979). Ann. appl. Biol. 93: 289.

Roberts, I.M., Tamada, T. and Harrison, BD (1980). J. gen. Virol. 47: 209.

Rodriguez, A and Jones, R.A.C. (1978). Phytopathology 68: 39.

Rowhani, A and Stace-Smith, R. (1979). Virology 98: 45.

Shepardson, S., Esau, K. and McCrum, R. (1980). Virology 105: 379.

Sutton, W.S. (1955). Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 66: 655.

Takanami, T. and Kubo, S. (1979a). J. gen. Virol. 44: 153.

Takanami, T. and Kubo, S. (1979b). J. gen. Virol. 44: 853.

Tamada, T. and Harrison, BD (1980a). Ann. appl. Biol. 95: 209.

Tamada, T. and Harrison, BD (1980b). Ann. appl. Biol. 96: 67.

Tamada, T. and Harrison, BD (1981). Ann. appl. Biol. 98: 261.

Tamada, T., Harrison, BD and Roberts, I.M. (1984). Ann. appl. Biol. 104: 107.

Thomas, JE (1984). Ann. appl. Biol. 104: 79.

Van Balen, E. (1982). Neth. J. Pl. Path. 88: 33.

Weidemann, H.L. (1982). Z. angew. Ent. 94: 321.

The following generic references are cited in the most recent ICTV Report.

PubMed References.

VIDEdB, the plant virus database developed at the Australian National University by Adrian J. Gibbs and collaborators, contains an earlier description with the number 644 by J.E. Thomas, 1987. A description of the virus is found in DPV, a database for plant viruses developed by the Association of Applied Biologists (AAB), with the number 36.

Taxonomic Proposals and Changes

A taxonomic proposal has been submitted to the ICTV by the Plant Virus Subcommittee, Study Group for Luteoviridae at the meeting in San Diego, March 1998, to change the position of the taxon. The proposal has been approved at the meeting of the Executive Committee in San Diego, 1998, the taxon has been designated as Species (in the newly created genus Polerovirus).

Images

Taxon images: • courtesy of A.J. Gibbs and VIDE.



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ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond, is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by ICTV members and experts, or by the ICTVdB Management using data provided by the experts, the literature or the latest ICTV Report. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations from the encoded descriptions are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web.

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