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00.015.0.05.003. Cacao swollen shoot virus

Cite this publication as: ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.015.0.05.003. Cacao swollen shoot virus. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA

Cite this site as: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/

Table of Contents

Isolate Description

Location: Ghana.

Host of Isolate and Habitat Details
Source of isolate: Theobroma cacao (cocoa).

Natural host and symptoms
Theobroma cacao — interveinal chlorosis, swollen stems and roots caused by many strains, a few cause root swelling only, and some cause no symptoms.

Ceiba pentandra, Cola chlamydantha, Cola gigantea var. glabrescens, Sterculia tragacantha — transient leaf chlorosis.

Adansonia digitata — leaf chlorosis.

Reference to Isolation Report
Posnette (1940, Brunt and Kenten (1960).

Classification

This is a description of a plant virus at the species level with data on all virus properties from morphology to genome, replication, antigenicity and biological properties.

ICTVdB Virus Code: 00.015.0.05.003. Virus accession number: 15005003. Obsolete virus code: 15.0.5.0.003; 07.0.1.0.003; superceded accession number: 15050003; 07010003.
NCBI Taxon Identifier NCBI Taxonomy ID: 31559.

Name, Synonyms and Lineage

Synonym(s): theobroma virus 1, cacao swollen shoot virus, cacao mottle leaf virus. ICTV approved acronym: CSSV. Virus is an ICTV approved species of the genus 00.015.0.05. Badnavirus in the family 00.015. Caulimoviridae.

Virion Properties

Morphology

Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is not enveloped. Capsid is elongated and exhibits icosahedral symmetry. The capsid is bacilliform. The capsid shells of virions are composed of multiple layers. With a length of 130 nm and a width of 28 nm.

Electron microscopic preparation and references: Virus preparation contains few virions. Reference for electron microscopic methods: Adomako et al. (1983, Lot et al. (1991), Hagen et al. (1993).

Physicochemical and Physical Properties

There are 1 sedimenting component(s) found in purified preparations. The sedimentation coefficient is 218 S20w. The thermal inactivation point (TIP) is at 55-60°C. The longevity in vitro (LIV) is 28-85 days (at 2°C). Although the titer is dependent on the host, the decimal exponent (DEX) of the dilution end point is usually around 3-4.

Nucleic Acid

The genome is not segmented and contains a single molecule of circular. The genome is -RT. The genome is double-stranded DNA. The complete genome is 7400 nucleotides long, is fully sequenced, complete sequence is 7161 nucleotides long. Sequence has the accession number [L14546]. The genome has terminally redundant sequences. The terminally redundant sequences have direct terminal repeats; are reiterated internally in inverted form. Reference to nucleotide sequence Lot et al. (1991).

GenBank records for nucleotide sequences; complete genome sequences.

Proteins

The viral genome encodes structural proteins and non-structural proteins.

Non-Structural Proteins: The virus codes for an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.

Lipids

Lipids are not reported.

Transcription: The virus codes for 3 ORF(s).

Translation: Replication involves a reverse transcription step.

Antigenicity

The virus does not show serological relationships to banana streak, rice tungro bacilliform, taro bacilliform, yam internal brown spotting and yucca bacilliform viruses.

Biological Properties

Natural Host

Domain
Viral hosts belong to the Domain Eucarya.

Domain Eucarya
Kingdom Plantae.

Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms, Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae).

Severity and Occurrence of Disease

Host: Signs and symptoms persist (in some and disappears in others).

Transmission and Vector Relationships

Virus is transmitted by a vector. Virus is transmitted by mechanical inoculation (with difficulty, transmitted by grafting; not transmitted by contact between hosts; not transmitted by seeds; not transmitted by pollen.

Vector Transmission:
Virus is transmitted by arthropods, by insects of the order Hemiptera, family Pseudococcidae; Planococcoides njalensis, Planococcus citri, Planococcus kenyae, Planococcus sp. celtis, Dysmicoccus brevipes, Ferrisia virgata, Pseudococcus longispinus (only Mampong strain). Virus is transmitted in a semi-persistent manner; retained when the vector moults; does not replicate in the vector; not transmitted congenitally to the progeny of the vector.

Experimental Hosts and Symptoms

Under experimental conditions susceptibility to infection by virus is found in several families. Susceptible host species are found in the Family Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae. The following species were susceptible to experimental virus infection: Adansonia digitata, Bombax brevicuspe, Ceiba chlamydantha, Ceiba pentandra, Cola chlamydantha, Cola gigantea, Cola gigantea var. glabrescens, Corchorus, Sterculia tragacantha, Theobroma cacao.

Host:
Experimentally infected hosts mainly show symptoms of chlorosis, necrosis, swelling.

Experimentally infected insusceptible Hosts: Families containing insusceptible hosts: Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, or Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae, or Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, Malvaceae, Solanaceae. Species inoculated with virus that do not show signs of susceptibility: Abelmoschus esculentus, Arachis hypogaea, Capsicum annuum, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia tora, Chenopodium amaranticolor, Chenopodium foetidum, Chenopodium quinoa, Crotalaria spectabilis, Cucumis sativus, Datura stramonium, Glycine max, Gomphrena globosa, Nicotiana clevelandii, Nicotiana glutinosa, Nicotiana tabacum, Petunia x hybrida, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Ricinus communis, Solanum melongena, Vigna unguiculata.

Diagnostic Hosts

Diagnostic host species and symptoms:

Theobroma cacao (Amelonado) — systemic red vein-banding, then leaf chlorosis.

Corchorus ssp. — lethal systemic necrosis.

Adansonia digitata — systemic mottling and stunting.

Ceiba pentandra, Ceiba chlamydantha, Cola gigantea — transient leaf chlorosis.

Bombax brevicuspe — chlorosis.

Diagnostic host: insusceptible host species Nicotiana tabacum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Chenopodium amaranticolor, Chenopodium quinoa, Nicotiana clevelandii.

Maintenance and Propagation Hosts

Most commonly used maintenance and propagation host species are Theobroma cacao, Adansonia digitata, Bombax brevicuspe.

Assay Hosts

Host: Assay hosts (for Local lesions or Whole plants):
Theobroma cacao (W). Cocoa cotyledons are readily infected by viruliferous mealybugs or by mechanical inoculation.

References to host data: Legg and Lovi (1968, Legg and Lovi (1969, Tinsley and Wharton (1958).

Histopathology: Virus can be best detected in all parts of the host plant. Virions are found in the cytoplasm.

Cytopathology: Inclusions are not present in infected cells.

Geographical Distribution

The virus occurs in Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, and Togo (and, possibly, Trinidad).

Ecology, Epidemiology and Control

Studies reported by Ollenu et al. (1989).

List of Strains and Isolates in the Species

Many variants have been recorded; initially named alphabetically, they are now named by where they were found. Well-known strains include Bisa, Bosumtwe, Ikiri, Kpeve, Mampong, New Juaben, Nsaba and Offa Igbo.

References

Adomako, D., Lesemann, D.E. and Paul, H.L. (1983). Ann. appl. Biol. 103: 109.

Brunt, A.A. (1970). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 10, 4 pp.

Brunt, A.A. and Kenten, R.H. (1960). Virology 12: 328.

Brunt, A.A. and Kenten, R.H. (1962). Ann. appl. Biol. 50: 749.

Brunt, A.A. and Kenten, R.H. (1963). Virology 19: 388.

Brunt, A.A., Kenten, R.H. and Nixon, H.L. (1964). J. gen. Microbiol. 36: 303.

Hagen, LS, Jacquemond, M., Lepingle, A, Lot, H. and Tepfer, M. (1993). J. gen. Virol.

Kenten, R.H. and Legg, JT (1971). Ann. appl. Biol. 67: 195.

Legg, JT and Lovi, N.K. (1968). Rep. W. Afr. Cocoa Res. Inst. for 1966-1967: 22.

Legg, JT and Lovi, N.K. (1969). Rep. W. Afr. Cocoa Res. Inst. for 1967-1968: 29.

Lot, H., Djekpor, E. and Jacquemond, M. (1991). J. gen. Virol. 72: 1735.

Ollenu, L.AA, Owusu, G.K. and Thresh, J.M. (1989). Cocoa Growers Bull. 42: 25.

Partiot, M., Amefia, Y.K., Djiekpor, EK and Baker, K.A. (1978). Cafe, Cacao, The 23: 217.

Posnette, AF (1940). Trop. Agric., Trin. 17: 98.

Posnette, AF (1947). Ann. appl. Biol. 34: 388.

Posnette, AF (1950). Ann. appl. Biol. 37: 378.

Posnette, AF and Robertson, N.F. (1950). Ann. appl. Biol. 37: 363.

Posnette, AF, Robertson, N.F. and Todd, J.M. (1950). Ann. appl. Biol. 37: 229.

Posnette, AF and Todd, J.M. (1955). Ann. appl. Biol. 43: 443.

Sagemann, W., Lesemann, D.-E., Paul, H.L., Adomako, D. and Owusu, G.K. (1985). J. Phytopath. 114: 79.

Sagemann, W., Paul, H.L., Adomako, D. and Owusu, G.K. (1983). Phytopath. Z. 106: 281.

Tinsley, TW and Wharton, AL. (1958). Ann. appl. Biol. 46: 1.

The following generic references are cited in the most recent ICTV Report.

PubMed References.

VIDEdB, the plant virus database developed at the Australian National University by Adrian J. Gibbs and collaborators, contains an earlier description with the number 129 by A.A. Brunt, 1986. A description of the virus is found in DPV, a database for plant viruses developed by the Association of Applied Biologists (AAB), with the number 10.

Taxonomic Proposals and Changes

A taxonomic proposal has been submitted to the ICTV by the Plant Virus Subcommittee, Study Group for Caulimoviridae at the meeting in Strasburg, April 1997. The proposal has been approved at the meeting of the Executive Committee in Strasburg, 1997, the taxon has been removed from the Species (Badnavirus).

Images

Taxon images: • EM from IACR Rothamsted.



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DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia. ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by, or using data from experts in the field of virology or members ICTV. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web from the descriptions in DELTA-format. The description has been generated automatically from DELTA files. DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia.

ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond, is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by ICTV members and experts, or by the ICTVdB Management using data provided by the experts, the literature or the latest ICTV Report. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations from the encoded descriptions are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web.

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