Probably introduced into Australia, in ornamental Abutilon; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci; not found in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory (Canberra).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Limited to variegated Abutilon shrubs and not spread because vector is not found in Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants Abutilon megapotamicum.
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Measures to minimize spread not necessary.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Büchen-Osmond.
Probably introduced into Australia; by seed; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown . Recorded as early as 1945, from white clover in Queensland, from lucerne in Western Australia and legumes in Canberra. Not detected in sporadic surveys of alfalfa crops in the Australian Capital Territory and neighbouring areas of New South Wales i.e. Cooma, Yass and Mildura and north-eastern Victoria in 1966- 1975, but became widespread in alfalfa and a wide range of other species after imports of large amounts of virus infected seed of aphid-resistant cultivars of alfalfa in the late 1970's from the U.S.A. Its recent increase in South and Western Australia is partly due to introduction of infected seed lots of annual Medicago species.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids: in particular Myzus persicae and Aulacorthum solani; and they are the same as in other parts of the world . However, Therioaphis trifolii f. maculata, Acyrthosiphon kondoi, A. pisum were introduced from overseas in the late 1970's and all are vectors of the virus.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland (Lizard Island, Mission Beach, Gatton), or in the Australian Capital Territory (Canberra), or in New South Wales (Bega, Cooma, Grenfell near Wombatt, Narrabri), or in Victoria (Tatura, Shepparton, Maffra), or in South Australia in the agricultural areas, or in Western Australia in the south- western agricultural areas, or in Tasmania (Brighton, Ross, Plenty and Huonville); Not found in Cairns, Townsville and Theodore near Rockhampton, Queensland, or in Byron Bay, New South Wales; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Uncommon until the late 1970's, but now common throughout Australia, or increasing gradually in all lucerne and annual Medicago growing areas.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants:
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops usually is severely affected, or is slightly affected sometimes. Measures to minimize spread: control the aphid population, plant healthy seed stocks, and use resistant or tolerant varieties.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986; R.G. Garrett, 1986; A.J. Gibbs, 1985; R.I.B. Francki, 1986; G.R. Johnstone, 1987; R.A.C. Jones, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985; D.S. Teakle, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe and the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in all parts of the world wherever stone and pome fruits are cultivated.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Queensland, in South Australia, in Tasmania, and in Victoria (Melbourne), or in Western Australia (Pickering Brook, 20 km east of Perth); also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be susceptible . Crab apple cv. Spy 227 which is used as a rootstock is very susceptible to apple chlorotic leafspot virus and certain varieties of European plum in which the virus causes splitting bark. Yield of crops is moderately affected . Yield of Golden Delicious was reduced from 20.9 kg in healthy trees to 14.4kg in infected trees. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested stocks.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.A. Cooper, 1986; R. Ikin, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown, though virus is present in apple trees planted on the Tasman Peninsula about 1835.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in all parts of the world where apples are cultivated.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Queensland, in South Australia, in Tasmania, in Victoria, and in Western Australia (Perth, Donnybrook, Manjimup, Albany and Mt. Barker); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used i.e. budwood and rootstocks.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Golden Delicious and Jonathan. Granny Smith display considerable tolerance of mosaic when grown on Sturmer Pippin seedlings or Malling-Merton 104 rootstocks. Yield of crops in apples is moderately affected, or is severely affected in Red Jonathan, in which infection is not latent. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested stone, pome and rose stocks.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.A. Cooper, 1986; R. Ikin, 1987; G.R. Johnstone, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in North America, the U.K., the Netherlands, Portugal, Italy and India, but probably occurs wherever apples are cultivated.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in Tasmania, and in Victoria; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used i.e. crab apple `Spy' rootstock.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987; R.S. Greber, 1986; G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; from the U.K. in the hop variety "Golding"; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown . "Nettlehead " has been a serious disease of hops in Tasmania since about 1920 in the varieties "Lates", "Goldings" and "Fuggles".
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.K. and to be widespread there in hops. Australian isolates are closely relatedto those found elsewhere . They are serologically related to one of the U.K. isolates from strawberries.
VECTORS. Nematodes: Xiphinema diversicaudatum; same as in other parts of the world but occurs only in few places in Australia, it has been found in a rose collection at Burnley, Victoria.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania in some old hop plantings; and is not known to occur in other states; also found in New Zealand where it is widespread in hops, and is apparently spread by the vector.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found because old hop plantings have been replaced.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is slightly affected today, by contrast to observations made in the late 1950's and early 1960's in Tasmania (Johnstone, 1965) and in the U.K. where "nettlehead" is a debilitating disease of hops. Measures to minimize spread not necessary because quarantine precautions have stopped the spread of the vector.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by S.A. Holland, 1986; G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; from the U.S.A.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in California.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria (Werribee).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide particularly the Mediterranean regions. Australian isolates are possibly related to other latent artichoke viruses found in Morroco, Italy and Spain.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria (Werribee).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; by seed, or in plant material; most likely from the U.S.A.; in the 1930's.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.S.A., Israel, South Africa, Peru and Venezula. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland, in the Northern Territory, in Western Australia, and in New South Wales (Wollongbar).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected. Measures to minimize losses: use viroid-free planting material.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide in tropical regions where bananas are grown, but not in South and Central America. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Banana Aphids: Pentalonia nigronervosa; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales and in Queensland.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1986.
Introduced into Australia . It was first intercepted in quarantine in 1962 and subsequently recorded in 1969 in Queensland barley crops.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, the U.S.S.R. and the U.S.A.. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania, in New South Wales, and in Queensland (Warwick); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found and now probably eradicated.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be susceptible e.g. Cape barley (Greber, 1971). Yield of crops is slightly affected. Measures to minimize losses: replace cultivars that carry the virus in seed.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown . Barley and oat crops with patches of stunted plants that have yellow and red coloured leaves have been recorded since the early 1950's. In 1960 Butler, Grylls and Goodchild confirmed transmission of the pathogen by aphids.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . At least 3 isolates from Victoria are serologically closely related to type isolates from Rochow's New York collection, namely RPV, PAV and RMV. A fourth isolate, serologically similar to the Rochow's MAV possibly has different vectors.
VECTORS. Aphids: Rhopalosiphum maidis, R. padi; same as in other parts of the world . RPV is transmitted by Rhopalosiphum padi (oat aphid), RMV by Rhopalosiphum maidis (corn aphid) as in the U.S.A., however PAV and MAV-like isolates may have a different pattern of vector specifities in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the south-east in Queensland and in New South Wales along the seaboard, or in Victoria in all districts, or in Tasmania but only the serotypes PAV and RPV, or in South Australia, or in Western Australia (Geraldton, Esperance, Bramley, Manjimup, Busselton, Mt. Barker); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Varies from year to year depending on cereal aphid populations and summer survival of host grasses.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Certain cereals are more tolerant than others e.g. wheat variety WW15. Yd2 gene for resistance has been bred into certain barley varieties, such as Shannon. Some grasses are apparently immune. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent . Losses are greater when infection occurs before tillering. Wheat: potential losses of 9-79% vary with location (Smith and Sward, 1982). Barley: losses of 35% recorded in cv. Parwan from southern Victoria (Sward, 1983) and of 9-22% in cv. Clipper from Western Australia (McLean, Khan and Smith, 1979). . Measures to minimize losses: (1) use resistant or tolerant varieties (McLean et al., 1984). Shannon (resistant) outyielded Proctor (near isogenic line, but susceptible) by 38% at Manjimup in W.A. when approximately 51% of the crops were infected and in Tasmania by 28% in 30 field trials during 5 seasons (Vertigan, 1980). (2) avoid main aphid flights by planned sowing dates, e.g. in southern Victoria barley is mainly sown in early winter. Autumn sowings usually have high virus incidence.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.J. Sward, 1985; G.R. Johnstone, 1987; R.A.C. Jones, 1987.
REFERENCES.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in all parts of the world wherever French (kidney) beans are grown.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Queensland, in Tasmania, and in Victoria; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be resistant.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
dwarf geminivirus So far only found in Australia.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Not known to be present in other parts of the world.
VECTORS. Leafhoppers: Orosius argentatus.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Western Australia (Manjimup), or in Queensland, or in New South Wales, or in Victoria (Orbost and Bairnsdale).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected and most susceptible cultivars die.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; by seed, or in plant material such as corms of gladiolus; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere particularly to strain 204-1.
VECTORS. Aphids: Acyrthosiphon pisum, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland (Brisbane), or in New South Wales, or in Victoria (Bairnsdale, Maffra, Rutherglen, Tatura, Shepparton and Melbourne), or in Tasmania, or in South Australia, or in Western Australia in higher rainfall districts from Geraldton to Esperance; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Virus strains differ in virulence. Yield of crops and pastures is moderately affected, or is severely affected in Trifolium subterraneum and Lupinus angustifolius as it kills all infected plants. Measures to minimize losses not known.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986; R.A.C. Jones, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985; D.S. Teakle, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; by unknown means; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, the U.S.A. and Japan. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is not affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; by unknown means; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, the U.S.A. and Japan. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is not affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; by unknown means; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe and the U.S.A.. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found first in Lockyer Valley near Forest Hill in Queensland, or in New South Wales, or in Victoria, or in South Australia, or in Tasmania; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found in 1965 and not detected since 1974.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by D.M. Persley, 1986; D.S. Teakle, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe and the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Whitefly: Trialeurodes vaporariorum; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania; not found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide.
VECTORS. Aphids: Myzus persicae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory (Canberra), or in New South Wales (Bega and Narrabri), or in Queensland (Cooktown, Lizard Island), or in Tasmania, or in Western Australia (near Bunbury at Capel); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found, and was found only once in Western Australia in 1981 in Trifolium subterraneum.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by A.J. Gibbs, 1985; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in in the U.K.. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Weevils in the U.K.; virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory in seeds bought in Canberra in the early 1970's, or in South Australia in crops grown from seeds imported directly from the United Kingdom.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by A.J. Gibbs, 1988.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.K. and Morocco. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Weevils in the U.K.; virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory in seeds bought in the Canberra in the early 1970's, or in South Australia in crops grown from seeds imported directly from the United Kingdom.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by A.J. Gibbs, 1988.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Queensland, in Victoria, and in Tasmania.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found and was not recorded in Victoria since 1972.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.K. and the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Brevicoryne brassicae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in South Australia, in Tasmania, and in Victoria (near Werribee, Keilor and Toolangi).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is not affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in America and in commercially available cacti.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Western Australia (Perth).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Limited to one isolation in Western Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.D. McLean, 1985.
REFERENCES.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory and in New South Wales in the alpine area (Mt. Kosciusko).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond.
tymovirus - Cardamine isolates Carnation etched ring caulimovirus Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever carnations are grown. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania and in Victoria, or nationwide as a Victorian propagator has carnation etched ring infected plants, which are sold throughout Australia; probably also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected under particular circumstances, for example when found in combination with carnation mottle virus. Measures to minimize losses: use of pathogen tested stock.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever carnations are grown.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Tasmania, in Victoria, and in Western Australia, or nationwide; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is slightly affected. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen tested stock.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever carnations are grown.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Queensland, in Tasmania, in Western Australia, and in Victoria (Melbourne, Ballarat, Mildura, Geelong); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used in Victoria.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected when found in combination with carnation etched ring virus. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen tested material.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever carnations are grown.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Melbourne in Victoria, in New South Wales, and in Western Australia in Perth. The outbreak in Western Australia in 1986 was traced to mother plants imported from Victoria. New South Wales also suffered from some problems; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen tested stock.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986; R.A.C. Jones, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever carnations are grown.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales and in Victoria; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen tested stock.
REFERENCES. Isolation was done at the Biological and Chemical Research Institute, Rydalmere, N.S.W., but R.I.B. Francki after making enquiries is not convinced it occurs in Australia.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide wherever carnations are grown.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania and in Victoria (Melbourne), or nationwide; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen tested stock.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia at the same time as carrot red leaf but no evidence exists on time of entry. Carrot red leaf luteovirus and carrot mottle virus were originally described in Australia as one virus, namely as carrot motley dwarf (Stubbs, 1948).
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, the U.S.A., Canada, New Zealand and Japan. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids: Cavariella aegopodii; same as in other parts of the world . Carrot red leaf luteovirus (CRLV) and carrot mottle virus (CMotV) are transmitted as a complex by this aphid that occurs in Australia, Europe, the U.S.A., Canada, New Zealand and Japan. The Japanese isolate is also reported to be transmitted by Semiaphis heraclei, but this species does not occur inAustralia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria (Merbein, Mildura, Mangiloc, Piangil, Swan Hill, Bright, Stawell, Gisborne, Hamilton, Bruthen, Orbost, Tostaree, Lindenow, Rooweerup, Bunyip, Cranebourne, Keilor, Dandenong, Werribee, Geelong, Corobrooke, Colac, Warnambool, Port Fairy, Portland, Terang, Tyrewdarra, Bessebelle and Melbourne), or in Tasmania, or in South Australia, or in New South Wales, or in the Australian Capital Territory, or in Western Australia (Perth); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found . Carrot motley dwarf disease (CRLV + CMotV) was reported to be very common in Victoria during the late 1940's and 1950's. Since 1965 the aphid vector is well under control in Tasmania (E.J. Martyn, unpublished data) and the disease is now very uncommon in Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be susceptible including those derived from the Chantenay stock. They seem to be susceptible to the aphid vector of CRLV and CMotV. Yet carrot lines from the Toweight and Osborne Park stocks appear to be less attractive to the aphid. An especially good carrot variety for its lack of palatability to aphids is "All Seasons". Yield of crops is severely affected (Stubbs, 1948). The Chantenay carrot infected with CRLV + CMotV gave a yield of seed 7.4 times lower than that from uninfected plants. Smith et al. (1960) reported in New Zealand a 50% reduction of yield in carrot cultivars infected with CRLV + CMotV. . Measures to minimize losses: (1) Change sowing time to prevent seedlings being exposed to seasonal flushes of aphids. (2) Spray crops with persistent insecticide to kill the vector. (3) Use virus tolerant or aphid repellant cultivars. (4) Use hymenopterous parasite of the vector that was introduced into Australia in 1962. The populations of C. aegopodii has been dramatically reduced in size and this decline in aphid numbers was correlated with the release of the parasite, but whether the parasites have directly affected the aphid population or not is a matter of controversy because the introduction of the aphid parasite coincided with the general use of more aphid resistant/repellant carrot cultivars. However, CRLV and CMotV are probably no longer of economic importance in Australia.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by P.M. Waterhouse, 1986; R.G. Garrett, 1986; G.R. Johnstone, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia, but no evidence exists. Carrot red leaf and carrot mottle virus were originally described in Australia as one virus, namely as carrot motley dwarf (Stubbs, 1948).
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, the U.S.A., Canada, New Zealand and Japan. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . Antiserum produced against the Scottish isolate reacts strongly with the isolates from Canberra (Waterhouse and Murant, 1981; Waterhouse, 1985).
VECTORS. Aphids: Cavariella argopodii; same as in other parts of the world . Carrot red leaf (CRLV) and carrot mottle virus (CMotV) are transmitted as a complex by this aphid that occurs in Australia, Europe, the U.S.A., Canada, New Zealand and Japan. The Japanese isolate is also reported to be transmitted by Semiaphis heraclei, but this species does not occur in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria (Merbein, Mildura, Mangiloc, Piangil, Swan Hill, Bright, Stawell, Gisborne, Hamilton, Bruthen, Orbost, Tostaree, Lindenow, Rooweerup, Bunyip, Cranebourne, Keilor, Dandenong, Werribee, Geelong, Corobrooke, Colac, Warrnambool, Port Fairy, Portland, Terang, Tyrewdarra, Bessebelle and Melbourne), or in Tasmania, or in South Australia, or in New South Wales, or in the Australian Capital Territory, or in Western Australia (Perth); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found . Carrot motley dwarf (CRLV + CMotV) was reported to be very common in Victoria during the late 1940's and 1950's. Since 1965 the aphid vector is well under control in Tasmania (E.J. Martyn, unpublished data) and the disease is now very uncommon in Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be susceptible those derived from the Chantenay stock. They seem to be susceptible to the aphid vector of CRLV and CMotV. Yet carrot lines from the Toweight and Osborne Park stocks appear to be less attractive to the aphid. An especially good carrot variety for its lack of palatability to aphids is "All Seasons". Yield of crops is severely affected (Stubbs, 1948). The Chantenay carrot infected with CRLV + CMotV gave a yield of seed 7.4 times lower than that from uninfected plants. Smith et al. (1960) reported in New Zealand a 50% reduction of yield in carrot cultivars infected with CRLV + CMotV. . Measures to minimize losses: (1) Change sowing time to prevent seedlings being exposed to seasonal flushes of aphids. (2) Spray crops with persistant insecticide to kill the vector. (3) Use virus tolerant or aphid repellant cultivars. (4) Use the hymenopterous parasite of the vector that was introduced into Australia in 1962. The populations of C. aegopodii has been dramatically reduced in size and this decline in aphid numbers was correlated with the release of the parasite, but whether the parasites have directly affected the aphid population or not is a matter of controversy because the introduction of the aphid parasite coincided with the general use of more aphid resistant/repellant carrot cultivars. However, CRLV and CMotV are probably no longer of economic importance in Australia.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by P.M. Waterhouse, 1986; R.G. Garrett, 1986; G.R. Johnstone, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland (Mitchell).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide in Europe and the U.S.A.. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids: Myzus persicae, Brevicoryne brassicae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Western Australia, in South Australia, in Tasmania, in New South Wales, and in Victoria (Keilor, Werribee, Orbost, Bairnsdale and Toolangi); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. There is no evidence of varietal differences in susceptibility. Yield of crops is moderately affected, or is severely affected when coinfected with turnip mosaic virus. It has the same vector as broccoli necrotic yellows virus and the two viruses are often found together. . Measures to minimize losses: (1) use isolated seed beds and spray; (2) clean crops, and remove old plant material rapidly after harvest; (3) do not plant new crops next to old ones in spring or autumn.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in South Australia and in Western Australia (Wanneroo near Perth); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found in 1976 in Western Australia, or varies from year to year . There was a major outbreak in South Australia in 1986.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.A.C. Jones, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia and recently found in Morocco (Lockhart, 1986).
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Australian isolates are serologically indistinguishable from those found in Morroco.
VECTORS. Leafhoppers: Cicadulina bimoculata and Nesoclutha pallida.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland and in New South Wales from Cairns to Grafton along the coast and up to 200 km inland.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found but varies from year to year, depending on weed host and leafhopper population.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Most festucoid cereals are susceptible, but the virus is uncommon in winter crops. Most maize cultivars are susceptible. Yield of crops is not affected, because only small proportions of plants are infected. Measures to minimize losses: avoid susceptible maize cultivars.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986; D.S. Teakle, 1987.
So far only found in Australia.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Not known to be present in other parts of the world despite checking three dozen Chara species in worldwide collections at Lubbock, Texas (V. Proctor and A.J. Gibbs, unpublished data).
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the Australian Capital Territory and in New South Wales in the upper reaches of the Murrumbidgee and Shoalhaven rivers; not found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987 and A.J. Gibbs, 1988.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, Asia Minor, the U.S.S.R., China and North America.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Limited to Sambucus sp. introduced from the U.S.A.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987; G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; by unknown means; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe and North America. Various forms of rasp leaf disease have been recorded in the above countries and several viruses can cause these symptoms.
VECTORS. Nematodes: in Europe and north America; virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria near Kyneton, or in New South Wales . Rasp leaf has been found in cherry budwood from Western Australia; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected . Fruit of Bing cherry is deformed and fruit of some apple cultivars is flattened. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested budwood.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.A. Cooper, 1986.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Leafhoppers: Nesoclutha pallida.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland and in New South Wales from Cairns to Newcastle.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are the Katambora cultivars. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986.
Only found in quarantine; in plant material; in Melbourne when it was intercepted, but no definite diagnosis was made.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Disease spreads, but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Disease spreads, but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in South Australia and in Victoria; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen free material.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in areas where chrysanthemums are grown.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in Tasmania, in Victoria, and in Western Australia (Wanneroo near Perth), or nationwide even; probably also found in New Zealand and described as chrysanthemum leaf mottle virus.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used in Victoria and Western Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected. Measures to minimize losses: use pathogen-tested stock.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.R. Moran, 1986, G.D. McLean, 1985.
carlavirusCitrus (grapefruit) stem pitting, strain of citrus tristeza closterovirus Introduced into Australia; in plant material; possibly from South Africa; before or around the early 1940's.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in South Africa, the U.S.A. and Israel.
VECTORS. Aphids: Toxoptera citridus; same as in other parts of the world namely in Africa, South America, India, South East Asia and the Philippines, but different to species in California, Florida, Spain and Israel, where the vectors are Aphis gossypii, A. spiraecola and Myzus persicae.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the coastal region in New South Wales and in Victoria in the Mildura district; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Much less than when first found because of mild strain protection since the 1940's.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected if not protected by mild strains. Measures to minimize losses: plant only grapefruit trees that carry approved mild strains of the virus.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in California.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Surprise Navel orange and old-line Minneola tangelo. Yield of crops is moderately affected but trees crop well for there size.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in California.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales at Narara H.R.S., Moulamein, Lake Wyangan.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found and only seen in old trees.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Belair, Villa Franca, Lisbon, Eureka, Meyer lemon. Yield of crops is slightly affected in mild strains and not important. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested budwood.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; from the U.S.A. or South Africa; in the 1940's. The disease was recognised in New South Wales in the late 1940's and early 1950's when Poncirus trifoliata was used as a rootstock.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the mediterranean regions of Europe, South America, the U.S.A., North and South Africa. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . The Australian and Californian reference isolates differ only in 4 nucleotides.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Queensland, and in South Australia; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than before because virus- tested stocks are now used (bud lines).
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are citrus species in which citrus exocortis viroid is latent. Symptoms are expressed only in susceptible rootstocks such as Poncirus trifoliata, Rangpur lime, citrange. Yield of crops is slightly affected . Losses from exocortis viroid are notsignificant in Queensland. Losses in New South Wales and Victoria in Eureka lemons are not considered to be significant as nearly all infected budlines have now been replaced by nucellar budlines free from exocortis. Measures to minimize losses: use budwood multiplicator scheme of viroid free material.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by P. Barkley, 1986; C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1986.
Introduced into Australia and found in glasshouse seedlings during indexing clones of lemon carrying crinkly leaf ilarvirus. Symptoms have never been found in field trees.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in California.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Limited to one observation in glasshouse seedlings.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Introduced into Australia.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in U.S.A., Europe.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found and now seen only in ageing trees.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected. Measures to minimize spread: use virus-tested budwood.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
closterovirus Introduced into Australia; in plant material; probably in the early 1920's.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in South America, the U.S.A. and in the Mediterranean countries.
VECTORS. Aphids: Toxoptera citricidus; same as in other parts of the world namely in Africa, South America, India, South East Asia and the Philippines, but different to species in California, Florida, Spain and Israel, where the vectors are Aphis gossypii, A. spiraecola and Myzus persicae.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the coastal region in New South Wales and in Victoria (Mildura), or in South Australia (Berri and Renmark); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found because of mild strain protection programme since the 1940's and use of tristeza-tolerant rootstocks.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Citrus aurantium as stock. In Mildura and South Australia where they used Seville orange successfully as stock in the early 1900's then imported directly from California and free of tristeza virus. Aphids were not a problem in the Murray River settlements until the early 1940's. Apparently they were introduced with infected but symptomless trees from nurseries in coastal N.S.W. (McAlpin et al., 1948). Yield of crops is slightly affected, or is not affected when protected with a mild strain on tolerant stocks. Measures to minimize losses:protect trees with mild strains.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
closterovirus Introduced into Australia; in plant material; probably well before the early 1940's, because the disease was by that time in the Mildura district.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in South Africa, the U.S.A. and Israel.
VECTORS. Aphids: Toxoptera citricidus; same as in other parts of the world namely in Africa, South America, India, South East Asia and the Philippines, but different to species in California, Florida, Spain and Israel, where the vectors are Aphis gossypii, A. spiraecola and Myzus persicae.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the coastal region in New South Wales and in Victoria in the Mildura district.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Much less than when first found because of mild strain protection programme since the 1940's.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are rough Seville orange. Yield of crops is severely affected if not protected by mild strains or grown on resistant stocks. Measures to minimize losses: plant Poncirus trifoliata or Poncirus trifoliata x C. sinensis cv. Troyer as stocks which have proved to be substantially immune to the disease. Use mild virus strains for protection.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in in the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Disease spreads, but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales at Narromine.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found and it is unimportant.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material in Seville orange stock, or by a vector; from China or South Africa; in 1851, certainly well before 1890 (Bowman, 1955).
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in all countries where citrus is grown. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere i.e. the symptoms of quick decline, stem pitting and seedlings yellows.
VECTORS. Aphids: Toxoptera citricidus; same as in other parts of the world namely Africa, South America, India, South East Asia and the Philippines, or different species from those spreading the virus in other parts of the world i.e. California, Florida, Spain and Israel, where tristeza is transmitted by Aphis gossypii, A. spiraecola and Myzus persicae.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Western Australia (Carnarvon), or in New South Wales along the central coast, or in Queensland, or in South Australia (Berri, Renmark), or in Victoria (Murray Valley); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Less than when first found because of quality control of propagating material since 1928.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are rough lemon, Rangur lime, calamondin and cumquats, or varieties known to be resistant are trifoliate orange and Troyer citrange stock. Yield of crops is moderately affected when protected through inoculation with mild strains. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested, tolerant budwood, or infect with mild strain for protection.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987; R.G. Garrett, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in California and South Africa.
VECTORS. Aphids: Toxoptera citricidus; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found eastern in New South Wales; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is slightly affected. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested budwood.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Palestine and the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Disease spreads, but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found and it is uncommon.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected through dwarfing of trees. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-tested budwood.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Britain, Sweden, the Netherlands, Canada and the U.S.A.. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere e.g. to the Pratt strain collected by O.W. Barnett.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria (Rutherglen, Tatura, Maffra, Orbost, Bairnsdale, Melbourne and Hamilton), or in Tasmania, or in Western Australia; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Some varieties are known to be susceptible but this depends on the virus strain. Yield of crops is severely affected especially in lupins. Other pasture legumes are moderately to severely affected.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.G. Garrett, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Italy, Iran, Central Africa, India and China.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world and is also seed-borne.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Fiji.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.D. Pares, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; by seed; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere and are serologically related to the Hampton (Legume) strain. The Q strain is an Australian isolate from Capsicum in Queensland.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world and largely non specific.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in locally restricted areas in Queensland, in New South Wales, and in Victoria (Melbourne, Tatura, Shepparton, Bairnsdale, Werribee, Keilor, Orbost, Maffra, Swan Hill and Mildura), or in Tasmania, or in South Australia where it is widespread and especially important in lupins in the south east and in lentils, or in Western Australia in Carnarvon and in high rainfall districts from Geraldton to Esperance; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Increasing gradually over the past decade in South and Western Australia, or has not changed since it was first found and is constant in irrigated pasture legumes, but varies in annual crops such as lupin or in tomatoes.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Legumes (Fabaceae) are susceptible to legume strain and Solanaceae to the Q strain. However, the legume strain is not legume specific. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent but is always severe in Trifolium subterraneum and lupin, and occasionally severe in white clover. Measures to minimize losses: use virus- tested seed, this is especially important for lupins and subterranean clover.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.I.B. Francki, 1986; R.G. Garrett, 1986; R.S. Greber, 1986; R.A.C. Jones, 1987; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Regularly introduced into Australia; in orchids, because it is difficult to detect the virus in glasshouse grown plants. Often symptoms show up only under high temperature and light intensity.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in New South Wales, in Victoria, in Tasmania, in South Australia, and in Western Australia (Perth and Carnarvon); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is severely affected in Cymbidium. Measures to minimize losses: general precautions against mechanical transmission have been very effective for control in South Australia.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.I.B. Francki, 1986; G.D. McLean, 1985.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Myzus persicae and Marcosiphum euphorbiae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales, in Queensland, in Tasmania, in Victoria, and in Western Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in New Zealand where it is very common in Daphne cneorum. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is not affected and it is symptomless in Daphne. Measures to minimize spread: use pathogen free stock, i.e. virus-free plants imported from West Germany, and use those to replace infected stock.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found worldwide in tropical regions, and frequently in ornamental plants.
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Myzus persicae and Pentalonia nigronervosa; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Victoria, in New South Wales, and in Queensland in coastal regions from Cairns to Grafton, or nationwide throughout urban regions in house plants.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent resulting in reduced marketability of ornamentals. Measures to minimize spread: use virus-tested planting material.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986.
So far only found in Australia.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Australian isolates are not closely related to those found elsewhere i.e. maize sterile stunt or barley yellow striate mosaic virus.
VECTORS. Leafhoppers: Sogatella kolophon; different species from those spreading the virus in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in coastal regions, up to 200 km inland in Queensland and in New South Wales from Cairns down to Rockhampton, Brisbane and Grafton.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops only is moderately affected because healthy pangola grass grows over the infected plants. Measures to minimize spread not necessary.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by R.S. Greber, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in England and the U.S.A.. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Tasmania; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.R. Johnstone, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in India.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in New South Wales, and in South Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe.
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in New South Wales; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Not known . Apparently the virus is transmitted directly to roots without the aid of a vector in infested soil and by leaf rubbing between plants.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Nambour and Gympie in Queensland.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Increasing gradually especially in wet years.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Yield of crops is moderately affected. Measures to minimize spread not known.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by D.S. Teakle, 1987.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in Victoria, and in Western Australia; also found in New Zealand.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Probably found worldwide.
VECTORS. Aphids: Myzus persicae.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland, in Tasmania, in Victoria, and in Western Australia (Manjimup); also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found in 1983 in Western Australia.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by G.D. McLean, 1985.
Only found in quarantine; in ginger roots imported; from India, Malaysia, Mauritius and Thailand; in the period of 1969-1973.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Not known to be present in other parts of the world, but suspected to be present in the mentioned countries.
VECTORS. Not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland in Nambour, but all known infected plants are now destroyed; not found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Limited to one experimental planting after passing through quarantine inspection.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are Zingiber officinale. Measures to minimize losses not known.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.E. Thomas, 1987.
So far only found in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the south east in Queensland and in New South Wales in the Blue Mountains.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986.
So far only found in Australia.
VECTORS. Virus spreads but the vector, if there is one, is not known.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland; original isolate came from Ravenshoe, North Queensland, but may also be present along the central and north coast.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material, or by a vector in contaminated soil; from Europe; soon after European colonization.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in areas throughout the world where the vector occurs or where infected vines have been planted. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere . A range of strains exist with varying degrees of serological relatedness. Comparisons with Californian and European isolates have been made.
VECTORS. Nematodes: i.e. Xiphinema index; same as in other parts of the world, although X. index is not recorded in Queensland. X. italica has also been reported as vector but is apparently not found in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in the north eastern region in Victoria and in New South Wales around Rutherglen, or in South Australia where it is extremely rare, or in Tasmania, or in Western Australia probably; also found in New Zealand.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Increasing gradually but it is established in the Rutherglen area only. Due to quarantine restrictions movement of vines and soil from this area is prohibited and therefore distribution of the vector is limited.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
AGRONOMIC FACTORS. Varieties known to be susceptible are, particularly, the white vine varieties as indicated by overseas reports. Yield of crops is affected to a greater or lesser extent . Yield losses of more than 50% are not uncommon; the quality (i.e percentage of sugar) is also reduced. The virus may kill young vines. Measures to minimize losses: use virus-free material in areas where the vector does not occur. Fumigation of the soil of planting areas, where the vector occurs, controls the vector only temporarily.
REFERENCES.
Data collated by S.A. Holland, 1986; R.I.B. Francki, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; from India; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in India, Pakistan and the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Aphids: i.e. Myzus persicae; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by C. Bu"chen-Osmond, 1987.
Probably introduced into Australia; in plant material; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in the U.S.A., Fiji, Thailand and El Salvador. Australian isolates are closely related to those found elsewhere.
VECTORS. Virus spreads without the help of a vector.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Brisbane, Townsville, Ayr in Queensland and in South Australia in Adelaide.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.
Data collated by J.L. Dale, 1986.
Probably introduced into Australia; during the last two centuries, but exact time unknown.
PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known to be present in Europe, South Africa, Fiji, Japan and the U.S.A..
VECTORS. Aphids:; same as in other parts of the world.
DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALASIA. Found in Queensland and in Western Australia (Perth).
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Has not changed since it was first found in 1982.
REPORTED AUSTRALIAN HOSTS. Known Australian host plants
REFERENCES.