Probably introduced into Australia, in ornamental Abutilon; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci; not found in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory (Canberra).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Limited to variegated Abutilon shrubs and not spread because vector is not found in Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants Abutilon megapotamicum.
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Measures to minimize spread not necessary.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Büchen-Osmond.
Probably introduced into Australia; by seed; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown . Recorded as early as 1945, from white clover in Queensland, from lucerne in Western Australia and legumes in Canberra. Not detected in sporadic surveys of alfalfa crops in the Australian Capital Territory and neighbouring areas of New South Wales i.e. Cooma, Yass and Mildura and north-eastern Victoria in 1966- 1975, but became widespread in alfalfa and a wide range of other species after imports of large amounts of virus infected seed of aphid-resistant cultivars of alfalfa in the late 1970's from the U.S.A. Its recent increase in South and Western Australia is partly due to introduction of infected seed lots of annual Medicago species.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids: in particular Myzus persicae and Aulacorthum solani; and they are the same as in other parts of the world . However, Therioaphis trifolii f. maculata, Acyrthosiphon kondoi, A. pisum were introduced from overseas in the late 1970's and all are vectors of the virus.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland (Lizard Island, Mission Beach, Gatton), or in the Australian Capital Territory (Canberra), or in New South Wales (Bega, Cooma, Grenfell near Wombatt, Narrabri), or in Victoria (Tatura, Shepparton, Maffra), or in South Australia in the agricultural areas, or in Western Australia in the south- western agricultural areas, or in Tasmania (Brighton, Ross, Plenty and Huonville); Not found in Cairns, Townsville and Theodore near Rockhampton, Queensland, or in Byron Bay, New South Wales; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Uncommon until the late 1970's, but now common throughout Australia, or increasing gradually in all lucerne and annual Medicago growing areas.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants:
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops usually is severely affected, or is slightly affected sometimes. Measures to minimize spread: control the aphid population, plant healthy seed stocks, and use resistant or tolerant varieties.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986; R.G. Garrett, 1986; A.J. Gibbs, 1985; R.I.B. Francki, 1986; G.R. Johnstone, 1987; R.A.C. Jones, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985; D.S. Teakle, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe and the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in all parts of the world wherever stone and pome fruits are cultivated.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Queensland, in South Australia, in Tasmania, and in Victoria (Melbourne), or in Western Australia (Pickering Brook, 20 km east of Perth); also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be susceptible . Crab apple cv. Spy 227 which is used as a rootstock is very susceptible to apple chlorotic leafspot virus and certain varieties of European plum in which the virus causes splitting bark. Yield of crops is moderately affected . Yield of Golden Delicious was reduced from 20.9 kg in healthy trees to 14.4kg in infected trees. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested stocks.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.A. Cooper, 1986; R. Ikin, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown, though virus is present in apple trees planted on the Tasman Peninsula about 1835.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in all parts of the world where apples are cultivated.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Queensland, in South Australia, in Tasmania, in Victoria, and in Western Australia (Perth, Donnybrook, Manjimup, Albany and Mt. Barker); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used i.e. budwood and rootstocks.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Golden Delicious and Jonathan. Granny Smith display considerable tolerance of mosaic when grown on Sturmer Pippin seedlings or Malling-Merton 104 rootstocks. Yield of crops in apples is moderately affected, or is severely affected in Red Jonathan, in which infection is not latent. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested stone, pome and rose stocks.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.A. Cooper, 1986; R. Ikin, 1987; G.R. Johnstone, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in North America, the U.K., the Netherlands, Portugal, Italy and India, but probably occurs wherever apples are cultivated.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in Tasmania, and in Victoria; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used i.e. crab apple `Spy' rootstock.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987; R.S. Greber, 1986; G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; from the U.K. in the hop variety "Golding"; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown . "Nettlehead " has been a serious disease of hops in Tasmania since about 1920 in the varieties "Lates", "Goldings" and "Fuggles".
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.K. and to be widespread there in hops. Australian isolates are closely relatedto those found elsewhere . They are serologically related to one of the U.K. isolates from strawberries.
VECTORS. Nematodes: Xiphinema diversicaudatum; same as in other parts of the world but occurs only in few places in Australia, it has been found in a rose collection at Burnley, Victoria.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania in some old hop plantings; and is not known to occur in other states; also found in New Zealand where it is widespread in hops, and is apparently spread by the vector.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found because old hop plantings have been replaced.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is slightly affected today, by contrast to observations made in the late 1950's and early 1960's in Tasmania (Johnstone, 1965) and in the U.K. where "nettlehead" is a debilitating disease of hops. Measures to minimize spread not necessary because quarantine precautions have stopped the spread of the vector.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by S.A. Holland, 1986; G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; from the U.S.A.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in California.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria (Werribee).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide particularly the Mediterranean regions. Australian isolates are possibly related to other latent artichoke viruses found in Morroco, Italy and Spain.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria (Werribee).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; by seed, or in plant material; most likely from the U.S.A.; in the 1930's.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.S.A., Israel, South Africa, Peru and Venezula. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland, in the Northern Territory, in Western Australia, and in New South Wales (Wollongbar).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected. Measures to minimize losses: use viroid-free planting material.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide in tropical regions where bananas are grown, but not in South and Central America. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Banana Aphids: Pentalonia nigronervosa; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales and in Queensland.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1986.
Introduced into Australia . It was first intercepted in quarantine in 1962 and subsequently recorded in 1969 in Queensland barley crops.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, the U.S.S.R. and the U.S.A.. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania, in New South Wales, and in Queensland (Warwick); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found and now probably eradicated.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be susceptible e.g. Cape barley (Greber, 1971). Yield of crops is slightly affected. Measures to minimize losses: replace cultivars that carry the virus in seed.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown . Barley and oat crops with patches of stunted plants that have yellow and red coloured leaves have been recorded since the early 1950's. In 1960 Butler, Grylls and Goodchild confirmed transmission of the pathogen by aphids.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . At least 3 isolates from Victoria are serologically closely related to type isolates from Rochow's New York collection, namely RPV, PAV and RMV. A fourth isolate, serologically similar to the Rochow's MAV possibly has different vectors.
VECTORS. Aphids: Rhopalosiphum maidis, R. padi; same as in other parts of the world . RPV is transmitted by Rhopalosiphum padi (oat aphid), RMV by Rhopalosiphum maidis (corn aphid) as in the U.S.A., however PAV and MAV-like isolates may have a different pattern of vector specifities in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the south-east in Queensland and in New South Wales along the seaboard, or in Victoria in all districts, or in Tasmania but only the serotypes PAV and RPV, or in South Australia, or in Western Australia (Geraldton, Esperance, Bramley, Manjimup, Busselton, Mt. Barker); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year depending on cereal aphid populations and summer survival of host grasses.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Certain cereals are more tolerant than others e.g. wheat variety WW15. Yd2 gene for resistance has been bred into certain barley varieties, such as Shannon. Some grasses are apparently immune. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent . Losses are greater when infection occurs before tillering. Wheat: potential losses of 9-79% vary with location (Smith and Sward, 1982). Barley: losses of 35% recorded in cv. Parwan from southern Victoria (Sward, 1983) and of 9-22% in cv. Clipper from Western Australia (McLean, Khan and Smith, 1979). . Measures to minimize losses: (1) use resistant or tolerant varieties (McLean et al., 1984). Shannon (resistant) outyielded Proctor (near isogenic line, but susceptible) by 38% at Manjimup in W.A. when approximately 51% of the crops were infected and in Tasmania by 28% in 30 field trials during 5 seasons (Vertigan, 1980). (2) avoid main aphid flights by planned sowing dates, e.g. in southern Victoria barley is mainly sown in early winter. Autumn sowings usually have high virus incidence.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.J. Sward, 1985; G.R. Johnstone, 1987; R.A.C. Jones, 1987.
REFERENCES.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in all parts of the world wherever French (kidney) beans are grown.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Queensland, in Tasmania, and in Victoria; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be resistant.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
dwarf geminivirus So far only found in Australia.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Not known to be present in other parts of the world.
VECTORS. Leafhoppers: Orosius argentatus.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Western Australia (Manjimup), or in Queensland, or in New South Wales, or in Victoria (Orbost and Bairnsdale).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected and most susceptible cultivars die.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; by seed, or in plant material such as corms of gladiolus; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere particularly to strain 204-1.
VECTORS. Aphids: Acyrthosiphon pisum, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland (Brisbane), or in New South Wales, or in Victoria (Bairnsdale, Maffra, Rutherglen, Tatura, Shepparton and Melbourne), or in Tasmania, or in South Australia, or in Western Australia in higher rainfall districts from Geraldton to Esperance; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Virus strains differ in virulence. Yield of crops and pastures is moderately affected, or is severely affected in Trifolium subterraneum and Lupinus angustifolius as it kills all infected plants. Measures to minimize losses not known.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986; R.A.C. Jones, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985; D.S. Teakle, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; by unknown means; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, the U.S.A. and Japan. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is not affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; by unknown means; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, the U.S.A. and Japan. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is not affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; by unknown means; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe and the U.S.A.. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found first in Lockyer Valley near Forest Hill in Queensland, or in New South Wales, or in Victoria, or in South Australia, or in Tasmania; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found in 1965 and not detected since 1974.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by D.M. Persley, 1986; D.S. Teakle, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe and the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Whitefly: Trialeurodes vaporariorum; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania; not found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide.
VECTORS. Aphids: Myzus persicae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory (Canberra), or in New South Wales (Bega and Narrabri), or in Queensland (Cooktown, Lizard Island), or in Tasmania, or in Western Australia (near Bunbury at Capel); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found, and was found only once in Western Australia in 1981 in Trifolium subterraneum.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by A.J. Gibbs, 1985; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in in the U.K.. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Weevils in the U.K.; virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory in seeds bought in Canberra in the early 1970's, or in South Australia in crops grown from seeds imported directly from the United Kingdom.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by A.J. Gibbs, 1988.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.K. and Morocco. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Weevils in the U.K.; virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory in seeds bought in the Canberra in the early 1970's, or in South Australia in crops grown from seeds imported directly from the United Kingdom.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by A.J. Gibbs, 1988.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Queensland, in Victoria, and in Tasmania.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found and was not recorded in Victoria since 1972.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.K. and the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Brevicoryne brassicae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in South Australia, in Tasmania, and in Victoria (near Werribee, Keilor and Toolangi).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is not affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in America and in commercially available cacti.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Western Australia (Perth).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Limited to one isolation in Western Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.D. McLean, 1985.
REFERENCES.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory and in New South Wales in the alpine area (Mt. Kosciusko).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond.
tymovirus - Cardamine isolates Carnation etched ring caulimovirus Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever carnations are grown. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania and in Victoria, or nationwide as a Victorian propagator has carnation etched ring infected plants, which are sold throughout Australia; probably also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected under particular circumstances, for example when found in combination with carnation mottle virus. Measures to minimize losses: use of pathogen tested stock.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever carnations are grown.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Tasmania, in Victoria, and in Western Australia, or nationwide; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is slightly affected. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen tested stock.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever carnations are grown.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Queensland, in Tasmania, in Western Australia, and in Victoria (Melbourne, Ballarat, Mildura, Geelong); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used in Victoria.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected when found in combination with carnation etched ring virus. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen tested material.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever carnations are grown.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Melbourne in Victoria, in New South Wales, and in Western Australia in Perth. The outbreak in Western Australia in 1986 was traced to mother plants imported from Victoria. New South Wales also suffered from some problems; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen tested stock.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986; R.A.C. Jones, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever carnations are grown.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales and in Victoria; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen tested stock.
REFERENCES. Isolation was done at the Biological and Chemical Research Institute, Rydalmere, N.S.W., but R.I.B. Francki after making enquiries is not convinced it occurs in Australia.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever carnations are grown.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania and in Victoria (Melbourne), or nationwide; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen tested stock.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia at the same time as carrot red leaf but no evidence exists on time of entry. Carrot red leaf luteovirus and carrot mottle virus were originally described in Australia as one virus, namely as carrot motley dwarf (Stubbs, 1948).
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, the U.S.A., Canada, New Zealand and Japan. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids: Cavariella aegopodii; same as in other parts of the world . Carrot red leaf luteovirus (CRLV) and carrot mottle virus (CMotV) are transmitted as a complex by this aphid that occurs in Australia, Europe, the U.S.A., Canada, New Zealand and Japan. The Japanese isolate is also reported to be transmitted by Semiaphis heraclei, but this species does not occur inAustralia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria (Merbein, Mildura, Mangiloc, Piangil, Swan Hill, Bright, Stawell, Gisborne, Hamilton, Bruthen, Orbost, Tostaree, Lindenow, Rooweerup, Bunyip, Cranebourne, Keilor, Dandenong, Werribee, Geelong, Corobrooke, Colac, Warnambool, Port Fairy, Portland, Terang, Tyrewdarra, Bessebelle and Melbourne), or in Tasmania, or in South Australia, or in New South Wales, or in the Australian Capital Territory, or in Western Australia (Perth); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found . Carrot motley dwarf disease (CRLV + CMotV) was reported to be very common in Victoria during the late 1940's and 1950's. Since 1965 the aphid vector is well under control in Tasmania (E.J. Martyn, unpublished data) and the disease is now very uncommon in Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be susceptible including those derived from the Chantenay stock. They seem to be susceptible to the aphid vector of CRLV and CMotV. Yet carrot lines from the Toweight and Osborne Park stocks appear to be less attractive to the aphid. An especially good carrot variety for its lack of palatability to aphids is "All Seasons". Yield of crops is severely affected (Stubbs, 1948). The Chantenay carrot infected with CRLV + CMotV gave a yield of seed 7.4 times lower than that from uninfected plants. Smith et al. (1960) reported in New Zealand a 50% reduction of yield in carrot cultivars infected with CRLV + CMotV. . Measures to minimize losses: (1) Change sowing time to prevent seedlings being exposed to seasonal flushes of aphids. (2) Spray crops with persistent insecticide to kill the vector. (3) Use virus tolerant or aphid repellant cultivars. (4) Use hymenopterous parasite of the vector that was introduced into Australia in 1962. The populations of C. aegopodii has been dramatically reduced in size and this decline in aphid numbers was correlated with the release of the parasite, but whether the parasites have directly affected the aphid population or not is a matter of controversy because the introduction of the aphid parasite coincided with the general use of more aphid resistant/repellant carrot cultivars. However, CRLV and CMotV are probably no longer of economic importance in Australia.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by P.M. Waterhouse, 1986; R.G. Garrett, 1986; G.R. Johnstone, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia, but no evidence exists. Carrot red leaf and carrot mottle virus were originally described in Australia as one virus, namely as carrot motley dwarf (Stubbs, 1948).
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, the U.S.A., Canada, New Zealand and Japan. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . Antiserum produced against the Scottish isolate reacts strongly with the isolates from Canberra (Waterhouse and Murant, 1981; Waterhouse, 1985).
VECTORS. Aphids: Cavariella argopodii; same as in other parts of the world . Carrot red leaf (CRLV) and carrot mottle virus (CMotV) are transmitted as a complex by this aphid that occurs in Australia, Europe, the U.S.A., Canada, New Zealand and Japan. The Japanese isolate is also reported to be transmitted by Semiaphis heraclei, but this species does not occur in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria (Merbein, Mildura, Mangiloc, Piangil, Swan Hill, Bright, Stawell, Gisborne, Hamilton, Bruthen, Orbost, Tostaree, Lindenow, Rooweerup, Bunyip, Cranebourne, Keilor, Dandenong, Werribee, Geelong, Corobrooke, Colac, Warrnambool, Port Fairy, Portland, Terang, Tyrewdarra, Bessebelle and Melbourne), or in Tasmania, or in South Australia, or in New South Wales, or in the Australian Capital Territory, or in Western Australia (Perth); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found . Carrot motley dwarf (CRLV + CMotV) was reported to be very common in Victoria during the late 1940's and 1950's. Since 1965 the aphid vector is well under control in Tasmania (E.J. Martyn, unpublished data) and the disease is now very uncommon in Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be susceptible those derived from the Chantenay stock. They seem to be susceptible to the aphid vector of CRLV and CMotV. Yet carrot lines from the Toweight and Osborne Park stocks appear to be less attractive to the aphid. An especially good carrot variety for its lack of palatability to aphids is "All Seasons". Yield of crops is severely affected (Stubbs, 1948). The Chantenay carrot infected with CRLV + CMotV gave a yield of seed 7.4 times lower than that from uninfected plants. Smith et al. (1960) reported in New Zealand a 50% reduction of yield in carrot cultivars infected with CRLV + CMotV. . Measures to minimize losses: (1) Change sowing time to prevent seedlings being exposed to seasonal flushes of aphids. (2) Spray crops with persistant insecticide to kill the vector. (3) Use virus tolerant or aphid repellant cultivars. (4) Use the hymenopterous parasite of the vector that was introduced into Australia in 1962. The populations of C. aegopodii has been dramatically reduced in size and this decline in aphid numbers was correlated with the release of the parasite, but whether the parasites have directly affected the aphid population or not is a matter of controversy because the introduction of the aphid parasite coincided with the general use of more aphid resistant/repellant carrot cultivars. However, CRLV and CMotV are probably no longer of economic importance in Australia.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by P.M. Waterhouse, 1986; R.G. Garrett, 1986; G.R. Johnstone, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland (Mitchell).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide in Europe and the U.S.A.. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids: Myzus persicae, Brevicoryne brassicae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Western Australia, in South Australia, in Tasmania, in New South Wales, and in Victoria (Keilor, Werribee, Orbost, Bairnsdale and Toolangi); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. There is no evidence of varietal differences in susceptibility. Yield of crops is moderately affected, or is severely affected when coinfected with turnip mosaic virus. It has the same vector as broccoli necrotic yellows virus and the two viruses are often found together. . Measures to minimize losses: (1) use isolated seed beds and spray; (2) clean crops, and remove old plant material rapidly after harvest; (3) do not plant new crops next to old ones in spring or autumn.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in South Australia and in Western Australia (Wanneroo near Perth); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found in 1976 in Western Australia, or varies from year to year . There was a major outbreak in South Australia in 1986.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.A.C. Jones, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia and recently found in Morocco (Lockhart, 1986).
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Australian isolates are serologically indistinguishable from those found in Morroco.
VECTORS. Leafhoppers: Cicadulina bimoculata and Nesoclutha pallida.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland and in New South Wales from Cairns to Grafton along the coast and up to 200 km inland.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found but varies from year to year, depending on weed host and leafhopper population.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Most festucoid cereals are susceptible, but the virus is uncommon in winter crops. Most maize cultivars are susceptible. Yield of crops is not affected, because only small proportions of plants are infected. Measures to minimize losses: avoid susceptible maize cultivars.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986; D.S. Teakle, 1987.
So far only found in Australia.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Not known to be present in other parts of the world despite checking three dozen Chara species in worldwide collections at Lubbock, Texas (V. Proctor and A.J. Gibbs, unpublished data).
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory and in New South Wales in the upper reaches of the Murrumbidgee and Shoalhaven rivers; not found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987 and A.J. Gibbs, 1988.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, Asia Minor, the U.S.S.R., China and North America.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Limited to Sambucus sp. introduced from the U.S.A.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987; G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; by unknown means; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe and North America. Various forms of rasp leaf disease have been recorded in the above countries and several viruses can cause these symptoms.
VECTORS. Nematodes: in Europe and north America; virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria near Kyneton, or in New South Wales . Rasp leaf has been found in cherry budwood from Western Australia; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected . Fruit of Bing cherry is deformed and fruit of some apple cultivars is flattened. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested budwood.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.A. Cooper, 1986.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Leafhoppers: Nesoclutha pallida.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland and in New South Wales from Cairns to Newcastle.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are the Katambora cultivars. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986.
Only found in quarantine; in plant material; in Melbourne when it was intercepted, but no definite diagnosis was made.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Disease spreads, but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Disease spreads, but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in South Australia and in Victoria; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen free material.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in areas where chrysanthemums are grown.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in Tasmania, in Victoria, and in Western Australia (Wanneroo near Perth), or nationwide even; probably also found in New Zealand and described as chrysanthemum leaf mottle virus.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used in Victoria and Western Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen-tested stock.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986, G.D. McLean, 1985.
carlavirusCitrus (grapefruit) stem pitting, strain of citrus tristeza closterovirus Introduced into Australia; in plant material; possibly from South Africa; before or around the early 1940's.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in South Africa, the U.S.A. and Israel.
VECTORS. Aphids: Toxoptera citridus; same as in other parts of the world namely in Africa, South America, India, South East Asia and the Philippines, but different to species in California, Florida, Spain and Israel, where the vectors are Aphis gossypii, A. spiraecola and Myzus persicae.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the coastal region in New South Wales and in Victoria in the Mildura district; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Much less than when first found because of mild strain protection since the 1940's.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected if not protected by mild strains. Measures to minimize losses: plant only grapefruit trees that carry approved mild strains of the virus.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in California.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Surprise Navel orange and old-line Minneola tangelo. Yield of crops is moderately affected but trees crop well for there size.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in California.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales at Narara H.R.S., Moulamein, Lake Wyangan.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found and only seen in old trees.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Belair, Villa Franca, Lisbon, Eureka, Meyer lemon. Yield of crops is slightly affected in mild strains and not important. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested budwood.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; from the U.S.A. or South Africa; in the 1940's. The disease was recognised in New South Wales in the late 1940's and early 1950's when Poncirus trifoliata was used as a rootstock.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the mediterranean regions of Europe, South America, the U.S.A., North and South Africa. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . The Australian and Californian reference isolates differ only in 4 nucleotides.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Queensland, and in South Australia; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used (bud lines).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are citrus species in which citrus exocortis viroid is latent. Symptoms are expressed only in susceptible rootstocks such as Poncirus trifoliata, Rangpur lime, citrange. Yield of crops is slightly affected . Losses from exocortis viroid are notsignificant in Queensland. Losses in New South Wales and Victoria in Eureka lemons are not considered to be significant as nearly all infected budlines have now been replaced by nucellar budlines free from exocortis. Measures to minimize losses: use budwood multiplicator scheme of viroid free material.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by P. Barkley, 1986; C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1986.
Introduced into Australia and found in glasshouse seedlings during indexing clones of lemon carrying crinkly leaf ilarvirus. Symptoms have never been found in field trees.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in California.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Limited to one observation in glasshouse seedlings.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Introduced into Australia.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in U.S.A., Europe.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found and now seen only in ageing trees.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected. Measures to minimize spread: use virus-tested budwood.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
closterovirus Introduced into Australia; in plant material; probably in the early 1920's.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in South America, the U.S.A. and in the Mediterranean countries.
VECTORS. Aphids: Toxoptera citricidus; same as in other parts of the world namely in Africa, South America, India, South East Asia and the Philippines, but different to species in California, Florida, Spain and Israel, where the vectors are Aphis gossypii, A. spiraecola and Myzus persicae.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the coastal region in New South Wales and in Victoria (Mildura), or in South Australia (Berri and Renmark); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found because of mild strain protection programme since the 1940's and use of tristeza-tolerant rootstocks.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Citrus aurantium as stock. In Mildura and South Australia where they used Seville orange successfully as stock in the early 1900's then imported directly from California and free of tristeza virus. Aphids were not a problem in the Murray River settlements until the early 1940's. Apparently they were introduced with infected but symptomless trees from nurseries in coastal N.S.W. (McAlpin et al., 1948). Yield of crops is slightly affected, or is not affected when protected with a mild strain on tolerant stocks. Measures to minimize losses:protect trees with mild strains.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
closterovirus Introduced into Australia; in plant material; probably well before the early 1940's, because the disease was by that time in the Mildura district.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in South Africa, the U.S.A. and Israel.
VECTORS. Aphids: Toxoptera citricidus; same as in other parts of the world namely in Africa, South America, India, South East Asia and the Philippines, but different to species in California, Florida, Spain and Israel, where the vectors are Aphis gossypii, A. spiraecola and Myzus persicae.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the coastal region in New South Wales and in Victoria in the Mildura district.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Much less than when first found because of mild strain protection programme since the 1940's.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are rough Seville orange. Yield of crops is severely affected if not protected by mild strains or grown on resistant stocks. Measures to minimize losses: plant Poncirus trifoliata or Poncirus trifoliata x C. sinensis cv. Troyer as stocks which have proved to be substantially immune to the disease. Use mild virus strains for protection.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in in the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Disease spreads, but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales at Narromine.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found and it is unimportant.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material in Seville orange stock, or by a vector; from China or South Africa; in 1851, certainly well before 1890 (Bowman, 1955).
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in all countries where citrus is grown. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere i.e. the symptoms of quick decline, stem pitting and seedlings yellows.
VECTORS. Aphids: Toxoptera citricidus; same as in other parts of the world namely Africa, South America, India, South East Asia and the Philippines, or different species from those spreading the virus in other parts of the world i.e. California, Florida, Spain and Israel, where tristeza is transmitted by Aphis gossypii, A. spiraecola and Myzus persicae.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Western Australia (Carnarvon), or in New South Wales along the central coast, or in Queensland, or in South Australia (Berri, Renmark), or in Victoria (Murray Valley); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found because of quality control of propagating material since 1928.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are rough lemon, Rangur lime, calamondin and cumquats, or varieties known to be resistant are trifoliate orange and Troyer citrange stock. Yield of crops is moderately affected when protected through inoculation with mild strains. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested, tolerant budwood, or infect with mild strain for protection.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987; R.G. Garrett, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in California and South Africa.
VECTORS. Aphids: Toxoptera citricidus; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found eastern in New South Wales; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is slightly affected. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested budwood.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Palestine and the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Disease spreads, but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found and it is uncommon.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected through dwarfing of trees. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested budwood.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Britain, Sweden, the Netherlands, Canada and the U.S.A.. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere e.g. to the Pratt strain collected by O.W. Barnett.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria (Rutherglen, Tatura, Maffra, Orbost, Bairnsdale, Melbourne and Hamilton), or in Tasmania, or in Western Australia; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be susceptible but this depends on the virus strain. Yield of crops is severely affected especially in lupins. Other pasture legumes are moderately to severely affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Italy, Iran, Central Africa, India and China.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world and is also seed-borne.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Fiji.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.D. Pares, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; by seed; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere and are serologically related to the Hampton (Legume) strain. The Q strain is an Australian isolate from Capsicum in Queensland.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world and largely non specific.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in locally restricted areas in Queensland, in New South Wales, and in Victoria (Melbourne, Tatura, Shepparton, Bairnsdale, Werribee, Keilor, Orbost, Maffra, Swan Hill and Mildura), or in Tasmania, or in South Australia where it is widespread and especially important in lupins in the south east and in lentils, or in Western Australia in Carnarvon and in high rainfall districts from Geraldton to Esperance; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Increasing gradually over the past decade in South and Western Australia, or has not changed since it was first found and is constant in irrigated pasture legumes, but varies in annual crops such as lupin or in tomatoes.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Legumes (Fabaceae) are susceptible to legume strain and Solanaceae to the Q strain. However, the legume strain is not legume specific. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent but is always severe in Trifolium subterraneum and lupin, and occasionally severe in white clover. Measures to minimize losses: use virus- tested seed, this is especially important for lupins and subterranean clover.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.I.B. Francki, 1986; R.G. Garrett, 1986; R.S. Greber, 1986; R.A.C. Jones, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Regularly introduced into Australia; in orchids, because it is difficult to detect the virus in glasshouse grown plants. Often symptoms show up only under high temperature and light intensity.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in New South Wales, in Victoria, in Tasmania, in South Australia, and in Western Australia (Perth and Carnarvon); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected in Cymbidium. Measures to minimize losses: general precautions against mechanical transmission have been very effective for control in South Australia.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.I.B. Francki, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Myzus persicae and Marcosiphum euphorbiae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Queensland, in Tasmania, in Victoria, and in Western Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in New Zealand where it is very common in Daphne cneorum. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is not affected and it is symptomless in Daphne. Measures to minimize spread: use pathogen free stock, i.e. virus-free plants imported from West Germany, and use those to replace infected stock.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide in tropical regions, and frequently in ornamental plants.
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Myzus persicae and Pentalonia nigronervosa; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria, in New South Wales, and in Queensland in coastal regions from Cairns to Grafton, or nationwide throughout urban regions in house plants.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent resulting in reduced marketability of ornamentals. Measures to minimize spread: use virus-tested planting material.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986.
So far only found in Australia.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Australian isolates are not closely related to those found elsewhere i.e. maize sterile stunt or barley yellow striate mosaic virus.
VECTORS. Leafhoppers: Sogatella kolophon; different species from those spreading the virus in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in coastal regions, up to 200 km inland in Queensland and in New South Wales from Cairns down to Rockhampton, Brisbane and Grafton.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops only is moderately affected because healthy pangola grass grows over the infected plants. Measures to minimize spread not necessary.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in England and the U.S.A.. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in India.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in New South Wales, and in South Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe.
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Not known . Apparently the virus is transmitted directly to roots without the aid of a vector in infested soil and by leaf rubbing between plants.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Nambour and Gympie in Queensland.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Increasing gradually especially in wet years.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected. Measures to minimize spread not known.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by D.S. Teakle, 1987.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in Victoria, and in Western Australia; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Probably found worldwide.
VECTORS. Aphids: Myzus persicae.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in Tasmania, in Victoria, and in Western Australia (Manjimup); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found in 1983 in Western Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.D. McLean, 1985.
Only found in quarantine; in ginger roots imported; from India, Malaysia, Mauritius and Thailand; in the period of 1969-1973.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Not known to be present in other parts of the world, but suspected to be present in the mentioned countries.
VECTORS. Not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland in Nambour, but all known infected plants are now destroyed; not found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Limited to one experimental planting after passing through quarantine inspection.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Zingiber officinale. Measures to minimize losses not known.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.E. Thomas, 1987.
So far only found in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the south east in Queensland and in New South Wales in the Blue Mountains.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland; original isolate came from Ravenshoe, North Queensland, but may also be present along the central and north coast.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material, or by a vector in contaminated soil; from Europe; soon after European colonization.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in areas throughout the world where the vector occurs or where infected vines have been planted. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . A range of strains exist with varying degrees of serological relatedness. Comparisons with Californian and European isolates have been made.
VECTORS. Nematodes: i.e. Xiphinema index; same as in other parts of the world, although X. index is not recorded in Queensland. X. italica has also been reported as vector but is apparently not found in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the north eastern region in Victoria and in New South Wales around Rutherglen, or in South Australia where it is extremely rare, or in Tasmania, or in Western Australia probably; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Increasing gradually but it is established in the Rutherglen area only. Due to quarantine restrictions movement of vines and soil from this area is prohibited and therefore distribution of the vector is limited.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are, particularly, the white vine varieties as indicated by overseas reports. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent . Yield losses of more than 50% are not uncommon; the quality (i.e percentage of sugar) is also reduced. The virus may kill young vines. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-free material in areas where the vector does not occur. Fumigation of the soil of planting areas, where the vector occurs, controls the vector only temporarily.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by S.A. Holland, 1986; R.I.B. Francki, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; from India; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in India, Pakistan and the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Myzus persicae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.S.A., Fiji, Thailand and El Salvador. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Brisbane, Townsville, Ayr in Queensland and in South Australia in Adelaide.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, South Africa, Fiji, Japan and the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland and in Western Australia (Perth).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found in 1982.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.D. McLean, 1986.
carlavirus, Hop latent carlavirus Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe and the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Aphids: Phorodon humuli; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe and the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe and the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum solanifolii; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland (Brisbane and Stanthorpe), or nationwide even.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever Iris hybrids are grown. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Tasmania, in Victoria, and in Western Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide.
VECTORS. Aphids: Macrosiphum euphorbiae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania and in Victoria.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987; G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
So far only found in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales (Kioloa).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in coastal regions in New South Wales and in Queensland; . Three groups of isolates are found. (1) Wapengo isolates: Eden, Wapengo, Kiola, Bawley Point, Bateman's Bay, Tathra; (2) Jervis Bay (type) isolates: Jervis Bay, Kiama, Botany Bay; (3) Port Douglas (Mount Jukes) isolates: Daintree, Port Douglas, Cairns, Mount Jukes (near Mackay), Townsville.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected, the weight is reduced by about one third.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986; A.J. Gibbs, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever lettuce is grown.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland (Lockyer Valley), or in New South Wales, or in Victoria (Werribee, Keilor, Swan Hill and Mildura), or in Western Australia (Perth and Medina); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year and less than when first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops usually is moderately affected, but severe if infected when young. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested seeds or seeds which have been produced for propagation in dry areas with little summer aphid activity.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986, R. Ikin, 1987; R.A.C. Jones, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
So far only found in Australia and New Zealand, but possibly introduced, because both host and vector are introduced.
VECTORS. Aphids: Hyperomyzus lactucae.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Werribee, Keilor, Swan Hill and Mildura in Victoria, in New South Wales, in Queensland, in South Australia, in Tasmania, and in Western Australia in Kalgoorlie, Perth, Carnarvon and Esperance; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found and varies from year to year.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected. Measures to minimize losses: keep crops weed free.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.I.B. Francki, 1986; R.G. Garrett, 1986; G.R. Johnstone, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria, in Tasmania, in South Australia, and in Western Australia (Perth and Pemberton); also found in NewZealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected in susceptible varieties.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R. Ikin, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985; J.R. Moran, 1986.
So far only found in Australia and in New Zealand.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Australian isolates are serologically indistinguishable from those found in New Zealand and differ only in host range.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland and in Victoria; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is not affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is not affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in New Zealand and Canada. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . Australian and New Zealand isolates appear to differ in host range and symptomatology but isolates from the two countries are serologically closely related.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania and in Victoria; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent . Blackstock (1978) reported a loss of 18% in dry matter. Measures to minimize losses not known.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Spain, Tanzania, Mauritius, the U.S.A., Mexico, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Columbia, Peru and the Caribbean Islands. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Leafhoppers:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Orbost in Victoria, in Tasmania, in New South Wales, in the Northern Territory, and in Western Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES. This record from Orbost is based on the discovery of a rhabdovirus, on one occasion, in sweet corn by electron microscopy at the Department of Agriculture, Burnley, Vic. It has not been confirmed.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
striate rhabdovirus This particular strain so far only found in Australia.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Type strain known to be present in Italy, France and Morocco. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere i.e. to barley yellow striate mosaic virus.
VECTORS. Planthoppers: Sogatella longifurcifera; different species from those spreading the virus in other parts of the world where Laodelphax striatellus is the vector (barley yellow striate).
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland and in New South Wales in coastal regions, up to 200 km inland from Cairns to Grafton.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Of most maize cultivars some varieties are known to be resistant except for Zea mays cv. Iochief. In winter wheat the virus is uncommon. Yield of crops is slightly affected although total loss is observed in susceptible cultivars such as Zea mays cv. Iochief. Measures to minimize losses: grow resistant or tolerant genotypes.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia, or probably present in Australia before 1770, because it is naturally associated with the peri-tropical distribution of the planthopper Perigrinus maidis. First record of the virus was made in 1943.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide where maize and Sorghum are cultivated. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Planthoppers: i.e. Perigrinus maidis; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Darwin in the Northern Territory, in Queensland, and in New South Wales from Cairns to Grafton in coastal regions.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Vary seasonally, although has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Maize cultivars, differ in susceptibility, Sorghum seems more resistant. Yield of crops is moderately affected and incidences in maize are generally low.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, the U.S.A. and Brazil. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland (Brisbane, Gatton and Tent Hill).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Increasing gradually.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Western Australia (Perth).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found in the late 1970's.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is not affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide, particularly in the Netherlands and the U.K..
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania and in Western Australia (Perth); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is not affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania and in Western Australia (Perth).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.D. McLean, 1985.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in South Australia (Lake Frome).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Introduced into Australia; in orchids during the last two hundred years. It is difficult to detect the virus in glasshouse grown plants, because often symptoms show only in plants grown at high temperatures and light intensity.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide in orchids. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere, they show reaction to antisera from the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found nationwide wherever orchid hybrids are found.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. There have been more reports on incidences of this virus, than others, but this probably reflects `pathologist interest' rather than virus spread.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected depending on the host plant. Measures to minimize losses: apply strict hygiene, use careful cultivation methods to stop cross-infection, identify infected plants and destroy them.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by P. Beetham, 1986; R.I.B. Francki, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever onions are grown.
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Myzus persicae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in New South Wales, in Victoria, in Tasmania, in South Australia, and in Western Australia (Harvey,Lake Clifton, Pemberton and Manjimup); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Japan and Federal Republic of Germany.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in New South Wales, in South Australia, and in Western Australia (Perth); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found in 1983 in Western Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES. Identified at the Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Qld. Leaf symptoms appear after exposure to full sunlight and temperatures over 30OC.
Data collated by G.D. McLean, 1985; L.K. Price, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; from South Africa; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown and had only been recognized recently in Digitaria ciliaris (summer grass) and in 1985 at Samford, Queensland, in Digitaria decumbens (pangola grass).
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in South Africa. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . They are similar in particle morphology and pattern of the double stranded RNA genome segments. The serological relationship is being investigated.
VECTORS. Planthoppers: Sogatella kolophon; different species from those spreading the virus in other parts of the world . In South Africa the vector is Sogatella furcifera.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland (Redland Bay, Samford, Samsonvale, Dayboro, Gatton, Beerwah, Nambour, Bundaberg and mostly likely Rockhampton).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year probably depending on the fluctuation in the vector population.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected. Measures to minimize losses not known.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by D.S. Teakle, 1987.
The papaya strain is not found in Australia. Papaya ringspot (type W) potyvirus, synonym watermelon mosaic I potyvirus Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown . Not found in Queensland in 1969, but since 1977 prolific.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.S.A., Mexico, Caribbean islands, Europe and India. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere and serologically indistinguishable from those including papaya ringspot virus type P. Strain P and W differ only in their host range.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found from Darwin to the Katherine area in the Northern Territory, in Queensland, and in New South Wales from Cairns to Brisbane and probably further south to Grafton.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be resistant are some Cucumis melo cultivars, whereas almost all cultivars of watermelon and pumpkin are susceptible. Cucumbers, however, seem to be naturally resistant to infection. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent although some severe isolates induce stunting and fruit deformities that often leads to a complete loss of the crop. Measures to minimize losses: remove the old stock; use reflective mulch (McLean et al., 1982). Breeding for resistance is in progress.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Possibly Leafhoppers: Nesoclutha pallida, but the vector identity is currently being questioned by taxonomists.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales and in Queensland (Cairns, Townsville, Nambour, Brisbane and Toowoomba); not found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is slightly affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1987.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales in the Hunter Valley, the Illawarra, the Central Tablelands and Sydney metropolitan area.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected when doubly infected with passionfruit woodiness virus.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.D. Pares, 1986.
Probably present in Australia before 1770.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in South America and Spain. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found along the coast in Queensland and in New South Wales as far south as Sydney and Burnett, or in WesternAustralia (Carnarvon, Armidale and Perth); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found, or increasing gradually in new growing areas.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be susceptible of Passiflora edulis, yet cultivars react differently to infection. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent, or is severely affected in cold winters when all fruit may be woody. Measures to minimize losses: select propagation material from the least affected vines or use vines which are infected with a mild strain to protect against severe strains.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986; R.A.C. Jones, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985; L.K. Price, 1986; D.S. Teakle, 1987.
Not found in Australia although it was thought that an unusual strain of pea enation mosaic was inducing "pea pimple pod" symptoms, which were found in Tasmanian peas.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, Iran, North America and China.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.W. Bowyer, 1987.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Aphids: Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Pisum sativum cv. Telephone. Yield of crops is moderately affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.W. Bowyer, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; by seed; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Asia and North America.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland and in Tasmania; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES. Studied by R.S. Greber, Department of Primary Industry, Brisbane, Qld.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987; G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Africa, Asia, North, Central and South America.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the Netherlands and Italy. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . The isolate from N.S.W. is most closely related to the Dutch isolate (Wetter et al., 1985), but more distantly related to isolates from the U.S.A., Argentina and another Dutch strain (Pares, unpublished data).
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales (Wentworth and Dareton).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are listed below in 4 groups ranked according to severity of symptoms they develop (from mild to severe): (1) Hybrid Citadel (2) Pip, Hybrid Skipper, Long Red Cayenne Thick, Long Red Cayenne Thin (3) California Wonder, Hybrid Blue Star, Green Giant, Yolo Wonder, Northern Belle (4) Long Green Sweet, Hungarian Yellow Wax, Hybrid Shamrock, Long Sweet Yellow, Hybrid Big Bertha, Emerald Giant . Yield of crops is moderately affected . Plant growth is decreased by 20-35% as measured by fresh and dry weights, also the proportion of unsaleable fruit due to deformation is increased. Measures to minimize losses not known because so called "resistant" varieties from overseas have been tested using tobacco mosaic virus and not pepper mild mottle virus.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.D. Pares, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in many parts of the world. Various forms of plum line pattern viruses have been recorded worldwide and have been named from the country it was found (e.g American, Danish, Dutch, European, New Zealand and North American). However, several viruses can cause symptoms of plum line pattern, but mostly the causative agent has not been identified.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland and in Victoria in Melbourne, and in budwood from Western Australia; also found in New Zealand but the exact cause of plum line pattern there is not known aswell.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Shiro plum, that shows good line pattern symptoms, whereas many other Prunus spp. are symptomless. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested budwood.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.A. Cooper, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Great Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany, the U.S.A. and Canada.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Tasmania, and in Victoria.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by P.L. Guy, 1985.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania and in Western Australia (Perth); also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.D. McLean, 1985; A.J. Mason, 1987; G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Only found in quarantine; in potato tubers; in 1986. Previously, potato virus M might have entered Australia with varieties from overseas, because it was once recorded in 1966 by R.H. Taylor in the Department of Agriculture, Burnley, Vic. In electron microscopy probes a number of long flexuous particles had been found and thought to be potato virus M. In consecutive double diffusion tests with antisera from Scotland precipitin lines were obtained indicating that the isolates contained potato virus S and M. Since 1966 potato virus M has not been found in commercial crops.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe and to be widespread there. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere but no detailed analysis of strains has been undertaken.
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Myzus persicae, Aphis nasturtii, Macrosiphum euphorbiae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria once in 1966 and later in 1986 in one isolated finding when potato virus M was discovered in tubers, that had not been planted in any potato growing area, but are possibly grown in Melbourne Metropolitan district; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent . Symptoms vary from slight to severe, presumably yields are also affected in this way. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested seed potatoes, control aphid population, rogue infected plants, control volunteer potatoes and weeds.
REFERENCES. A.J. Mason (1985). Identified in quarantine at Plant Research Institute, Burnley, by electron microscopy and indicator plant tests. A.J. Mason (1986). Identified in one tuber sample, identified by electron microscopy, serology and indicator plant tests. Earlier diagnosis using antisera may have not differentiated between potato virus M and S.
Data collated by A.J. Mason, 1986; R.J. Sward, 1987; R.H. Taylor, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in potato tubers; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide in potato growing areas. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids: Myzus persicae which is the only vector; same as in other parts of the world and virus spreads without the help of a vector by contact, the main route of infection. Many isolates are not aphid-transmitted.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in all potato growing areas in Queensland, in New South Wales, in Victoria, in Tasmania, and in Western Australia (Albany, Manjimup and Medina); it is often latent, or causes very mild symptoms of rugosity, vein deepening, or leaf bronzing; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is not affected, or is slightly affected . The infection is usually latent or symptoms are difficult to see, and the yield is little depressed. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen-free seed potatoes, avoid contact i.e. spreading by machinery etc., control volunteer potatoes and weed hosts.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by A.J. Mason, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1985; D.S. Teakle, 1987; R.A.C. Jones, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in tubers; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever potatoes are grown. Australian isolates are probably closely related to those found elsewhere but the range of strain types found in Australia has not been identfied.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in all potato growing areas in the south-west in Western Australia, in New South Wales, in South Australia, in Tasmania, and in Victoria; also found in New Zealand and is widespread there.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used in all states except Western Australia where all stocks are infected.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be resistant and a small number of varieties are immune or contain strain specific hypersensitive type resistance, but are not grown commercially in Australia. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent depending on potato variety and virus strain. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen-free seed potatoes; remove infected plants; minimize use of machinery in fields; control weeds and volunteer potatoes.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by A.J. Mason, 1986; R.A.C. Jones, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever potatoes are grown. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . Strains checked at the Plant Research Institute, Burnley, fell into the Y group, although one strain found, may not fit in any of the classic strain groups.
VECTORS. Aphids: Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Aphis gossypii; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in most potato growing areas in New South Wales, in Victoria, in Tasmania, in South Australia, and in Western Australia (Manjimup, Waneroo and Medina); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used in eastern Australia and the best virus-free seed potatoes are grown in Tasmania, or varies from year to year depending on aphid populations.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be resistant, a few are immune, and many carry strain specific hypersensitive type resistance, but are not grown in Australia. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen-free seed potatoes, control aphids with i.e. pyrethroid insecticide which effectively reduces the population, eliminate weeds, self-grown potatoes and rogue infected plants. All methods are effective.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by A.J. Mason, 1986; G.R. Johnstone, 1987; R.A.C. Jones, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; in potato tubers; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide although uncommon.
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Myzus persicae; same as in other parts of the world and needs a helper potyvirus, such as potato Y or potato A virus.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales and in Victoria; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent depending on potato variety and virus strain. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen-free tubers and rogue infected plants. Control volunteer potatoes, weeds and aphid population. All methods are effective except for the control of aphids because the virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner.
REFERENCES. Several years ago tests for identification were not as accurate as today, therefore the authenticity of this record is questionable.
Data collated by A.J. Mason, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; with early settlers, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever potatoes are grown. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids: mainly Aulacorthum solani, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in all potato growing areas in Queensland, in New South Wales, in the Australian Capital Territory, in Victoria, in Tasmania, in South Australia, and in Western Australia (Manjimup, Albany and Perth); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used in Eastern Australia, or varies from year to year depending on weather, which affects aphid populations.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent depending on virus incidence, and whether infection occurred the current season or in the previous. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen-free seed potatoes, spray insecticides, and rogue infected plants. Control volunteer potatoes, other hosts, aphid populations and use resitant varieties.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by A.J. Mason, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1985; G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in tubers; in Viroid infected material was found in varieties from Glen Innes, but since 1978 all breeding material released has been free from the viroid.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in North and South America, China and the U.S.S.R.. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere, namely to North American strain. cDNA probes of the New South Wales isolates are complementary in sequence to North American strain (Schwinghamer and Scott, 1984). Sequence analysis by Jane Visvader (University of Adelaide, unpublished data) reveals no major differences to overseas isolates.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria and in New South Wales; where it has been limited to Glen Innes potato breeder's collection (Schwinghamer and Conroy, 1983; Schwinghamer, 1984) and lines derived from the collection in other states (Cartwright, 1984; Mason and Heath, 1984).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found . A statewide survey of N.S.W. seed potato crops has failed to reveal any potato spindle tuber viroid infected plants (Schwinghamer and Scott, 1986).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected . Potato spindle tuber viroid infected plants appear to give more numerous, small, elongated tubers when grown under glasshouse conditions. Measures to minimize losses: Eradicate all infected seed stock as done with all lines in the Glen Innes collection and recently derived lines from the collection.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by M.W. Schwinghamer, 1985; A.J. Mason, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide in temperate regions where Prunus spp. are cultivated.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Melbourne, Kyneton and Tatura in Victoria, in New South Wales, in South Australia, and in Western Australia in Pickering Brook near Perth, Manjimup and Donnybrook; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Since the disease `rosette and decline' was recorded. A dual infection of prune dwarf and prunus necrotic ringspot viruses increasing gradually in Victoria in an orchard of the variety `Golden Queen' from 0.9% to 91.5% over 11 years, also in a `Pullars Cling' orchard from 1.5% to 29.6% over 5 years (Smith et al., 1977a,b).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are the peach cultivar Golden Queen which is very sensitive to combined infection with prune dwarf and prunus necrotic ringspot virus. The Italian Prune shows severe stunting and leaf deformities. Yield of crops is moderately affected and usually most obvious when a combination of prune dwarf and prunus necrotic ringspot virus occurs, resulting in a yield reduction of up to 66% in Golden Queen. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested budwood. Plant healthy trees some distance from older infected trees, to reduce the likelihood of virus infection via pollen.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.A. Cooper, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide in temperate regions where Prunus spp. and roses are cultivated.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector and but spreads through pollen carried by honey bees.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Melbourne, Kyneton, Irymple and Tatura in Victoria, in New South Wales, in Queensland, in South Australia, and in Western Australia in Pickering Brook, near Perth, Manjimup and Donnybrook; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Since the `rosette and decline' was recorded. A dual infection of prunus necrotic ringspot and prune dwarf viruses increasing gradually in Victoria in an orchard of the variety `Golden Queen' from 0.9% to 91.5% over 11 years and in `Pullars Cling' orchard from 1.5% to 29.6% over 5 years (Smith et al., 1977).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are the peach cultivar Golden Queen that is very sensitive to combined infection with prune dwarf and prunus necrotic ringspot virus. F12/1 cherry rootstock and some sweet cherry varieties show `tatter-leaf' symptoms, when infected with prunus necrotic ringspot virus. Yield of crops is moderately affected . The effect on fruit yield is most obvious when a combined infection of prune dwarf and prunus necrotic ringspot virus occurs, which can result in a 66% yield reduction in Golden Queen. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested budwood and rootstock. Plant healthy trees some distance from older infected trees, to reduce the likelihood of virus infection via pollen.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.A. Cooper, 1986; R.A.C. Jones, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; from Europe, most likely from the U.K; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown . Baron von Mueller introduced many Rubus species to Victoria.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in North America and Europe, particularly in the U.K., Germany and Russia. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere of the 3 strains recognised, and are closest to the Scottish strain.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known . It is pollen and seed-borne.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Grove and Launceston area in Tasmania and in Victoria only in Dandenong where one old field record is known; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found although no additional tests have been carried out lately. The virus is difficult to find in mid summer and is best detected in early spring.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are those originating from `Lloyd George', whereas `Willamette' seems not to be susceptible to Australian isolates. Yield of crops is severely affected producing crumbly fruit in some cultivars making them unsaleable. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested stock and resistant cultivars.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G. Guy, 1986; G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Introduced into Australia; and observed in 1965 in the field.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.K., Czechoslovakia, Poland and Sweden. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere (Lyness et al., 1981).
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria (Maffra and Burnley); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Limited to one isolation in 1965.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected, i.e. stunting under cool conditions.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by D.S. Teakle, 1987.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory, in New South Wales, in South Australia, and in Victoria.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Widespread.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES. Identified by R. Francki, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide, S.A.
Data collated by R.I.B. Francki, 1986 and A.J. Gibbs, 1988.
Recently introduced into Australia.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Canada, the U.S.A. and the U.K.. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere ; particles react strongly with antiserum from the U.K..
VECTORS. Disease spreads, but the vector, if there is one, is not known in Australia, although it is presumably an eriophyid mite as in the northern hemisphere, but is not proven.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Forth in Tasmania and in Victoria in Leongatha; not found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Increasing gradually since first found and has now spread to nearby pastures within two years.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Lolium multiflorum cvs S22, Tama and L. perenne cv. Victorian. Yield of crops is moderately affected. Measures to minimize losses not known.
REFERENCES. Preliminary studies by P.L. Guy and R.J. Sward have been done at the Department of Agriculture, Hobart, Tas, and the Plant Research Institute, Burnley, Vic.
Data collated by P.L. Guy, 1987.
Introduced into Australia; probably by seed.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in various seed lots of ryegrass. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere ; particles react with antiserum from the U.K.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania (Forth).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year depending on the seed lot used, because it is only seed transmitted.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is not affected . It is difficult to assess, but it may enhance the yield loss in mixed infections with ryegrass mosaic virus. Measures to minimize losses not known.
REFERENCES. Preliminary studies by P.L. Guy have been carried out at the Department of Agriculture, Hobart, Tas.
Data collated by P.L. Guy, 1987.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Beetles: Epilachna species.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland and in New South Wales from Cairns to Grafton.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found although rate of incidence varies seasonally.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, South Africa, Asia, North, Central and South America. Australian isolates are serologically indistinguishable from those found elsewhere. Also the M. Wt of the coat protein is identical with other strains.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known . Virus transmitted when pollen from infected plants is rubbed on leaves of plants later tested for virus.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Burnett and Lawes in Queensland and in New South Wales (Griffith, Chipping Norton), or in Victoria (Melbourne), or in Tasmania.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected . Infected Chenopodium and Atriplex are severely stunted.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by P.L. Guy, 1985; D.S. Teakle, 1987.
REFERENCES. See subterranean clover red leaf luteovirus. Soybean mosaic potyvirus Probably introduced into Australia; by seed; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever soybeans are grown. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere and react with soybean mosaic virus antisera from the U.S.A.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Warwick in Queensland and in New South Wales in Narrabri and Sydney; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be resistant. Yield of crops is not affected. Measures to minimize losses: reduce seed transmission by roguing seed crops, although not necessary in Australia because of the very low incidence.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1987.
Introduced into Australia; by seed.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland (Hermitage Research Station, Warwick, Darling Downs).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Glycine max cvs Hill, Wills, Semistar, Hood, Lindarin.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1987.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales (Narrabri).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Glycine max cv. Dane. Measures to minimize losses not known.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; by seed from the U.S.A.; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in North Africa, North, Central and South America, China and Japan. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere, particularly to isolates from the U.S.A., as judged by serological tests.
VECTORS. Beetles: the coccinellids Epilachna cucurbitae; different species from those spreading the virus in other parts of the world i.e. Israel where Epilachna chrysomelina is the vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found from Bowen to Brisbane in Queensland, in the Northern Territory, in New South Wales, and in Victoria; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year depending on seed introduction.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Cucurbita pepo var. melo-pepo honeydew types, as well as C. maxima and C. moschata. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent, but sometimes so severe that crops have to be abandoned. Measures to minimize losses: use virus- free seeds.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, North and South America and South Africa.
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Chaetosiphon jacobi and Chaetosiphon fragaefolii; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in Tasmania, in Victoria, and in Western Australia; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found . It is now almost a curiosity in Queensland.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be susceptible and show chlorotic spots on leaves. Yield of crops is moderately affected by decreasing vigour, runner production and fruit size. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested varieties, available through the strawberry certification schemes. Furthermore aphid transmission can be reduced by sprays, and by planting crops in regions isolated from possible sources of infection.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.A. Cooper, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe and Canada.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, Israel, North America and Japan.
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Chaetosiphon spp; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Healesville and Coldstream in Victoria, in Tasmania, in Western Australia, in Queensland, and in New South Wales; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found as a result of the strawberry certification scheme.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be susceptible . Virus produces faint marginal chlorosis and cupping of the younger leaves on sensitive varieties, but little apparent reduction in vigour. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent depending on association with other virus problems. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested varieties available through the strawberry certification schemes, spray to reduce aphid transmission and plant crops in regions isolated from possible sources of infection.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.A. Cooper, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.K., Germany, the U.S.A. and Brazil.
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Chaetosiphon spp; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania; not found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected . It may reduce runner production, vigour, fruit, yield and quality. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested varieties which are available through the strawberry certification schemes. Furthermore aphid transmission can be reduced by sprays, and by planting crops in regions isolated from possible sources of infection.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.A. Cooper, 1986.
So far only found in Australia and first reported in 1979 on a property at Karridale near Augusta in Western Australia.
VECTORS. Not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Western Australia (Byford, Keysbrook, Elgin, Cowaramup, Boyup Brook, Bridgetown, Lake Unicup, Redmond, in Armidale and North Dandalup.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year but persists in established clover pastures, although new infections arise from time to time. In 1983 the disease was reported at a site near Elgin, where a `Dinninup' pasture had been sown that year. Most infections have been observed in pastures up to 15 years old.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are the Trifolium subterraneum cultivars Nungarin, Daliak, Esperance, Geraldton, Northam, Mt. Barker and Woogenellup. However, the cultivars Seaton Park, Meteora, Larissa and Dwalganup proved to be resistant to infection with the virus in glasshouse studies. Yield of crops is severely affected . The losses in dry matterproduction have been measured at between 60-100% with early infections in glasshouse studies. Although no field data are available on losses, a high level could be expected, because of the severe effects of the virus on its host. Surveys have shown that up to 70% of the plants show symptoms in the field. Measures to minimize losses: replace the susceptible cultivar Dinninup with other more resistant cultivars or with strawberry clover Trifolium fragiferum. First field experiments in Western Australia have shown these measures to be successful.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by D.J. Graddon, 1985; G.D. McLean, 1985.
dwarf luteovirus
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in New Zealand and in California, in the U.S.A. and in Japan, also called soybean dwarf luteovirus. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids: mainly Aulacorthum solani; same as in other parts of the world though Macrosiphum euphorbiae is a vector in New Zealand only.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in South Australia, in Tasmania, in Victoria, and in Western Australia (Burekup north-east of Bunbury); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found and is unimportant in most years, however, high incidences are observed about every fifth year. Glasshouse tests in Tasmania indicate a reduction of 50% in commerial sub-clover cultivars.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected in peas, or is severely affected in Trifolium subterraneum, or is affected to a greater or lesser extent in Vicia faba in Tasmania depending on the time of sowing (Johnstone and Rapley, 1979). Measures to minimize losses: choose correct sowing time, e.g. autumn for Vicia faba under Tasmanian conditions, to reduce transmission by aerial vectors with seasonal activity.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986; G.R. Johnstone, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
So far only found in Australia and New Zealand.
VECTORS. Aphids: Aphis craccivora is the only known vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Western Australia, in Tasmania, and in Victoria (East Gippslands, Orbost, Bairnsdale, Maffra).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found and unimportant in most years. Glasshouse tests in Tasmania indicate a reduction of 60% in commerial sub- clover cultivars.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Trifolium subterraneum cv. Mt. Barker. Yield of crops is severely affected in Trifolium subterraneum and Phaseolus vulgaris, or is affected to a greater or lesser extent in Pisum sativum and Vicia faba.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986; G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; from overseas; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown, although the disease was present in Australia prior to 1890.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in a number of islands in the Pacific Ocean region from Western Samoa to New Guinea and is found as far north as the Philippines. It has also been found in the Malagasy Republic, Thailand and West Malaysia. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . Strain differences have been reported only once (Hayes, 1974), and there is no other clear evidence of different strains occurring within the virus population. However, there are reports of differences in varietal reaction to Fiji disease in different countries and these have been attributed to many factors including strains.
VECTORS. Planthoppers: i.e. Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirk; same as in other parts of the world . Elsewhere P. vastatrix Breddin and P. vitiensis Kirk. have been identified and there is circumstantial evidence that P.lakokensis Muir is also a vector of Fiji disease virus.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in commercial cane crops in New South Wales and in Queensland in the following areas: Mackay, Sarina, Bundaberg, Childers, Maryborough, Nambour and Beenleigh, Murwillumbah, Ballina and Maclean.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year and differences are related to the stage of epiphytotic and implementation of control measures.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are often too susceptible to be grown commercially in the presence of the disease. Yield of crops is moderately affected, although locally they may be severely affected. Estimates of yield losses due to Fiji disease in Bundaberg district of Queensland in the 1970's were equivalent to 125,000 and 130,000 tonnes of cane in 1978 and 1979 respectively (Turner and Churchward, 1977; Egan and Ryan, 1986). Yield losses over the period 1976-1982 were estimated to exceed 500,000 tonnes. These estimates do not include losses in production as a result of premature ploughing of badly affected young ratoon crops and indirect losses such as the cost to establish and maintain a virus-free stock scheme. Egan and Ryan (1986) provided some estimates of the losses that occur Fiji disease caused in the period 1977- 1983 in the Rocky Point Mill area, south of Brisbane. In 1982 it was estimated that 10-20% reduction in yield occurred in less than 10 fields. Before that losses were negligible. Measures to minimize losses: use resistant varieties, select virus-tested plants, inspect and rogue diseased stools, and harvest and plough infected crops early. All these techniques are useful when infection levels are relatively low as found at the start and finish of an epiphytotics.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C.C. Ryan, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; brought in with the early imports of sugarcane; in 1924 when it was first recorded in sugarcane in Queensland. Symptoms on maize have been recorded from about 1948 onwards.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in all sugarcane producing countries, particularly the U.S.A. and India. Earlier work identified an Australian isolate as strain A of the sugarcane infecting group (Abbott and Stokes, 1966). Australian isolates are generally not closely related to those found elsewhere but have not been sufficiently tested. Australian sugarcane mosaic virus (ScMV- Johnson) grass isolates differs in reaction of Sorghum cultivars from ScMV-JG and maize dwarf mosaic virus A (MDMV- A) (Johnson grass infecting strain) occuring in North and South America and in Europe. It is important to distinguish four strains of ScMV recorded in Australia. The sugarcane, Sabi grass (ScMV-SG) and Queensland blue couch grass (ScMV- Q) strains are closely related serologically and in base sequence homology. The Johnson grass strain (ScMV-JG) is not serologically related to the other three strains (Shukla and Gough, 1984) and differs significantly in base sequence homology.
VECTORS. Aphids: e.g. Hysteroneura setariae and Rhopalosiphum maidis; same as in other parts of the world, also Myzus persicae has been recorded as a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Northern Territory only once, or in Queensland ScMV-S is low in incidence, but can occur in all sugar-cane districts throughout the coastal and subcoastal regions in the central and southern part, or in New South Wales the strain ScMV-JG, occurs in the north east and north west, e.g. Tamworth, Milguy, Grafton (Penrose, 1974b) also, or in Victoria (Bacchus-Marsh, Orbost, Bairnsdale), or in Western Australia (Kununurra); The ScMV-SC is common in the Isis area (Bundaberg) in sugarcane (Jones, 1987). SCMV-Jg is common in perennial host Sorghum halepense throughout southern and central Queensland and commonly infects grain sorghum and maize when in these areas. This strain is also found in north Queensland (Ayr, Bowen). Distribution is very restricted in far north Queensland and only recorded from Innot Hot Springs; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year with host cultivar and other factors. Distribution of ScMV-JG has increased with continual spread of Johnson grass and more areas sown with grain sorghum in Queensland and New South Wales.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Sorghum halepense to ScMV-JG; Saccharum officinarum to ScMV- SC, Urochloa mosambicensis to ScMV-SG. Digitaria didactyla to ScMV-Q. Sorghum reacts with mosaic or necrotic symptoms depending on genotype and temperature, although some cultivars are very resistant. Maize cultivars vary from very susceptible to resistant. A strain of ScMV-JG is able to infect Sorghum genotypes with the Krish resistance gene present in southern and central Queensland (Persley et al., 1987). Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent but reduced in all hosts and seriously reduced in sensitive cultivars when a high level of early infection occurs. Measures to minimize losses: breeding for resistance has been successful and has minimized losses.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by D.M. Persley, 1987; R.D. Pares, 1985; R.G. Garrett, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1985; D.S. Teakle, 1987.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known . It is probably seed-borne.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Lockyer Valley in Queensland and in New South Wales in Narrabri.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is not affected. Measures to minimize spread not necessary.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; from the U.S.A. and/or the South Pacific; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Africa in Kenya, Uganda, Nigeria, in Israel, Tonga, Papua New Guinea and the U.S.A.. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . At present detailed serological studies are in progess at the Plant Research Institute, Burnley, Vic.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Northern Territory, in Queensland, and in New South Wales; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by P.R. Beetham, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide.
VECTORS. Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci; . This species is not found in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987; G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia probably in the early 19th century from South America; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown . Isolated from specimens of Nicotiana glauca in the New South Wales herbarium that were collected in 1899 and later.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in worldwide, with a mediterranean climate. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere as judged by cDNA-RNA restriction enzyme mapping (A.J. Gibbs and A. Mackenzie unpublished results).
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in the Northern Territory, in South Australia, in Victoria, and in Western Australia; not found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Increasing gradually through natural spread within the plant community, e.g. up to 50% within two years (Randles et al., 1981) in experimental plots in South Australia. No seed transmission.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1988.
Probably introduced into Australia; probably by seed.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in New South Wales, in Victoria, in Tasmania, in South Australia, and in Western Australia (Carnarvon and Perth); also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Measures to minimize losses: apply heat treatment to seeds for 1-3 hrs at 80OC. Ensure that seeds do not dehydrate, otherwise germination rate is diminished.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, Asia and North America. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere, in particular to A and D serotypes (Behncken, 1968; Finlay and Teakle, 1969).
VECTORS. Fungi: Olpidium brassicae, the only known vector; which is the same as in other parts of the world and widespread.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Melbourne in Victoria and in Queensland in Gympie, Brisbane and Nambour; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year in Queensland and depends on wet weather as this favours the chytrid vector. Thus it is sporadic and not reported in most years.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is slightly affected . In beans it produces the stipple streak disease; in lettuce the roots are infected without producing an important disease.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by D.S. Teakle, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, the Americas, Japan and the U.S.S.R..
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Restricted to quarantine interception in Narcissus material.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987; G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in North America.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland and in South Australia; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by D.S. Teakle, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, North and South America. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . The Queensland isolates are serologically closely related to the RN-strain that causes "red node" disease of bean Phaseolus vulgaris in North America; the reaction with an antiserum against an English tobacco streak virus isolate was weaker (Greber, 1971).
VECTORS. Disease spreads, but the vector, if there is one, is not known . It is seed- and pollen-borne and thrips aid its transmission by carrying the pollen.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in scattered locations in the south-east (Nambour and Brisbane) in Queensland and in Victoria where the Rubus isolate occurred only in Frankston and is kept in an historic collection for seed assessment; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found but no additional evaluation has been done since first reported.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent but only in combination with other viruses (complex in strawberries), and not on its own.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G. Guy, 1986; R.S. Greber, 1986; D.S. Teakle, 1987.
So far only found in Australia, earlier referred to as bean summer death virus.
VECTORS. Leafhoppers: Orosius argentatus.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Myrtelford in Victoria (Orbost and Bairnsdale), or in Tasmania, or in Western Australia (Manjimup), or in the Northern Territory, or in Queensland, or in New South Wales (Moree, Narromie, Wentworth and Sydney region); not found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Phaseolus vulgaris cvs Gallatin 50, Spartan Arrow, Providor, or varieties known to be resistant are but Phaseolus vulgaris cvs Brown Beauty, Canyon, Cascade (latter resitant/tolerant to some isolates but susceptible to others which cause only moderate disease) are affected. Yield of crops and quality is severely affected and is affected to a greater or lesser extent depending on variety of bean, stage of growth at infection and vector population. Measures to minimize losses: use resistant or tolerant varieties of beans, and insecticides for tobacco.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986; J.W. Bowyer, 1987.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Kowanyama in Queensland and in the Northern Territory in Darwin, Howard Springs, Humpty Doo; not found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected through greatly reduced tomato fruit production.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.E. Thomas, 1987.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in North America, Europe, India, Japan and the U.S.S.R.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in South Australia, in Tasmania, and in Victoria; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops in chrysanthemums is moderately affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987; G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in all parts of the world.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in New South Wales, in the Australian Capital Territory, in Victoria, in Tasmania, in South Australia, and in Western Australia (Carnarvon, Geraldton, Perth and Medina).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Measures to minimize losses: heat treatment of seeds; collection of seeds from healthy plants; use of mild strain protected or resistant cultivars.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986; R.A.C. Jones, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown . Tomato ringspot virus was obtained from shrubs of Pentas lanceolata in a garden in Adelaide.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in North America. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Nematodes: Xiphinema americana, probably not found in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in South Australia (Adelaide); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Limited to the one observation in Adelaide.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Measures to minimize losses: use virus- tested cuttings of Pentas lanceolata for propagation.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide especially tropical and temperate areas. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Thrips: i.e. Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella spp; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found nationwide; in Australia, particularly in rural areas around Melbourne and in Perth; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year and less than when first found, but outbreaks may occur.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops such as chrysanthemum is severely affected and the damage depends on the cultivar. In tomatoes the fruit isaffected. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen-free stock for chrysanthemum. There are attempts to breed for resistance in tomato.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.I.B. Francki, 1986; J.R. Moran, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1985.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in New Zealand, the U.S.A. and Brazil. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere particularly to the New Zealand isolates, but more distantly to the Washington (U.S.A.) isolates.
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales and in Queensland; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide where tulips are grown.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory, in Victoria, in Tasmania, and in Western Australia (Perth and Bridgetown); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.R. Johnstone, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide.
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory, in New South Wales, in Queensland, in South Australia, in Tasmania, in Victoria, and in Western Australia; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is slightly affected, but moderately when coinfected with cauliflower mosaic virus. Measures to minimize losses: remove volunteers and weeds before planting fields; isolate cauliflower seed beds.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986; R.A.C. Jones, 1987.
Probably present in Australia before 1770 entering from Europe over 10,000 years ago, perhaps 30,000 years ago, yet the mode is unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . They are close to the European type strains of turnip yellow mosaic virus (ca. 5% nucleotide difference) but distinct from the cauliflower isolates (more than 10% difference).
VECTORS. Byrrhid Beetles: probably only Pedilophorus sp. at present; different species from those spreading the virus in other parts of the world . In north-west Europe turnip yellow mosaic viruses are transmitted by halticid and chrysomelid beetles Phyllotreta spp..
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales in the Kosciusko alpine area; Blue Lake, Club Lake, Twyham cirque, Lake Albina.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found and limited to a very restricted area close to snow fields near Jindabyne.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by A.J. Gibbs, 1985.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. The Mirid bug Cyrtopeltis nicotianae.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the north-east near Cobblers Sandhill and Innamincka in South Australia and in Queensland in the south-west near Cunnaulla; not found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.W. Randles, 1986.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in northern Italy and probably southern France.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; by seed; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide where melons and other cucurbits are grown. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world as the aphid transmission is non-specific.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found mostly along the coast in Queensland and in New South Wales; from Cairns to Grafton; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year but occurs preferentially in late summer.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are watermelons, but are not commonly infected in the field. Most cucumbers are tolerant in the field, whereas other cucurbit species are susceptible. Yield of crops is moderately affected. Measures to minimize losses: eradicate from the fields.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown . Records of the host Trifolium repens begin with the European settlement of Australia (Gibbs and Guy, 1978).
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere and seem to be part of the worldwide population. Symptoms and host range are similar to isolates from Europe and North America. One N.S.W. isolate reacted strongly with an antiserum to a Dutch isolate of white clover mosaic virus in double diffusion tests.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector, and is probably transmitted by grazing animals and lawnmowers.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory (Canberra), or in New South Wales (Coffs Harbour, Bateau Bay, Castle Hill, Leura, Wentworth Falls, Kurnell, Kiama, Greenpatch, Kioloa, Batehaven, Ulladulla, Conjola Lake, Bermagui, Wapengo and Eden), or in Victoria (Melbourne and Mildura), or in Tasmania, or in Western Australia (Harvey near Bunbury and Gingin), or in Queensland in the southern and coastal areas; and is common in all white clover in south and east Australia; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties of white clover differ in their susceptibility, in the U.K. big leaved varieties give the brightest symptoms. Measures to minimize losses not known.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by A.J. Gibbs, 1985; P.L. Guy, 1985; G.R. Johnstone, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; by seed; from Europe; in the 1970's to Western Australia, and in 1983-1984 to Queensland and Tasmania.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe and recently in the U.S.A.. Australian isolates are serologically indistinguishable from those in France and Italy as well as several pathotypes.
VECTORS. Generally same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland (Bowen and Brisbane), or in New South Wales (Sydney), or in Western Australia (Carnarvon, Wanneroo and Perth), or in Tasmania (Hobart).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year during summer.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be resistant. Yield of crops is severely affected especially Cucurbita pepo and Cucurbita maxima, whereas Citrullus lanatus, Cucurbita moschata, Cucumis sativus and Cucumis melo are severely affected, but still produce fruits. Measures to minimize losses: early planting has shown to be effective. Breeding for resistance is under way. REFERENCE
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1985.