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00.006.0.01.001. Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus

Cite this publication as: ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.006.0.01.001. Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA

Cite this site as: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/

Table of Contents

Classification

This is a description of an invertebrate virus at the species level.

ICTVdB Virus Code: 00.006.0.01.001. Virus accession number: 06001001. Obsolete virus code: 06.0.1.0.001; superceded accession number: 06010001.
NCBI Taxon Identifier NCBI Taxonomy ID: 46015.

Name, Synonyms and Lineage

ICTV approved acronym: AcMNPV. Virus is the type of the genus 00.006.0.01. Nucleopolyhedrovirus in the family 00.006. Baculoviridae.

Virion Properties

Morphology

Virions consist of an envelope and a nucleocapsid. During their life cycle, virions can occur in two phenotypes. The infection is initiated by extracellular virions in the gut epithelium (phenotype I) and phenotype II virions generated when the nucleocapsids bud through the plasma membrane at the surface of infected cells (termed budded virions or BV). Virus may be sequestered within inclusion bodies that are occluded by a crystalline protein matrix composed of a single viral protein, polyhedrin. Virus initiating infection is occluded by a crystalline protein matrix of polyhedral shape. Each occlusion body measures 0.15-15 μm and contains one virion, or several virions; virions in occlusions consist of multiple nucleocapsids (M) within a single viral envelope. Virus capsid is enveloped. Virions are rod-shaped. A cell-associated virus, second phenotype, is generated when the nucleocapsid buds through the plasma membrane at the surface of infected cells. BVs typically contain a single nucleocapsid. Intracellular virions are enveloped with a loose fitting membrane. The envelope surrounds one nucleocapsid, or many nucleocapsids; has terminal surface projections. Surface projections are peplomers composed of one type of glycosylated protein and are 14-15 nm long. Nucleocapsid is elongated and exhibits helical symmetry. The nucleocapsid is rod-shaped with a length with a length of 250-300 nm and a width of 30-60 nm.

Physicochemical and Physical Properties

Virions have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.18-1.25 g cm-3 (OVD), or 1.47 g cm-3 (nucleocapsid, sucrose of 1.17-1.18 g cm-3 (OVD). Under in vitro conditions virions are inactivated in acid environment of pH 3; relatively stable (BV) in alkaline environment of pH 8.5 (and above). Virions are relatively stable (BV) in presence of Mg++ (10-1 -10-5 M). Virions are sensitive to treatment with organic solvents and detergents (both phenotypes).

Nucleic Acid

The genome is not segmented and contains a single molecule of circular, supercoiled, double-stranded DNA. The complete genome is 128000 nucleotides long. Genome is sequenced, but only an estimate is available, complete sequence is 133894 nucleotides long.

GenBank records for nucleotide sequences; complete genome sequences.

Proteins

The viral genome encodes structural proteins and non-structural proteins. Virions consist of 12-30 structural polypeptides located in the envelope and capsid (only BV), envelope, capsid, and occlusion bodies (ODV).

Lipids

Lipids are present and located in the envelope (of ODV and BV).

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are found in virions; are present as glycoproteins, or glycolipids.

Genome Organization and Replication

Virions enter host cells by fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell surface in an environment with a basic pH (of up to 12 pH). Nucleocapsids are thought to be transported through the nuclear pore into the nucleus to initiate replication.

The process of intracellular uncoating of virions is understood. Virus uncoating occurs in the cytoplasm; the viral nucleocapsid is delivered to the cell nuclear pore and nucleus; the site of DNA replication.

By itself, genomic nucleic acid is infectious.

Infection and Replication: Virus replication is initiated by the insect host; occurs in the midgut; following ingestion of viral occlusions. Virus replication occurs in the epithelium of digestive glands. Occlusions solubilize in the gut lumen; releasing enveloped virions. Replication is restricted to gut epithelium.

Transcription: Virus transcription is temporally regulated; 2 classes of genes recognized; they are termed early and late (some genes are described very late). Temporally related genes are not clustered together. The viral genome is transcribed from both DNA strands by host cell enzymes.

During the early stage, the viral genome is transcribed by eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase II; late stage, the viral genome is transcribed by eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase (resistant to alpha-amanitin).

Translation: Translation of structural proteins occurs during the BV production stage in the late transcription phase of replication and very late transcription phase of replication (occlusion sets in).

The genome replicates in the nucleus.

Release: Virus is released from host cell by budding through the cell membrane (of the basolateral membrane of infected gut cells to produce a second phenotype, and acquisition of an envelope. Virus is released from host cell upon death (after occlusion within the epithelium cells). Virus is shed into the gut lumen (after budding to produce a second phenotype). Death of host cell occurs through liquification. The envelope of occlusion derived virus (ODV). The virus envelope is acquired from the host cell by budding. The virus envelope is off the nuclear membrane. The envelope is assembled in the nucleus.

Antigenicity

Cross-reactivity is found (on virion proteins and on the major subunits of polyhedrin polypeptites).

Biological Properties

Natural Host

Domain
Viral hosts belong to the Domain Eucarya.

Domain Eucarya
Kingdom Animalia.

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda.

Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Hexapoda; Class Insecta; Subclass Pterygota (winged insects), Order Thysanura (Zygentoma), Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera.

General Symptoms in Animals Infection can affect the gastrointestinal system.

Severity and Occurrence of Disease

Host: Infection is apparent; although disease expression is dependent on dose, infection is usually acute. Signs and symptoms may vary, but are usually severe and persist. Contagiousness is high. Viral shedding starts 6 days after onset of infection. In naturally infected hosts mortality rate may approach 80 %.

Transmission and Vector Relationships

Virus is not transmitted by a vector in a direct manner, in an indirect manner. Virus is can be transmitted by mechanical inoculation (under experimental conditions, through an injection; transmitted by eggs.

Non-Vector Transmission:
Virus is transmitted through contaminated eggs (surfaces), or food.

Experimental Hosts and Symptoms

Under experimental conditions susceptibility to infection by virus is found in several families.

Histopathology: Virus can be best detected in gut epithelium. Virions are found in the nucleus.

Geographical Distribution

The virus spreads in North America. The virus is known to occur in temperate regions; viral host lives under aerobic conditions. The viral host is found in a pristine environment with no signs of human interference, or a undisturbed environment yet with signs of human disturbance; an agricultural environment.

References

PubMed References.



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DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia. ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by, or using data from experts in the field of virology or members ICTV. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web from the descriptions in DELTA-format. The description has been generated automatically from DELTA files. DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia.

ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond, is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by ICTV members and experts, or by the ICTVdB Management using data provided by the experts, the literature or the latest ICTV Report. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations from the encoded descriptions are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web.

Developer of the DELTA software: M. J. Dallwitz, T. Paine and E. Zurcher

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Last updated on 25 April 2006 by Cornelia Büchen-Osmond
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